International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献_第3页

CFD analysis and experimental validation of a stepped early discharge port for over-compression control in a CO₂ scroll compressor co2涡旋压缩机阶梯提前排气口过压控制的CFD分析与实验验证

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.032

Youxin Zhou, Bin Peng, Zhixiang Liao, Mingtong Wei

{"title":"CFD analysis and experimental validation of a stepped early discharge port for over-compression control in a CO₂ scroll compressor","authors":"Youxin Zhou, Bin Peng, Zhixiang Liao, Mingtong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over-compression in transcritical CO₂ scroll compressors leads to considerable energy losses, lower efficiency, and higher thermal loads, thereby compromising both performance and reliability. To address this issue, a novel stepped early discharge port (EDP) is proposed, along with a coupled thermodynamic and geometric design method for determining its location. Using an integrated CFD-experimental approach, the performance of the stepped EDP is evaluated and compared with that of a conventional cylindrical EDP under typical over-compression conditions. Furthermore, its influence on the compressor’s flow field and performance is analyzed across conditions ranging from near-design to severe over-compression pressure ratios. Results indicate that the stepped design yields more stable internal flow and better over-compression mitigation than the cylindrical EDP. Analysis of pressure and mass flow rate at the early discharge port reveals that, compared to the circular EDP, the average early discharge pressure decreases by about 4.2%, while the mass flow rate increases by 41.2%. Moreover, the stepped EDP reduces the peak chamber pressure by 0.22 MPa, significantly exceeding the 0.04 MPa reduction achieved by the cylindrical EDP. The variable-condition study confirms that the over-compression mitigation effect of the stepped EDP is maintained across all investigated conditions, consistently lowering working chamber pressure and promoting a more uniform temperature distribution. Under severe over-compression, volumetric efficiency improves by up to 5.99%, and isentropic efficiency shows a maximum increase of 27.02%. Owing to the optimized flow field structure, leakage mass flow rate decreases by approximately 0.8% under severe over-compression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 135-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance study of a new dual condenser heat pump driven humidification and dehumidification desalination system 新型双冷凝器热泵加湿除湿海水淡化系统性能研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.021

Wenjie Yang , Yuefen Gao

{"title":"Performance study of a new dual condenser heat pump driven humidification and dehumidification desalination system","authors":"Wenjie Yang , Yuefen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional two-stage humidification and dehumidification desalination systems usually use a sub-cooler as the initial heating source, limiting the heating capacity. Thus, this paper uses ejectors to propose a dual condenser heat pump driven humidification-dehumidification desalination (DCHP-HDH) system. The system uses dual condensers as a drive heat source to indirectly increase the heating and humidifying capacity of the humidifier. Makes the humid air coming out of the humidifier have a higher humidity ratio, and dual dehumidifiers are used to fully process this high-humidity ratio humid air. The performance of the system in this paper was evaluated using thermodynamic and economic analyses. The simulation results show that the DCHP-HDH system is capable of obtaining a maximum Gained Output Ratio (GOR) of 9.234, a maximum freshwater production of 49.88 kg/h, and a maximum Recovery Ratio (RR) of 5.542%, at which time the system's freshwater production cost is 0.0127$/L. In addition, higher evaporation temperatures and lower input seawater temperatures result in systems with better energy efficiency and freshwater production performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 42-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A general nonlinear prediction model for binary interaction parameter of vdW mixing rules in PR EOS for phase Equilibria of HFO mixtures HFO混合物相平衡时vdW混合规则二元相互作用参数的一般非线性预测模型

