International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献_第3页

Design optimization and performance analysis of a self-lubricating linear compressor using vapor injection in a dual-temperature zone refrigerator 双温区制冷机蒸汽喷射自润滑线性压缩机设计优化及性能分析

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.029

Shuo Zhang , Mingsheng Tang , Huiming Zou , Rui Kong , Fanchen Kong , Xuan Li

引用次数: 0

Design and optimization of a novel hybrid ejector-based refrigeration system for enhanced energy and cost efficiency 一种新型混合喷射器制冷系统的设计和优化，以提高能源和成本效率

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.023

Amirhossein Refahi , Bijan Habibollahniavarani , Sepehr Sanaye , Mohammad Amani

{"title":"Design and optimization of a novel hybrid ejector-based refrigeration system for enhanced energy and cost efficiency","authors":"Amirhossein Refahi , Bijan Habibollahniavarani , Sepehr Sanaye , Mohammad Amani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces and investigates a novel hybrid refrigeration system that integrates vapor-vapor ejector refrigeration (VVER) with two-phase liquid-vapor ejector refrigeration (LVER), termed the VVER-LVER cycle. Utilizing environmentally friendly refrigerants—R600a for the VVER cycle and R152a for the LVER cycle—the system demonstrates significant advancements in energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental sustainability. A systematic design methodology is developed to optimize the dimensions of the two-phase ejector based on operational parameters, ensuring enhanced performance and pressure recovery. Through multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization, the study simultaneously maximizes exergy efficiency and minimizes total annual cost, achieving a Pareto-optimal solution with an exergy efficiency of 25.5 %, a total annual cost of $1011.61/year, and a coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.40 for a 5-kW cooling capacity system. Comparative analysis reveals substantial improvements over conventional hybrid ejector-compressor refrigeration cycles, including a 12 % increase in exergy efficiency, a 19 % reduction in annual costs, and an 11 % enhancement in COP. The integration of two-phase LVER and vapor-liquid separator technologies highlights the system's potential to address critical challenges in sustainable cooling applications. This research provides a comprehensive framework for the design, optimization, and evaluation of hybrid ejector-based refrigeration systems, contributing to the advancement of energy-efficient and cost-effective cooling technologies for industrial, commercial, and transportation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 345-358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coconut shell derived activated carbon for effective separation of greenhouse gases 椰壳衍生活性炭，可有效分离温室气体

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.022

Julio E. Sosa, Rui.P.P.L. Ribeiro , Inês Matos, Maria Bernardo, Isabel M. Fonseca, José P.B. Mota, João M.M. Araújo, Ana B. Pereiro

{"title":"Coconut shell derived activated carbon for effective separation of greenhouse gases","authors":"Julio E. Sosa, Rui.P.P.L. Ribeiro , Inês Matos, Maria Bernardo, Isabel M. Fonseca, José P.B. Mota, João M.M. Araújo, Ana B. Pereiro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient adsorbent materials for the selective capture of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is crucial. The porosity and surface area of the materials are key factors for the GHGs separation. This study demonstrates how waste from coconut shell (CS) biomass can be used to design novel biomaterials (CS-CO<sub>2</sub>, CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub>) with enhanced GHG selectivity. A comparison with activated carbon monoliths (ACM) and a metal-organic framework (Fe-BTC) was carried out to assess the impact of different porous matrices on GHGs capture. The adsorption equilibrium of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>4</sub> on these materials was measured between 283.15–323.15 K. The adsorption isotherms obtained were fitted using the dual-site Langmuir model. For R-32, R-125, R-134a and R-143a, the adsorption capacity follows ACM > CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> > Fe-BTC > CS-CO<sub>2</sub> due to the decrease of the surface area. The CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity is ACM > Fe-BTC > CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> > CS-CO<sub>2</sub>, which is related to the micropore volume. In this case, CS-CO<sub>2</sub> has a smaller adsorption capacity but is similar to ACM and outperforms Fe-BTC at <em>P</em> < 0.4 MPa. The selectivity of R-410A, R-407C, R-404A, and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> blends was determined with the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST). CS-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> shows a higher selectivity for R-125 over R-32 in R-410A and R-407C separations due to its larger pore volume. CS-CO<sub>2</sub> predominantly adsorbs R-134a and R-143a over R-125 in R-404A separation. ACM preferentially adsorbs CO<sub>2</sub> over CH<sub>4</sub> due to its large, elongated micropores. This study introduces innovative materials that improve GHGs separation and help reduce emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 66-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extracting a smart model for determining defrost time in household refrigerators using a combination of CFD, experimental data, and GMDH type artificial neural network 结合CFD、实验数据和GMDH型人工神经网络，提取了家用冰箱除霜时间的智能模型

