{"title":"Conventional and advanced exergy analysis of a dual-evaporator transcritical CO2 refrigeration system enhanced with ejectors","authors":"Jia Yan , Yuetong Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on two conventional dual-evaporator systems, this study introduces ejectors and combines traditional exergy analysis with advanced exergy analysis to conduct an in-depth comparison and optimization of four systems. The main objective of the study is to refine the exergy loss distribution, evaluate the improvement potential of each component, and provide a basis for system optimization. The results show that the introduction of ejectors significantly reduces the system's exergy losses and improves exergy efficiency, with the dual-evaporator transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> refrigeration cycle with two compressors (ERCC) system performing the best. Under given conditions, the exergy losses of ejector-enhanced dual-evaporator transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> refrigeration cycle with PRV (ERCV) and ERCC systems are reduced to 60 % of those in conventional systems, with exergy efficiencies increased to 53.69 % and 45.28 %, respectively. Additionally, gas cooler pressure has a significant impact on system performance, and the pressure maintaining under 9 MPa can significantly improve exergy efficiency. Advanced exergy analysis reveals that the endogenous exergy destruction is mainly caused by irreversibility, and compressor2 and compressor in ERCC and ERCV should be optimized first, which can improve the system efficiency by 75.36 % and 65.16 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 204-216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of asymmetrical features of scroll plates on thermodynamic processes and orbiting scroll dynamic characteristics of electric vehicle scroll compressors","authors":"Zibo Zhao, Che Wang, Jianhua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electric scroll compressor is the main energy-consuming component of the thermal management system of electric vehicles and has been widely used for this application. To meet the needs of the entire vehicle, the scroll compressor is developing towards miniaturization. However, this trend often causes the compressor to have shorter scroll wraps and may require high rotational speeds for operation. As a result, changes in the structures of scroll plates have already appeared, including different lengths between fixed and orbiting scroll wraps, an off-center discharge port, asymmetrically positioned bypass ports, a crescent groove at the start of the orbiting scroll, and scroll wrap offsetting. Although these features, referred to as asymmetrical features in this paper, fundamentally change the thermodynamic process within the scroll chambers and dynamic characteristics of the orbiting scroll plate, no study has comprehensively discussed them or their impacts. Clarifying the mechanism and extent of these features is a worthwhile endeavor that will help guide the future design and optimization of scroll plates. Therefore, a mathematical model of the thermodynamic process and dynamic analysis was established in this study. An experiment was then conducted to confirm the model validation. Four working conditions under different pressure ratios and rotational speeds were selected to perform the simulation. The impacts of the working conditions and asymmetrical features on pressure and temperature changes within the scroll chambers and changes in the forces and moments acting on the orbiting scroll plate were compared and analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 270-285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yabin Guo , Congcong Du , Xin Liu , Zheng Zhang , Zunlong Jin , Yaxin Liu , Yuhua Wang , Weilin Li
{"title":"Research on label propagation based on clustering and semi-supervised learning under limited fault data of air conditioning system","authors":"Yabin Guo , Congcong Du , Xin Liu , Zheng Zhang , Zunlong Jin , Yaxin Liu , Yuhua Wang , Weilin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat pump systems may experience various faults under complex operating conditions, making fault diagnosis crucial for ensuring reliable operation and effective equipment management. At present, related research in this area is highly dependent on labeled data, while few studies focus on using unsupervised learning to process unlabeled data. However, it is difficult to obtain real and labeled fault data, which is an important factor limiting the development of fault detection and diagnosis technology. Therefore, two label propagation strategies are proposed in this study, including the clustering-based model and the model combined with semi-supervised learning. Through the proposed method, limited labeled data can be utilized to expand the dataset. In addition, the effects of different parameters on the accuracy performance of the models are compared. Finally, the two models are optimized by using ensemble clustering, which significantly improves the accuracy of label propagation. Specifically, after optimization with ensemble clustering, the overall accuracy of clustering-based and semi-supervised label propagation models can reach up to 98.0 % and 94.5 %, respectively. In terms of label propagation accuracy for each fault type, both models avoid serious misjudgment of minority class data after optimization, and the label propagation accuracy of other types has also been effectively improved. The research results show that the method proposed in this study can effectively address the problem of low utilization of unlabeled data, thereby improving the fault diagnosis performance of the machine learning model of air conditioning system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 111-126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fluid-thermal-solid coupling heat transfer and flow in a co-rotating CO2 scroll compressor","authors":"Yawei Zhu , Panpan Song , Dan Dan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat transfer analysis within co-rotating CO<sub>2</sub> scroll compressors of heat pumps is pivotal for the improvement of energy efficiency and the optimization of design parameters. This study simulated the co-rotating CO<sub>2</sub> compressor's aerothermodynamics based on a novel fluid-thermal-solid coupling calculation methodology. The performance and flow dynamics are comprehensively assessed and compared under conditions with and without heat transfer. It is found that the reduction in clearance leakage and the increase in density result in the mass flow rate obtained when considering heat transfer being 9.44 % higher than that under adiabatic conditions. On the other hand, the reduction in energy losses such as entropy generation results in the isentropic efficiency obtained from the coupled heat transfer calculation being 3.9 % higher than that of adiabatic compression. