International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献

{"title":"A review of axial force balance and clearance sealing techniques for energy-efficient scroll compressors","authors":"Hui Wen ,&nbsp;Ranran Yan ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Wu ,&nbsp;Bingtuo Chen ,&nbsp;Wenting Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Qu ,&nbsp;Jiongjiong Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing next-generation scroll compressors with higher efficiency and reliability is crucial for promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. Among the key technical challenges encountered, radial gas leakage remains a predominant issue that can severely impair both operating performance and energy consumption. This paper begins by elucidating the flow characteristics and estimation methods for radial leakage. The influence mechanisms for radial leakage and the performance effects are then examined in terms of leakage rate, power consumption and scroll surface wear. The unsteady characteristics of axial gas force, which pose a primary challenge to axial clearance sealing, are analyzed through a combination of theoretical analysis, CFD simulation and experimental measurement. Based on this foundation, this paper provides a comprehensive review of key advancements in axial force balance and clearance sealing techniques, including conventional approaches such as gas back-pressure, oil back-pressure, axial compliance and passive aerodynamic sealing mechanisms as well as emerging solutions like passive magnet and active electromagnet mechanisms, with a focus on their principles, topology, effectiveness, and limitations. Finally, the study highlights key insights and unresolved challenges, recommending hybrid electromagnetic mechanisms as a promising solution that combines the advantages of both passive and active dynamic force balancing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 298-321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of R1336mzz(Z)/TEGDME absorption chiller coupled with low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell system","authors":"Yufan Yang ,&nbsp;Chunhuan Luo ,&nbsp;Chunting Zhou ,&nbsp;Muran He ,&nbsp;Lin Lang ,&nbsp;Xi Yu ,&nbsp;Changchang Yang ,&nbsp;Yufan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The typical operating temperature of a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) is approximately 80 °C, with a thermoelectric ratio of approximately 1. To utilize the waste heat of LT-PEMFCs, an absorption chiller (AC) using R1336mzz(Z)/TEGDME as the working pair coupled with LT-PEMFCs vehicles was proposed in this work. The saturated vapor pressure and viscosity of this novel working pair were measured and regressed. The excess enthalpy and specific enthalpy were determined by NRTL model. Based on the thermophysical properties, the performance of the coupled system was investigated under various operating conditions. Results showed that this AC system was able to utilize the waste heat generated by LT-PEMFCs for cooling in the range of 269.1 K to 293.2 K, which can meet the cooling demands of most commercial vehicles. The efficiency of the coupled system was approximately 0.67, which represents a 55.8 % improvement over the standalone LT-PEMFCs system. In typical summer conditions, the coupled system extended the endurance mileage of LT-PEMFCs vehicles by 14 % and saved 12 % of hydrogen in a daily route. Thus, the AC using R1336mzz(Z)/TEGDME coupled LT-PEMFCs vehicles has a great significance for enhancing the performance and enlarging the mileage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 134-146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the impact of water spraying parameters on the performance of polypropylene film-based indirect evaporative cooling equipments","authors":"Tiezhu Sun ,&nbsp;Donghua Hu ,&nbsp;XiaoLong Yu ,&nbsp;Peixuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of an indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) is affected by the water distribution method and droplet parameters. This study combines numerical simulations with experimental validation to analyze the impact of factors like spraying method, droplet size, and initial velocity on the cooling efficiency of a polypropylene film-based IEC core. The simulation shows that the air temperature in the channel drops when a vertical directly upper spraying method with 1 mm droplets and an initial velocity of 1.5 m/s is used. Specifically, the temperature stabilizes at 28.2 °C in the directly upper spraying area and 26.6 °C in the directly lower spraying area (with 0.1 mm droplets and 1.5 m/s velocity). The directly lower spraying method reduces the outlet temperature by 1.6 °C, achieving a 23.71 % improvement in cooling performance. The 45° inclined spraying method shows a slight increase of 0.2 °C compared to vertical directly upper spraying, with a 2.5 % decrease in cooling efficiency; in terms of droplet size, the directly upper spraying method works better with 0.8 mm droplets than with 1 mm ones. Larger droplets (1.5 mm or 2.0 mm) lead to an uneven temperature distribution. For the directly lower spraying method, 0.05 mm droplets perform better than 0.08 mm droplets, with larger droplets (0.1 mm or 0.2 mm) causing an uneven distribution. The initial droplet velocity has minimal impact on cooling performance. Overall, the lower vertical spraying method achieves the best cooling performance for the IEC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 322-335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on the effect of water conductivities on the speed skating ice quality during layered making process","authors":"Yonghui Liang ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Dmitriy A. Uglanov ,&nbsp;Mingxu Qi ,&nbsp;Zekang Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ice surface of speed skating adopts the layered ice-making method, and the actual ice-making process only relies on the experience of the ice maker to adjust the conductivity of the water, which is not guided by the theoretical basis. To study the