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.027

Hao Liu, Yujia Zhang, Yingying Tan, Xiuzhen Li, Lin Wang

{"title":"A general nonlinear prediction model for binary interaction parameter of vdW mixing rules in PR EOS for phase Equilibria of HFO mixtures","authors":"Hao Liu, Yujia Zhang, Yingying Tan, Xiuzhen Li, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixtures containing HFOs have emerged as promising alternatives to HFCs due to their environmentally friendly properties, and the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of HFO-containing mixtures is a critical thermodynamic property for practical engineering applications. Although the experimental VLE behaviors of HFO mixtures have been investigated, there are studies unavailable on the binary interaction parameters of HFO-containing mixtures in the literature. Therefore, in this work, the model for binary interaction parameter of van der Waals (vdW) mixing rule oriented to Peng–Robinson equation of state is developed to predict the VLE of binary mixtures. The binary interaction parameters in the vdW mixing rules are regressed using experimental VLE data for 64 sets of binary mixtures, and then, on the basis of the regressed binary interaction parameters, a general nonlinear correlation is proposed by incorporating the thermophysical properties, such as critical temperature, critical pressure and acentric factor. The proposed model is subsequently applied to predict the VLE behavior of all 66 sets of binary mixtures, including two independent test cases, and the predicted results are validated against experimental data. The results indicate that the proposed model exhibits high accuracy in predicting bubble-point pressure, vapor phase mole fraction and relative volatility, and pressure has the average absolute relative deviation of 1.07%, while vapor-liquid mole fraction possesses the average absolute deviation of 0.0059, with the 4.63% average absolute relative deviation of relative volatility, so it is thus clear that the proposed model shows good applicability and accuracy in VLE predictions for HFO-containing mixtures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Force fields for R1336mzz(Z), R1336mzz(E), R1233zd(E) and solvation in pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (PEC5) lubricant R1336mzz(Z)、R1336mzz(E)、R1233zd(E)在四戊酸季戊四醇（PEC5）润滑油中的溶剂化力场

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.026

Ali Aminian

引用次数: 0

Study on energy-saving and defrosting characteristics of gas heat pump systems under various waste heat utilization conditions 不同余热利用条件下燃气热泵系统节能除霜特性研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.029

Lu Han , Zhenjun Xu , Hao Wang , Qingqing Li

{"title":"Study on energy-saving and defrosting characteristics of gas heat pump systems under various waste heat utilization conditions","authors":"Lu Han , Zhenjun Xu , Hao Wang , Qingqing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air-source gas engine-driven heat pumps (GHPs) in cold regions typically suffer from performance limitations due to insufficient waste heat utilization and inefficient defrosting processes. This study evaluates three waste heat utilization modes to enhance GHP energy-saving characteristics: (A) auxiliary heating, (B) indirect hot-water defrosting, and (C) direct hot-water defrosting . A combined methodology of thermodynamic modeling and experimental testing was employed to analyze system performance. Results indicate that System A achieves the highest Primary Energy Ratio (PER) of 1.6 at moderate temperatures (10 °C), demonstrating the benefits of auxiliary heating in mild climates. However, under severe frost conditions, System C proved superior. By directly supplying waste heat to the evaporator, System C reduced compressor power by up to 25%, shortened defrosting time by 20%, and decreased seasonal fuel consumption by 19%–28% compared to conventional operation. Conversely, System B exhibited the lowest Coefficient of Performance (COP). The study concludes that the direct integration of recovered waste heat into the evaporator (System C) offers the best balance of energy efficiency and defrosting effectiveness for cold-climate applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 114-123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of structural deformation on the rotordynamic characteristics of shaft labyrinth seals in cryogenic liquid turbine expanders under thermal-fluid-solid coupling 热-流-固耦合下结构变形对低温液体涡轮膨胀机轴篦密封转子动力特性的影响