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of the performance and heat transfer characteristics across a range of rotation speeds is conducted. The results demonstrate that both the isentropic efficiency and the mass flow rate increase with the increase of rotation speed and the heat transfer mechanisms exhibit regional variations within the scroll compressor. This study has unveiled the profound impact of heat transfer on the scroll compressor, providing not only a theoretical foundation for enhancing its performance but also laying the groundwork for future research and development endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 252-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Ali Bakhtiari , Mehdi Tohidloo , Mohammad Hassan Saidi , Seyed Mohammadali Hosseinian , Mohsen Mohseni
{"title":"Advanced M-Cycle System for Simultaneous Cooling and Water Desalination","authors":"Mohammad Ali Bakhtiari , Mehdi Tohidloo , Mohammad Hassan Saidi , Seyed Mohammadali Hosseinian , Mohsen Mohseni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to safe drinking water and a healthy living environment is essential for human survival. With growing populations and decreasing availability of potable water, producing safe water from non-drinkable sources has become increasingly important. One effective method to achieve this is through water desalination. Among desalination techniques, humidification and dehumidification stand out as simple, low-cost, and portable solutions that do not require advanced equipment. These systems can be integrated with other technologies to fulfill multiple needs. One such integration involves air conditioning systems, where the innovative M-cycle concept has shown great promise. This cycle can cool air to its dew point without humidification and without using environmentally harmful refrigerants – essentially, water acts as the working fluid.</div><div>In this study, an M-cycle-based cooler has been creatively modified to generate fresh water alongside cooling the air, serving both desalination and air conditioning purposes. A comprehensive mathematical model has been developed and solved using finite element methods. The system's heat and mass exchanger has been optimized, and two configurations for its operation have been proposed. A new performance metric, PR (Performance Ratio), has been introduced to assess the system's dual-function efficiency.</div><div>Results indicate that an infiltration rate of 0.3 yields the highest water distillation rate and optimal cooling performance. The proposed design achieves a 9.2% higher gain-output ratio compared to conventional humidification-based desalination systems and offers 50% more cooling capacity than standard M-cycle air conditioning units, while demonstrating up to 8 times greater energy efficiency for desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 295-306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahul Velanparambil Ravindran, Donal Cotter, Christopher Wilson, Ming Jun Huang, Neil J Hewitt
{"title":"An evaluation of the performance of a scroll machine in a reversible high-temperature heat pump - organic Rankine cycle system using R1233zd(E) as the working fluid","authors":"Rahul Velanparambil Ravindran, Donal Cotter, Christopher Wilson, Ming Jun Huang, Neil J Hewitt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A reversible high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) - Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system can effectively recover industrial waste heat in the lower temperature band (<100 °C). This system can provide upgraded heat in HTHP mode or generate electrical power in ORC mode. For a compact reversible HTHP-ORC system, it is essential to utilise a volumetric machine that can function as both a compressor (HTHP mode) and an expander (ORC mode). This paper presents a performance analysis of an open-drive scroll machine operating in both modes, using R1233zd(E) as the working fluid. Steady-state models developed for this analysis were validated against data from previous experimental tests and subsequently used to evaluate the performance of the scroll compressor/expander under extended operating conditions. The model predictions indicated that the scroll compressor could achieve an overall isentropic efficiency of 73 % (T<sub>sf,ev,in</sub> = 90 °C, N<sub>cp</sub> = 2,000 RPM) and a volumetric efficiency of 92.3 % (T<sub>sf,ev,in</sub> = 90 °C, N<sub>cp</sub> = 2,500 RPM). In expander mode, the overall isentropic efficiencies were lower than in compressor mode, reaching a maximum value of 57.7 %. The results also demonstrated that the scroll machine could produce a gross power output of 1.01 kW (r<sub>p</sub> = 3.6, T<sub>sf,ev,in</sub> = 90 °C) at higher pressure ratios in expander mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 321-332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinghao Ma , Bo Shao , Peng Zhao , Zhenhua Jiang , Shaoshuai Liu , Deping Dong
{"title":"CFD simulation analysis and visualization experimental study of gas contamination condensation distribution in coaxial pulse tube cryocooler","authors":"Jinghao Ma , Bo Shao , Peng Zhao , Zhenhua Jiang , Shaoshuai Liu , Deping Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Condensable gas contamination is one of important factors limiting the longevity of pulse tube coolers. To further understand the way in which contamination affect the performance of pulse tube cooler, the behavioral characteristics of the contamination inside the pulse tube cooler were investigated. In this study, a 2-D simulation model of the regenerator was developed, and the diffusion and phase change distribution characteristics of the contamination at the cold end were investigated by CFD method. The transition of gas flow and pressure loss caused by the contamination were analyzed. The results show that condensation occurs first in the pulse tube and distribute mainly in the pulse tube and the regenerator eventually. The transition of the gas flow state due to the accumulation of contamination is likely to be an important cause of degradation in the performance of pulse tube cooler. And contamination will accumulate in the flow straightener when the cooling temperature closer to the saturation temperature, which can further affect the state of gas flow in the pulse tube, resulting in higher pressure losses. In addition, based on the technology of neutron radiography, a visualization experiment on the accumulation of contamination in pulse tube cooler was completed, and the experimental results were compared with the simulation results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 333-342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengfei Li , Qiang Wang , Yiping Liu , Xin Du , Yuan Lv , Xiufeng Gao , Yun Li