effect of different conductivity on the characteristics of speed skating ice surface, this study chooses water with equal conductivity gradient to carry out the layered ice-making experiment, and measures the parameters of ice transparency, hardness and air content. The research results indicate that as the conductivity of the ice making water increases, the total ice making time decreases, and the transparency and hardness of the ice also decrease. When the conductivity of water increased from 2 μs/cm to 500 μs/cm, the ice making time decreased by 18.1 %, the Shore hardness of ice decreased by 25.4 %, and the drop ball hardness decreased by 30.5 %. During the layered ice making process of water with higher conductivity, electrolytes will precipitate and accumulate at the freezing front, forming white layered stripes and reducing the transparency of the ice. The conductivity of water increased from 2 μs/cm to 100 μs/cm, while the transparency of ice decreased from 73.8 % to 44.9 %. In this study, conductivity is used as a core regulatory parameter to reveal its quantitative effect on ice performance. The research results can optimize the ice making process of speed skating and enhance the skating and watching experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 284-297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A feasibility analysis of barocaloric refrigeration using PDMS as a solid-state refrigerant","authors":"Pedro Henrique Oliveira Faria ,&nbsp;Alexandre Magnus Gomes Carvalho ,&nbsp;Pablo Adamoglu de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Paulo Vinicius Trevizoli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Researches on refrigeration based on the i-caloric effects of certain solid refrigerants have gained ground since the end of the last century. The barocaloric type was the least studied so far, however, in the last 10 to 15 years, materials with barocaloric effects of surprisingly large intensities have been discovered, especially elastomers. Because it is a branch of research that is still little investigated, there are few studies aimed at simulating the thermodynamic performance of heat pumps using these materials as refrigerants. In this context, the present study is developed, which uses a transient two-dimensional model to simulate fluid mechanics and heat transfer in an active barocaloric regenerator with parallel plates geometry. The polydimethylsiloxane rubber (PDMS) is selected as the solid-state coolant. The investigation consisted of simulating the cooling capacity provided by the device against the variation of geometric and operational parameters. The results show that the proposed active regenerator is not capable of providing cooling, and its performance is strongly limited by the high thermal inertia of the walls that constitute the polymer compression chamber, as well as the low thermal conductivity of the PDMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 158-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of research on intelligent technology in building air conditioning system optimisation","authors":"Bo Li ,&nbsp;Jonathan Chung Ee Yong ,&nbsp;Lih Jiun Yu ,&nbsp;Ezutah Udoncy Olugu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiming Zhang ,&nbsp;Mohammed W Muhieldeen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to enhance cities and communities more comfortable, safe, and environmentally friendly. The SDGs state that the construction sector should take a low-carbon and sustainable development path. During the operation phase of buildings, the energy consumed by air conditioning systems makes up approximately 22 % of the overall energy consumption of a building. The optimisation of the air conditioning operation control strategy is significant for saving energy and cutting emissions. However, a building air conditioning system is a complex system with multiple parameters, nonlinearity, time variance, and multiple objective values. Traditional air conditioning control methods cannot meet the complex needs of energy saving and comfort improvement in a dynamic environment. Currently, many researchers are studying intelligent technologies for optimising building air conditioning systems. This literature review categorises the relevant articles in this field in recent years, discusses the aspects of optimisation of control methods and the application of intelligent technologies, and focuses on the analysis of the characteristics of various intelligent technologies such as Model Predictive Control, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and intelligent optimisation algorithms, and their advantages in the domain of optimising control for building air conditioning systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 205-225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative performance analysis of a self-heat recuperation driven ejector subcooling transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems using different throttling devices","authors":"Jie Lv,&nbsp;Dewei Lv,&nbsp;Qichao Yang,&nbsp;Yuanyang Zhao,&nbsp;Guangbin Liu,&nbsp;Liansheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcritical CO₂ refrigeration system is a crucial technology with great application potential in refrigeration and heat pump areas. However, it faces the challenge of low energy efficiency due to large throttling loss. To improve the system performance, the large amount of waste heat discharged from the compressor in the transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycles can be utilized to drive the ejector refrigeration cycle to subcooling the outlet CO₂ of gas cooler. A self-heat recuperation driven ejector subcooling transcritical CO₂ refrigeration systems using throttling valve (TVHRS),expander (EXPHRS) and ejector (EJEHRS) as throttling devices are proposed. The energy and exergy models are established, and parametric comparison analysis are conducted on the proposed systems and the baseline cycles. Results show that the cycles with heat recovery have a large improvement both in COP and exergy efficiency <em>η</em>_ex compared to their base