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.016

Hamed Safikhani , Faroogh Esmaeili , Saeideh Rezvani

{"title":"Extracting a smart model for determining defrost time in household refrigerators using a combination of CFD, experimental data, and GMDH type artificial neural network","authors":"Hamed Safikhani , Faroogh Esmaeili , Saeideh Rezvani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present paper introduces a model that integrates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), experimental data, GMDH-type Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and image processing to smartly forecast the optimal time for defrosting household refrigerators. Initially, five parameters that have a direct impact on defrost time are identified: compressor runtime, frequency of door openings, a door-open state duration, ambient temperature, and humidity. Subsequently, experiments are planned using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach, with all tests conducted in compliance with ISO 15502 standards. To reduce the time and cost associated with experimental procedures, CFD simulations are used in parallel with the experimental data to help validate the model and to support the derivation of future refrigerators models. Extracted images from the experiments are analyzed to determine the optimal defrost time using image processing, and these data are used to model the objective function (optimal defrost time) via GMDH-type neural networks. The developed model predicts defrost time with high precision across various environmental and operational conditions. Traditional defrost schedules often rely on critical timing, which is rarely necessary in practice. The model proposed in this study dynamically adjusts to real-world conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption and enhancing the energy efficiency of household refrigerators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of different subcooling arrangements in a CO2 refrigeration plant using extractions from the flash-gas tank 利用闪焰气罐萃取物对CO2制冷装置中不同过冷装置的评价

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.037

F. Vidan-Falomir, R. Larrondo-Sancho, D. Sánchez, R. Cabello

{"title":"Evaluation of different subcooling arrangements in a CO2 refrigeration plant using extractions from the flash-gas tank","authors":"F. Vidan-Falomir, R. Larrondo-Sancho, D. Sánchez, R. Cabello","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.03.037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is a widely used natural refrigerant with a low critical temperature (∼31 °C), that makes necessary the use of complex cycle arrangements to enhance the performance of refrigerating plants, especially at high ambient temperatures. Considering this, the present work evaluates two simple subcooling arrangements experimentally based on stream extractions from the flash-gas tank installed between the back-pressure valve and the thermostatic expansion valve. These extractions are expanded in a subcooler installed at the exit of the gas-cooler, providing the subcooling effect depending on the tank pressure and the fluid extracted (liquid or vapour). Since the flash-gas tank pressure introduces a new degree of freedom, an optimisation process for maximising the COP is mandatory depending on the heat-rejection conditions (temperature and pressure). Therefore, this work presents the optimisation process for three heat-rejection temperatures (28, 31 and 34 °C) using extractions from vapour or liquid, reaching COP improvements up to 9.4 % with optimal pressure reductions of up to 3.0 bar.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"175 ","pages":"Pages 334-344"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance improvement of centrifugal compressors by suppressing backward heat transfer 抑制后向传热提高离心压缩机性能