{"title":"A study on the relative sliding characteristics of the joint bearings in airborne high-pressure wobble plate compressor","authors":"Pengfei Li , Qiang Wang , Yiping Liu , Xin Du , Yuan Lv , Xiufeng Gao , Yun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wobble plate compressors are favored in aviation for compactness. The joint bearing on a wobble plate is a critical component of the drive system, but its motion characteristics are complex, and currently lacking a motion model. This study develops a composite motion model for the wobble plate in airborne wobble plate compressors with both bevel gear and roller-straight groove anti-rotation designs, using a microelement method. The result shows that the wobble plate simultaneously rotates around an instantaneous axis within its plane and its normal axis, exhibiting similar behavior in both anti-rotation types with minor deviations below 5 % in angular velocity and 20 % in axis when the inclination angle is less than 25°. The motion characteristics of the joint bearing's ball socket relative to the ball head mirror the wobble plate, with equal rotational velocities and parallel axes. This theoretical model is validated through ADAMS simulations, achieving a high level of accuracy with less than 1.5 % deviation in maximum relative sliding velocity at the selected point in both anti-rotation structures. The research further investigates the influence of compressor rotation speed, wobble plate inclination angle, and joint bearing radius on the maximum relative sliding velocity, revealing an approximately proportional relationship. The area with the maximum time-averaged relative sliding velocity is located near the bottom of the ball socket, suggesting a potential wear hotspot. The experimental observation of morphology confirms this. This research provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for wear analysis and optimized design for joint bearings in wobble plate compressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 165-175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueqiang Li , Shiyi Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Zhiang Li , Xianxia Song , Shengchun Liu
{"title":"Experimental study about spraying the condensate water on the performance of open refrigerated display cabinet","authors":"Xueqiang Li , Shiyi Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Zhiang Li , Xianxia Song , Shengchun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, the demand for open refrigerated display cabinets (ORDCs) is on the rise, accompanied by a growing urgency to address energy-related challenges. While the recycling of condensate water has been identified as a potential avenue to enhance ORDC performance, the subsequent management of this recycled condensate has garnered insufficient attention. To address this critical gap, this study delves into the influence of spraying condensate water and introduces the critical flowrate - the maximum flowrate at which all condensate water is entirely evaporated. The impact of some key factors, such as the flowrate of condensate water, the nozzle number, the spraying distance, and the ambient temperature and humidity, are experimentally discussed. Results show that, increasing the flowrate of condensate water enhances the ORDC performance until the optimal flowrate is achieved. The critical flowrate is inherently lower than the optimal flowrate. Increasing the nozzle number, spraying distance, and decreasing ambient temperature and humidity, could improve the ORDC performance, and the corresponding critical flowrate could be also increased. The critical flowrate is almost the same for different conditions. For the studied ORDC, the critical flowrate is 32.9 ml/min under which the coefficient of performance (COP), thermal entrainment factor (TEF), and the reduction of compressor power consumption (Q) could be improved by 51.1 %, 33.3 %, and 260.7 W, respectively, compared to that without spraying the condensate water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 286-294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An adaptive control method for room air conditioners based on application scene identification and user preference prediction","authors":"Haomin Cao , Zhiqiang Zeng , Dawei Zhuang , Guoliang Ding , Yanpo Shao , Hao Zhang , Wenduan Qi , Xiong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Room air conditioners are widely used to control indoor air parameters to user preferred values for thermal comfort, but the existing control methods might be uncomfortable due to changeable user preferences or be high-cost due to physiological sensors. The purpose of this study is to develop an adaptive control method for room air conditioners at a low cost. The basic idea is to adopt data mining of operating parameters instead of monitoring by physiological sensors, and the key technology is the control of compressor frequency and indoor unit fan speed based on the application scene of the room air conditioner and the user preferred values of indoor air parameters. During the use of the room air conditioner, the application scene is identified by comparing the probabilities of the room air conditioner being in the sleep scene, work scene, or leisure scene, and the user preferred values are predicted by correcting the group preferred values of users in the same city with the setting records of the user. To ensure the reliability of the control method, the accuracy of application scene identification, user preference prediction, and adaptive control is validated by the data collected from the room air conditioners used in the cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Haikou. It is shown that the accuracy of application scene identification, user preferred air temperature prediction and user preferred air velocity prediction is 79 %, 88 %, and 94 %, respectively; indoor air temperatures can be controlled within ±0.5 °C of the set values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"174 ","pages":"Pages 138-153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}