cycles. Within the ambient temperature of 35 ∼ 45 °C, the COP of TVHRS, EXPHRS, and EJEHRS is enhanced by 12.5 % ∼ 19.8 %, 6.3 % ∼ 9.6 %, and 5.8 % ∼ 9.6 %, and the <em>η</em>_ex improved by 11.6 % ∼ 20 %, 13.0 % ∼ 19.1 %, and 5.3 % ∼ 9.5 %, respectively. The self-heat recuperation driven ejector subcooling transcritical CO₂ refrigeration systems have a large potential for application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 106-119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-domain analysis for cooling load prediction: A Multi-Scale FourierGNN Crossformer approach","authors":"Jian Cen ,&nbsp;Linzhe Zeng ,&nbsp;Xi Liu ,&nbsp;Jianming Yang ,&nbsp;Xinyao Li ,&nbsp;Feiqi Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rise in energy consumption in buildings, particularly for air conditioning systems, intelligent air conditioning control has become more important. Accurate prediction of central air conditioning system cooling load is crucial to optimizing energy efficiency. This paper proposes a Multi-Scale FourierGNN Crossformer (MFGformer) model based on Crossformer, which integrates Fourier Graph Neural Networks (FourierGNN) and Multi-scale Cross-axis Attention (MCA) mechanisms for multivariate cooling load time series forecasting of central air conditioning systems. The complexity of dynamic characteristics of multivariable time series data is often misunderstood by current forecasting models, which this model takes into account. The FourierGNN module maps time series data into the frequency domain through the Discrete Fourier Transform, effectively capturing periodic and trend features of the data. The MCA mechanism captures multi-scale characteristics and local detail information in time series data through dual cross-attention computation, enhancing the ability to capture dependencies between different variables. Validation on two real case datasets shows that the MFGformer model performs well in predicting the cooling loads of central air conditioning systems, especially when outputting 24-hour predictions at a 96-hour input time step, the model’s Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Arctangent Absolute Percentage Error (MAAPE), and Coefficient of Variation of Root Mean Square Error (CV-RMSE) are 130.7765 kW, 322.2957 kW, 25.2611% and 56.6846%. Compared with eight other typical models, the MAE, RMSE, MAAPE and CV-RMSE of the MFGformer model were reduced by 22.8869-156.1751 kW, 59.6766-336.4538 kW, 0.9422-51.109% and 8.6393-32.6965%, respectively, for different output step sizes. These results demonstrate the model’s ability to provide accurate predictions when dealing with data characterized by volatility and nonlinearity, while maintaining the ability to identify long-range dependencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 268-283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management design and key technology validation for PandaX underground experiment","authors":"Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianglai Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Weihao Wu ,&nbsp;Binbin Yan ,&nbsp;Zhou Wang ,&nbsp;Zhizhen Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scale of liquid xenon experiments aimed at searching for rare events is expanding, with plans to reach up to fifty tons. These detectors and the accompanying distillation towers require a reliable cooling source that can deliver large cooling power in the liquid xenon temperature range. Previously utilized pulse tube refrigerators and GM refrigerators have the disadvantages including small cooling power, large space occupation, and non-standby mutuality, which become significant challenges to scaling up experiments. In this study, an auto-cascade refrigerator was developed using ethanol as a coolant, with improved heat transfer effect achieved by adopting a concentric shaft heat exchanger and an after-pumping heat transfer scheme. This system provides a stable cooling power of 2.5 kW at 155 K. Further, the feasibility and key technology of the centralized cooling system of 5 kW at 160 K is discussed. This study promises to simplify liquid xenon experimental auxiliary devices, thereby benefiting the PandaX-xT experiment scheme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 147-157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined exergy-pinch point analysis of a multi-valve flexible heat pump with integrated latent thermal energy storage for defrosting operation","authors":"Miryam Essadik ,&nbsp;Zahra Hajabdollahi Ouderji ,&nbsp;Zhibin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a combined exergy and pinch point analysis of a multi-valve flexible heat pump system integrated with latent thermal energy storage, with a focus on its defrosting operation. Exergy destruction is evaluated at both component and system levels in heating/charging and defrosting/discharging modes under various operating conditions to identify key inefficiencies and mitigation strategies. Results show that exergy efficiency in defrosting mode is nearly double that in charging, primarily due to the lower compression ratio and inactive evaporator. Compressor isentropic efficiency is found to be the dominant factor influencing system losses, with exergy destruction increasing by 43 % and 35 % in charging and defrosting, respectively, when its efficiency drops from 100 % to 75 %. Although the storage–refrigerant temperature difference has less influence than the compressor, it significantly affects both the storage and overall system exergy destruction, especially during defrosting. When this temperature difference increases from 0 to 5 K, total system exergy losses during defrosting rise by 30 %. Pinch point analysis highlights the critical role of heat exchanger design, as variations in external water loop temperatures can result in up to a 70 % increase in system exergy efficiency. These findings offer practical guidance for optimizing the design and operation of the flexible heat pump under non-ideal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 254-267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}