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.023

Wanyou Sun, Jinju Sun, Peng Song, Shengyuan Wang

{"title":"Influence of structural deformation on the rotordynamic characteristics of shaft labyrinth seals in cryogenic liquid turbine expanders under thermal-fluid-solid coupling","authors":"Wanyou Sun, Jinju Sun, Peng Song, Shengyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study is focused on the rotordynamic characteristics of shaft labyrinth seals in cryogenic liquid turbine expanders. The critical operational conditions (-170 °C, 6–8 MPa) for cryogenic liquid turbine expanders have made its shaft labyrinth seal rotordynamic characteristics a thermal-fluid-solid coupled problem. The previous study performed by the team of authors indicates that seal structural deformation in cryogenic environments may not be negligible, whereas it calls for an in-depth study to identify their influence on the shaft labyrinth seal rotordynamic characteristics. This study develops a computational framework that combines the thermal-fluid-solid coupling approach and the whirling rotor method to predict the rotordynamic characteristics of labyrinth seals in cryogenic environments. This framework incorporates the influence of the seal structural deformation on the rotordynamic characteristics. It also circumvents the need for time-consuming transient analysis associated with rotor whirl. Consequently, it can enhance the reliability and efficiency of predicting the rotordynamic characteristics of labyrinth seals. In the present study, this framework is applied to investigate how multi-physics coupling-driven seal structural deformation affects rotordynamic characteristics of labyrinth seals for cryogenic liquid turbine expanders. Results demonstrate that multi-physics coupling-driven seal structural deformation alters the seal clearance profile, leading to significant changes in leakage flow behaviors, seal forces, rotordynamic coefficients, and seal stability. This primarily proves that the cryogenic structural deformation is an influential factor for the rotordynamic characteristics of labyrinth seals. Therefore, accounting for structural deformation is essential in the design and analysis of labyrinth seals for cryogenic liquid turbine expanders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 54-65"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements and thermodynamic performance assessment on eco-friendly working pairs of R1270+DMETrEG and R1270+NMP for Absorption Refrigeration System 吸收式制冷系统R1270+DMETrEG和R1270+NMP环保工作对汽液平衡测量及热力学性能评价

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.028

Deheng Kong , Sai Zhou , Mingjing Fan , Qian Ning , Qinglu Song , Dechang Wang , Guogeng He

{"title":"Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements and thermodynamic performance assessment on eco-friendly working pairs of R1270+DMETrEG and R1270+NMP for Absorption Refrigeration System","authors":"Deheng Kong , Sai Zhou , Mingjing Fan , Qian Ning , Qinglu Song , Dechang Wang , Guogeng He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an environmentally sustainable refrigeration technology, the absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) has garnered increasing attention, and research on the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of novel working pairs is of great significance for the promotion and development of ARC. This article innovatively measured the VLE of hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant R1270 in organic solvents DMETrEG and NMP in the temperature range of 303.15 K to 353.15 K, and used the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model to fit the experimental data and evaluate their performance in the ARC. For the R1270+DMETrEG, the average absolute relative deviation (AARD) and maximum absolute relative deviation (MARD) are 0.8318 % and 2.8169 %, respectively. For the R1270+NMP, the corresponding values are 1.4472 % and 3.1676 %. In the thermodynamic analysis of the ARC, the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of the R1270+DMETrEG working pair is 0.327, which is higher than 0.313 of the R1270+NMP. Compared to COP values predicted using a UNIFAC-DMD model, the COP calculated from experimental VLE data is approximately 0.02–0.08 lower, although the overall trend remains consistent. In all cases, the COP of R1270+DMETrEG is higher than that of R1270+NMP, in both experimental and predicted results. Based on the experimental data, the COP of the R1270 working pairs is 0.01–0.1 lower than that of R1234yf and R1234ze(E). At constant generation temperature, both working pairs exhibit similar COP trends as a function of evaporation and condensation temperatures. Analysis of excess properties shows that the excess Gibbs energy (<em>G</em><sup>E</sup>) is negatively correlated with refrigerant solubility and COP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 92-103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A new type of absorber based on ultrasonic atomization enhanced in-tube falling film absorption process 一种基于超声雾化增强管内降膜吸收的新型吸收器

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.004

Chuang Pan , Shenghao Huang , Yunfeng Qiu , Shuhong Li , Teng Jia , Yanjun Li , Jun Wu , Gui Li

引用次数: 0

Experimental measurements and molecular simulations for pvTz properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) + 1,1-difluoroethylene (R1132a) binary system in the two-phase and superheated vapor regions 二氧化碳(CO2) + 1,1-二氟乙烯（R1132a）二元体系在两相和过热蒸汽区pvTz特性的实验测量和分子模拟

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.002

Sebastiano Tomassetti , Lorenzo Merlonghi , Tomoaki Imai , Giovanni Di Nicola , Chieko Kondou