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.020

Tengda Zou, Tongtong Zhang, Xiaowen Hu

{"title":"Performance improvement of centrifugal compressors by suppressing backward heat transfer","authors":"Tengda Zou, Tongtong Zhang, Xiaowen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study establishes a comprehensive heat transfer pathway between the air and the solid housing within the centrifugal compressor through three-dimensional fluid simulations combined with the Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) method. The results indicate significant heat transfer between the solid housing and the air, resulting in backward heat transfer within the solid housing. Compared to the ideal scenario without a solid housing, this backward heat transfer leads to a 1.42 % reduction in the efficiency and a 3.08 % reduction in the total pressure ratio. Optimizing the housing structure to increase thermal resistance effectively suppresses backward heat transfer, improving compressor performance. Furthermore, by adopting an integrated cooling scheme, backward heat transfer can be significantly reduced or even eliminated. With a water-cooling housing, the heat transferred to the solid housing from the downstream impeller passage and diffuser region is carried away by the cooling water, preventing reverse transfer to the upstream solid housing and heating the air. Compared to the prototype, the temperature of the solid housing with integrated cooling significantly decreases, resulting in a 2.05 % increase in efficiency and a 4.35 % increase in the pressure ratio. This study not only enhances the understanding of the heat transfer characteristics of centrifugal compressors but also proposes a design method to suppress backward heat transfer in the solid housing. This significantly improves compressor performance and has important engineering application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation on multi-stage compression high-temperature heat pump system based on R718 and other low GWP refrigerants 基于R718和其他低GWP制冷剂的多级压缩高温热泵系统研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.019

Xilong Shi , Chenghu Zhang , Yan Liu , Fazhong Wang

{"title":"Investigation on multi-stage compression high-temperature heat pump system based on R718 and other low GWP refrigerants","authors":"Xilong Shi , Chenghu Zhang , Yan Liu , Fazhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the dual-carbon strategy, electrifying industrial heating is a key trend. This study develops three types of thermodynamic cycle models for compression high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) systems. The effects of evaporation temperature on the compression characteristics of R718, R245fa, R1234ze(Z), and R1336mzz(Z) are investigated, along with an analysis of the available energy variation within the system. Results show that R718 exhibits superior thermodynamic properties compared to other refrigerants at high evaporation temperatures, with its coefficient of performance (COP) increasing from 4.70 to 5.34. However, the high pressure ratio and excessive superheat (up to 150 °C at 90 °C evaporation temperature) limits its practical application. When the lifting temperature is set at 40 °C, the three-stage compression (THC) system achieves an optimal performance value of 5.47, with a pressure ratio of 1.58 and exhaust superheat of 35.38 °C. The exergy efficiency of the three-stage compression (TWC) and THC systems using R718 is 39.6 % and 56.1 % higher than that of the single-stage compression (SC) system at a waste heat source temperature of 95 °C, respectively. These findings emphasize that multi-stage compression significantly enhances energy efficiency. Furthermore, this study provides valuable guidance for practical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 238-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on expansion methods of the DC flow for transferring the temperature-distributed refrigeration power 温度分布制冷功率直流流扩展方法研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.017

Qiang Cao , Pengcheng Wang , Zhiping Wang , Yuji Chen , Lichun Ge , Peng Li , Qinyu Zhao , Bo Wang , Zhihua Gan

{"title":"Study on expansion methods of the DC flow for transferring the temperature-distributed refrigeration power","authors":"Qiang Cao , Pengcheng Wang , Zhiping Wang , Yuji Chen , Lichun Ge , Peng Li , Qinyu Zhao , Bo Wang , Zhihua Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature-distributed refrigeration power in the regenerator is effectively transferred by extracting the inner direct-current (DC) flow from the regenerator. The transfer efficiency is improved by up to 1–2 times compared with traditional transfer methods because there is no radial thermal resistance in the regenerator during the transfer process. However, the specific heat capacity between the DC flow and the gas to be liquefied is usually mismatched due to the difference in pressure or working fluid, resulting in heat exchange loss. In this paper, we propose the expansion methods of the DC flow. The refrigeration power at the cold end of the refrigerator is increased by the expansion methods due to the liquefaction of the DC flow. Meanwhile, the distribution of specific heat capacity in the DC flow is altered, which generally enhances its availability. For the case study of <sup>4</sup>He, the availability of the expanded DC flow is improved by around 40 % after expansion. The specific heat capacity between the DC flow and the gas to be liquefied becomes better matched, and the theoretical helium liquefaction rate is improved by approximately 25 %. In addition, the figure of merit (FOM) for liquefaction is enhanced by about 20 %, which includes the compression work of the expanded DC flow returning to the original refrigerator, form a closed cycle. This research enriches the study of the temperature-distributed regenerative refrigeration method and provides a reference for improving the transfer efficiency of the temperature-distributed refrigeration power and the liquefaction rate of cryogenic gases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance comparison investigation on different pulse tube position heat pumps with power recovery displacer 功率回收式不同脉冲管位置热泵性能比较研究

