{"title":"Optimized MIL-101(Cr)/graphene oxide/calcium chloride composites for efficient adsorption refrigeration","authors":"Shuyi Yao, Zhongbao Liu, Shijie Li, Zhipeng Qie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving water vapor adsorption performance at low humidity and enhancing thermal conductivity are beneficial for the performances of adsorption refrigeration materials. In this study, MIL-101(Cr) was integrated with graphene oxide (GO) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) to develop high-performance composite adsorbents. The materials were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and thermal conductivity measurements. Adsorption and desorption tests revealed that the MIL-101(Cr)/2 % GO + 20 % CaCl₂ composite exhibited the best performance, achieving a dynamic adsorption capacity of 0.368 g/g and a 36 % increase in thermal conductivity compared to pure MIL-101(Cr). Meanwhile, the heat and mass transfer performance of the materials and the COP and SCP of the system were analyzed by modeling the adsorbent and the system under the corresponding operating conditions, and MIL-101(Cr)/2 % GO + 20 % CaCl₂ showed the best performance among all the samples of the present study in all these models. Furthermore, the composite demonstrated excellent stability after 50 adsorption-desorption cycles, retaining a desorption efficiency above 93 %. The synergistic effects of GO and CaCl₂ significantly improved both water vapor adsorption and thermal conductivity, making this composite a promising candidate for energy-efficient adsorption refrigeration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of experimental works using ammonia-salt adsorption reactions","authors":"G.H. Atkinson, R.E. Critoph","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The literature review presented details the historical experimental works on ammonia-salt reactions, broadly in chronological order, starting from Faraday’s first observation of the adsorption of ammonia with silver chloride through to present day research. In the literature study, works detailing system-level designs with a tendency towards heating-based applications using ammonia as the adsorbate and salts as the adsorbent are the focus, although studies across different adsorption refrigeration, heat storage, heat pumping and heat transformation works are discussed. The conclusions drawn highlight a need to further experimental understanding of practical ammonia-salt reactions operating in a simple resorption cycle with continually connected reactors (on the ammonia side) and automatic cycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 408-424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144137801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bank , J.P. Kobler , T. Zeller , P. Cujic , T. Seel , S.F.G. Ehlers
{"title":"Thermal and power consumption model of an electrically refrigerated trailer","authors":"D. Bank , J.P. Kobler , T. Zeller , P. Cujic , T. Seel , S.F.G. Ehlers","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the face of escalating climate change concerns, there is a need for reducing CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions in all economic sectors. The transportation sector, particularly freight transportation via trucks and especially refrigerated trailers, is a substantial contributor to these emissions. An energy management system can be used to optimize the energy consumption of electrified refrigerated trailers, for which a model of an electrically refrigerated trailer is needed. This paper aims to develop and validate a thermal model of an electrified trailer. The model is created using over 40 h of test drives across a broad spectrum of internal temperatures, which range between -23 °C and +18 °C, as well as ambient temperatures, which range between 1 °C and 36 °C. The data was collected from test drives conducted in Spain, Sweden, and Germany under varying temperature set-points and loads, ensuring the model’s accuracy across diverse operating conditions. Additionally, for the first time, the Trailer Refrigeration Unit’s (TRU) electric consumption is modeled in detail over complete drive cycles. The paper also outlines a method for identifying the parameters of the trailer and goods across all runs. This comprehensive approach ensures a robust and accurate model, with an RMSE of below 0.7 °C for the open-loop temperature modeling and a total error of below 1.5% for the energy consumption in a closed-loop simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 425-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Guo , Mengyao Chen , Hong Wang , Pan Chu , Yingjie Sheng , Hao Li
{"title":"Hybrid forecasting model for central air conditioning load based on CEEMDAN and WTCN-GRU","authors":"Yang Guo , Mengyao Chen , Hong Wang , Pan Chu , Yingjie Sheng , Hao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate load prediction is an important foundation for the energy-saving and optimized control of central air conditioning systems, and it is crucial for energy conservation and emissions reduction in buildings. To address the issues of low accuracy in existing load forecasting models, this paper proposes a load prediction method of air conditioning based on hybrid model combining Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and an improved Temporal Convolutional Network (WTCN) -Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Firstly, Pearson correlation analysis is used to select highly correlated influencing factors as feature inputs. CEEMDAN is then applied to decompose and reconstruct the original data to mitigate data non-stationarity and improve data quality. Secondly, the first-layer convolution of each residual block in the TCN is improved to enhance feature extraction capability. Thirdly, the gating mechanism in the GRU is utilized to handle the temporal relationships in the data and predict the air conditioning load. Finally, experiments are conducted using the central air conditioning load data from office building for validation. The results show that the proposed model outperforms other benchmark models, significantly improving the accuracy of building air conditioning load forecasting. It holds promising application prospects in optimizing building energy consumption control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 373-385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baosheng Chen , Shoucheng Cui , Yupei Zeng , Nan Peng , Ercang Luo