{"title":"Experimental measurements and molecular simulations for pvTz properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) + 1,1-difluoroethylene (R1132a) binary system in the two-phase and superheated vapor regions","authors":"Sebastiano Tomassetti , Lorenzo Merlonghi , Tomoaki Imai , Giovanni Di Nicola , Chieko Kondou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides 23 two-phase and 133 vapor-phase pressure-specific volume-temperature-composition (<em>pvTz</em>) measurements for the mixture containing carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and 1,1-difluoroethylene (R1132a), considered a potentially low global warming potential (GWP) alternative for ultralow temperature refrigeration systems. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and vapor-phase <em>pvTz</em> properties predicted through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are also presented. An isochoric apparatus was used to measure the properties for ten CO<sub>2</sub> mole fractions along ten isochores with specific volumes equal to (0.016846, 0.018521, 0.028775, 0.029922, 0.029931, 0.032358, 0.037241, 0.039089, 0.052176, 0.083492) m<sup>3</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> in the temperature and pressure ranges from (228.15 to 303.15) K and from (404.5 to 2519.9) kPa, respectively. The two-phase measurements were used to assess the VLE of the binary system by the flash method with the Peng-Robinson (PR) and PC-SAFT equations of state (EoSs), yielding average absolute relative deviations (AARDs) between experimental and calculated pressures of 0.20% and 0.19%, respectively. The values calculated with the PR and PC-SAFT EoSs showed qualitative agreement with the VLE properties from MD simulations, yielding AARD(<em>p</em>) of 3.44 % and 3.32 %, respectively. The measurements carried out in the superheated vapor region were compared with calculations from the PR and PC-SAFT EoSs, obtaining low deviations (AARD(<em>p</em>) of 0.38 % for the PR EoS and 0.33 % for the PC-SAFT EoS). Finally, a qualitatively good agreement between the MD simulations and the EoS calculations was also observed in the superheated vapor region (AARD(<em>p</em>) of 1.02 % for the PR EoS and 1.00 % for the PC-SAFT EoS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 188-198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revealing dynamic characteristics of the two-stage thermoelectric cooler under double-pulse excitation 揭示双脉冲激励下两级热电冷却器的动态特性

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.016

Ding Luo , Hengliang Zhang , Yi Qiu , Hao Chen , Yaohua Li , Junshuo Chen , Yangyong Liu , Xiaoye Sun , Guili Wang

{"title":"Revealing dynamic characteristics of the two-stage thermoelectric cooler under double-pulse excitation","authors":"Ding Luo , Hengliang Zhang , Yi Qiu , Hao Chen , Yaohua Li , Junshuo Chen , Yangyong Liu , Xiaoye Sun , Guili Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional two-stage thermoelectric coolers (TECs) generally employ identical continuous pulse current waveforms. In this study, we for the first time systematically investigate double-pulse current excitation with different waveform shapes under thermal shock. By analyzing the double-pulse waveform combinations, the amplitude and width of the second pulse, as well as the intervals between thermal shock and the first pulse (Δ<em>t</em><sub>1</sub>) and between double-pulses (Δ<em>t</em><sub>2</sub>), we reveal their governing effects on the transient subcooling performance of TECs, including the minimum cold end temperature (<em>T</em><sub>c,min</sub>), the maximum overshoot temperature (<em>T</em><sub>c,max</sub>), the cold-holding time (<em>t</em><sub>hold</sub>), and the recovery time (<em>t</em><sub>rec</sub>). The results show that the cold end waveform influences the transient response more strongly than the hot end, and triangular excitation effectively suppresses overshoot and accelerates recovery. Specifically, compared with the Square + Square case, the Triangle + Triangle case reduces <em>T</em><sub>c,max</sub> from 347.23 K to 325.31 K and shortens <em>t</em><sub>rec</sub> from 82.96 s to 75.47 s, while <em>t</em><sub>hold</sub> increases from 0.66 s to 0.84 s. Increasing the second pulse amplitude enhances cooling but intensifies Joule heating, and an excessively long second pulse width significantly degrades recovery. In addition, larger Δ<em>t</em><sub>2</sub> promotes heat dissipation between pulses. For example, increasing Δ<em>t</em><sub>2</sub> from 1 s to 3 s reduces <em>T</em><sub>c,max</sub> from 336.15 K to 316.05 K and shortens <em>t</em><sub>rec</sub> from 69.10 s to 63.50 s. These findings provide theoretical guidance for waveform design and parameter selection of two-stage TECs under thermal shock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 278-286"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0