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.014

Shenglin Zhu , Xi Chen , Yifan Zhu , Yingxia Qi

{"title":"Performance comparison investigation on different pulse tube position heat pumps with power recovery displacer","authors":"Shenglin Zhu , Xi Chen , Yifan Zhu , Yingxia Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spacecraft waste heat is dissipated into space primarily by radiation. To improve the heat dissipation efficiency of spacecraft radiators in high-temperature environments and reduce heat wastage in spaceflight thermal control systems, thermoacoustic heat pumps (TAHP) are considered a viable method for increasing radiator cooling temperatures and recovering waste heat. In this study, one-dimensional simulations are used to optimize the geometrical parameters of the 100-watt work recovery thermoacoustic heat pump (WRTAHP) for various pulse tube positions. The performances of the two systems are compared at a cold-end temperature of 293 K and a hot-end temperature of 353 K. The results reveal that a heating capacity of 256 W with a relative Carnot efficiency of 35.01 % is achieved for the pulse tube front-type thermoacoustic heat pump (FTTAHP), whereas the pulse tube back-type thermoacoustic heat pump (BTTAHP) obtains a heating capacity of 225 W with a relative Carnot efficiency of 30.59 %. As the cold-end temperature decreases, the coefficient of performance is reduced for FTTAHP, while the performance of BTTAHP shows a substantial improvement. At a cold end temperature of 233 K and a hot-cold end temperature difference of 60 K, a heating capacity of 268 W with a relative Carnot efficiency of 50.57 % is achieved for BTTAHP. Furthermore, the heating capacity of the BTTAHP is not significantly increased by adopting the active phase adjustment structure. In summary, the FTTAHP is suitable for spacecraft radiator applications and avoids high temperatures affecting compressor operation, whereas the BTTAHP is better suited for low-temperature heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing refrigerant charge in PHEV air conditioning system through genetic algorithm, COP, exergy analysis and condenser size adjustment 通过遗传算法、COP、火用分析和冷凝器尺寸调整对插电式混合动力空调系统制冷剂充注量进行优化

IF 3.5 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.015

Jiesong Jian , Yingchao Zhang , Guohua Wang , Wei Wang

{"title":"Optimizing refrigerant charge in PHEV air conditioning system through genetic algorithm, COP, exergy analysis and condenser size adjustment","authors":"Jiesong Jian , Yingchao Zhang , Guohua Wang , Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The air - conditioning of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) cools the cabin and battery. Refrigerant charge greatly affects the system’s COP. This paper explores battery heat dissipation’s impact on optimal refrigerant charge, which is corresponding to the maximum system COP, using genetic algorithm, COP, exergy analysis, and condenser size enlargement. Firstly, under each steady-state condition, the optimal refrigerant charge is estimated using the genetic algorithm, with the maximum COP as the response. The findings prove that the optimal refrigerant charge rises with the battery thermal load. Then, based on the exergy analysis results, increasing the condenser size leads to a significant improvement in the system COP, with a maximum increase of 35.3 %. Meanwhile, the optimal refrigerant charge rises in accordance with the increase in battery heat load, and these optimal refrigerant charges are all bigger than the original system values. Finally, after the condenser size is increased, steady-state tests with different battery heat dissipations show that a refrigerant charge of 685 g (optimal when battery heat dissipation is 0 W), leads to a COP decrease of up to 13.3 %. While, with a refrigerant charge of 1200 g (optimal at battery heat dissipation 4350 W), the COP decline relative to its peak value is just 1.9 %. The analysis indicates that, when determining the refrigerant charge, the battery thermal load should be relatively high to reduce the impact of the refrigerant charge on the system’s performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 177-191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0