{"title":"Numerical optimization on convergent geometries of helium supersonic nozzles","authors":"Baosheng Chen , Shoucheng Cui , Yupei Zeng , Nan Peng , Ercang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supersonic nozzle is a crucial component of supersonic two-phase expander, which is proposed as an innovative alternative to liquefy helium. To investigate helium flow process in supersonic nozzles with different convergent linetypes, the flows in supersonic nozzles whose convergent sections are Quintic polynomial curve, Bicubic parametric curve, Witoszynski curve, and Translation of Witoszynski curve, are respectively simulated by Fluent 19.0. The findings indicate that the supersonic nozzle designed by the Witoszynski curve has following advantages: (1) Both its outlet temperature and pressure is the lowest while the outlet Mach number is the highest, indicating the best expansion refrigeration effect among four supersonic nozzles. (2) The summit of nucleation rate is the highest, achieving 2.200 × 10<sup>22</sup> m<sup>-3</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>. Outlet droplet number reaches 1.154 × 10<sup>16</sup> kg<sup>-1</sup>, higher than that of other nozzles. (3) This supersonic nozzle is also the first to undergo the condensation process among these four nozzles. (4) Its outlet liquid mass fraction is the highest at 16.03 % and its droplet radius is the smallest at 3.689 × 10<sup>–7</sup> m. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize the Witoszynski curve to realize helium liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junhong Wu , Guangqian Peng , Songlin Cui , Wang Zeng , Junlong Xie , Xi Pan
{"title":"Investigation on the discharge port and discharge valve lift in the R32 rotary compressor for performance improvement","authors":"Junhong Wu , Guangqian Peng , Songlin Cui , Wang Zeng , Junlong Xie , Xi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of the rotary compressor is critical to the efficiency of air conditioning systems. Cooling capacity, input power and coefficient of performance (COP) are three key indicators used to evaluate the performance of rotary compressors. The discharge area, determined by the discharge port diameter and discharge valve plate (DVP) displacement, significantly influences these three indicators. This paper introduces a conical discharge port aimed at increasing the discharge port perimeter, along with an optimized design of DVP lift, which primarily affects DVP displacement. A mathematical model is developed to investigate the impact of the discharge port and DVP lift on the aforementioned performance indicators. Experimental validation is conducted to verify the calculated results and compare the performance of three compressor prototypes: basic prototype having a cylindrical discharge port and a 2.5 mm DVP lift; Prototype I having a conical discharge port and a 2.5 mm DVP lift; and Prototype II having a conical discharge port and a 2 mm DVP lift. The errors between the calculated and experimental values for cooling capacity, input power, and COP are within 3 %, 2 %, and 4 %, respectively, demonstrating the high accuracy of the developed mathematical model. Furthermore, the comparative analysis reveals that prototype II, equipped with a conical discharge port and a 2 mm DVP lift, exhibits superior performance among these three prototypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 386-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwang-hee Kim , Yu-jin Kim , Ju-wan Ha , Young-hak Song
{"title":"Development of an integrated loop control algorithm: Enhancing efficiency and expanding application range for water-side economizers","authors":"Kwang-hee Kim , Yu-jin Kim , Ju-wan Ha , Young-hak Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water-side economizers (WSEs) are garnering attention as a means to reduce cooling energy costs in data centers. WSEs leverage free cooling to significantly reduce the use of chillers that are employed in conventional cooling systems. However, the application of WSE is somewhat limited, as free cooling depends heavily on climate and specific cooling load patterns. This study developed and introduced an integrated loop control algorithm to improve the system efficiency of a WSE and expand the target building to a general building, thereby analyzing the energy-saving effect. The integrated loop control algorithm performs integrated control of independent circulating cooling media that circulates condenser water, chilled water, and air loops, and considers the interaction between each loop. According to the energy analysis results of applying the algorithm, it was possible to reduce energy consumption by 16 % and 20 % in data centers and large offices, respectively, compared to conventional systems. In addition, it was expected that the free cooling operation time would be extended and the efficiency of the system components would be improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 29-39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flow simulation and verification of HFC-125 in recirculation zone","authors":"Qiyong Zhou, Song Lu, Hui Shi, Heping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.04.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fire extinguishing agent particles absorb heat and evaporate into gas. Based on the HFC-125 injection experiment, the HFC-125 injection simulation model is established. Comparing the simulated values with the experimental values, simulated extinguishing agent flow pattern is consistent with the experiment. The errors between the simulated and experimental values of the free flow and the recirculation zone are within ±30 % and ±15 %, respectively. With the increase of wind speed, the simulated value of residence time is approximately equal to the experimental value. The error of the simulated characteristic mixing time is within ±30 %, and the error after the calculation of the modified model is within ±10 %. The corrected simulated characteristic mixing coefficient is 34.84, which is close to the experimental value. The reliability of the model is proved. The model is used to simulate the effect of different obstruction types on extinguishing agent flow. The results show that the semi-circular obstruction has the least influence on the flow of fire extinguishing agent, which is more conducive to extinguishing the fire in the recirculation zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 192-204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaohai Dong , Qiyun La , Xubin Zhou , Hao Li , Zhiyi Zhang , Hongrui Zha
{"title":"On the investigation of the integrated passive vibration isolation and active vibration absorption method to control the micro-vibration of spaceborne cryocooler","authors":"Yaohai Dong , Qiyun La , Xubin Zhou , Hao Li , Zhiyi Zhang , Hongrui Zha","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to mitigate the adverse effects of the micro-vibration generated by the cryocooler on the imaging and pointing accuracy of the satellite space camera, this paper proposes an integrative vibration control strategy that combined the passive vibration isolation and active vibration absorption method. Firstly, the two separate vibration transmission paths of the working cryocooler are analyzed. Then, the passive vibration isolation of the compressor and the active vibration absorption of the cold finger are designed for each of the two vibration transmission paths. Among them, the passive vibration isolators in convergent configuration are adopted to suppress the micro-vibration transmitted from the compressor to the mounting plate. The dynamic model of the passive vibration isolation system is established and the vibration isolation performance is evaluated. Furthermore, three electromagnetic vibration absorbers are adopted to control the micro-vibration transmitted from the compressor to the detectors which connected to the cold finger. A multi-channel decoupling adaptive algorithm is proposed to achieve the decoupling control of three vibration-absorbing channels. The finite element model of the spaceborne cryocooler is constructed, and the vibration control performance of passive vibration isolation and active vibration absorption techniques are analysed. At the experimental step, the accelerometers and a six-component force table was employed to evaluate the general performance of the combined passive vibration isolation and active vibration absorption method. The results demonstrated that the integrative vibration control strategy, which incorporated vibration isolation and absorption, can effectively reduce the perturbation output of the cryocooler and provided an ultra-quiet dynamic environment for the detector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"177 ","pages":"Pages 244-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Meramveliotakis , George Kosmadakis , Sotirios Karellas
{"title":"Testing and characterisation of a scroll compressor with vapour injection using R454C as a drop in refrigerant in a water source heat pump","authors":"George Meramveliotakis , George Kosmadakis , Sotirios Karellas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transition to low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerants is a significant issue for reducing the environmental impact of heat pumps to comply with stringent regulations. This study evaluates the performance of a scroll compressor with vapor injection (VI) using R454C as a low GWP drop-in replacement for R407C in a water source heat pump. Key performance indicators, including isentropic and volumetric efficiency, heating capacity and COP, are investigated across a wide range of operating conditions. These include varying compressor speeds, superheats at both the main and economizer electronic expansion valves as well as condensation and evaporation temperatures. Results indicate that R454C achieves higher volumetric efficiency (+2 %) and mass flow rate (+11–13 %) compared to R407C but leads to a lower heating capacity by 13–14.8 % and a decreased COP by 6 % due to lower latent heat. Vapor injection boosts the heating capacity by up to 30 % while decreases discharge temperatures, especially at high pressure ratios, despite an 8 % reduction in isentropic efficiency. These findings underscore the potential of R454C as a low-GWP replacement in heat pumps and highlight the critical role of VI in enhancing system performance even at moderate temperature lifts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"176 ","pages":"Pages 359-372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}