International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid最新文献_第4页

Concept of Integrating Air Conditioning System with Thermoelectric Units and Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger for Efficient Waste Heat Utilization: An Experimental study 热电机组与双管换热器一体化空调系统余热高效利用的实验研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.026

B. Manoj, U.C. Arunachala, H.S. Arunkumar

{"title":"Concept of Integrating Air Conditioning System with Thermoelectric Units and Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger for Efficient Waste Heat Utilization: An Experimental study","authors":"B. Manoj, U.C. Arunachala, H.S. Arunkumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the vapor compression air conditioning system, a notable amount of heat dissipation is obvious. The condenser plays a critical role in maintaining the refrigerant phase prior to the expansion valve. Previous studies have primarily focused on recovering waste heat through conventional thermal routes. However, in automobiles and other allied fields, in addition to process heat, direct energy conversion techniques are also in practice. Hence, the present experimental study is an attempt to demonstrate the implementation of both electrical and thermal routes to extract waste heat to the maximum possible extent from the air conditioning system. For this exercise, Coolselector software was used to fetch the operating conditions, (including tonnages of 1.5 TR, 3.0 TR, and 4.5 TR) and later, the entire operations were simulated. The thermoelectric generator (TEG) array produced a decent level of electrical power with negligible drop in process fluid temperature. In the double pipe heat exchanger (DPHX), the secondary side could extract a good amount of heat. Hence to identify the best-case, exergy analysis was done separately for the TEG and the DPHX, in that the 3.0 TR case identified as the best. Further, to enhance system performance, inserts were used in the DPHX, resulting in 26% and 46% improvement in effectiveness for louvered tape and twisted tape configurations, respectively. Even condenser length optimization was carried out to understand the influence of various heat transfer augmentation techniques. Though this approach is still in the pre-mature stage, appropriate design of condensers, heat spreaders, and heat exchangers can yield remarkable results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 241-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and predictive investigation of a vapor compression refrigeration system with thermoelectric subcooling and multi-objective optimization of operating conditions 热电过冷蒸汽压缩制冷系统的实验与预测研究及工况多目标优化

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.035

Ali M. Ashour , Osama B. Ahmed , Saif Ali Kadhim , Adrián Mota-Babiloni , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Abdallah Bouabidi , Kaouther Ghachem , Walid Aich

{"title":"Experimental and predictive investigation of a vapor compression refrigeration system with thermoelectric subcooling and multi-objective optimization of operating conditions","authors":"Ali M. Ashour , Osama B. Ahmed , Saif Ali Kadhim , Adrián Mota-Babiloni , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Abdallah Bouabidi , Kaouther Ghachem , Walid Aich","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refrigeration systems are essential in daily life. However, increasing cooling demand requires developing more efficient systems with lower environmental footprints. The integration of a thermoelectric cooler with vapor compression refrigeration systems has recently attracted attention as a practical means to improve subcooling and enhance overall performance. The present study experimentally and predictively assesses a VCR system with thermoelectric subcooling (VCR-TECS) for several low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. The VCR system was improved by attaching thermoelectric modules to the condenser outlet, and tests were performed at voltages ranging from 1 to 10 V and water flow rates of 1 to 3 L/min. The introduction of thermoelectric subcooling raised evaporator cooling capacity to 8% and improved the system COP by 5-7% at moderate voltages (4-6 V). Three statistical models (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Linear Regression) were developed using experimental data and validated. This was the best performance by Gradient Boosting, with an R² of more than 0.996 and an RMSE of 0.02, effectively reproducing the nonlinear trends in performance. The proposed optimization is a score-based multi-objective one that maximizes cooling capacity and COP, and minimizes total power input to determine the optimal operating conditions. Maximum unified scores were obtained by R513A (0.37) and R1234yf (0.36) at 4 V, which is an improvement in the performance of 35-40 % as compared with other refrigerants. In summary, the VCR-TECS structure offers a novel, simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach to improve refrigeration performance during low-voltage operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 30-48"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of eXtreme gradient boosting in the performance prediction of a refrigeration system working with alternative refrigerants 极值梯度增压在替代制冷剂制冷系统性能预测中的应用

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.020

Yair A. Andrade-Ambriz , J. Serrano-Arellano , J.J. García-Pabón , V. Peréz-García , J.M. Belman-Flores

{"title":"Application of eXtreme gradient boosting in the performance prediction of a refrigeration system working with alternative refrigerants","authors":"Yair A. Andrade-Ambriz , J. Serrano-Arellano , J.J. García-Pabón , V. Peréz-García , J.M. Belman-Flores","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refrigeration is essential to many sectors of society, including food preservation, the pharmaceutical industry, industrial processes, and thermal comfort. Current refrigeration systems, based on vapor compression, must become more energy-efficient and reduce their environmental impact. However, testing different low global warming potential refrigerants requires time and test benches. Several mathematical or heuristic models can simulate the behavior of a refrigeration system. These models allow computationally testing different types of experimental benches or configurations. This study utilizes eXtreme Gradient Boosting, a machine learning algorithm, to simulate the performance of a refrigeration system using a minimal amount of experimental data. This model uses temperatures and secondary flows in the condenser and evaporator as inputs. With this information, the model can predict the behavior of the coefficient of performance, power consumption, cooling capacity, refrigerant flow rate, and up to four refrigerants, such as R134a, R513A, R516A, and R1234ze(E). Additionally, the model achieves an overall coefficient of determination greater than 0.98 and an overall accuracy of 96.13 %. These enable the simulation of different operating values of the experimental bench to determine the most effective refrigerant for achieving the highest coefficient of performance; thus, R1234ze(E) and R513A are those that represent the highest COP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the inclination effects during R515B vaporization inside a microfin tube 微翅片管内R515B汽化过程中的倾角效应

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.001

Nima Irannezhad , Rasool Mohammadi , Luisa Rossetto , Andrea Diani

{"title":"On the inclination effects during R515B vaporization inside a microfin tube","authors":"Nima Irannezhad , Rasool Mohammadi , Luisa Rossetto , Andrea Diani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of inclination on flow boiling inside a 7 mm outer diameter microfin tube is experimentally investigated and visualized for the low global warming refrigerant R515B. The heat transfer coefficient is evaluated at mass fluxes of 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>, heat fluxes of 10, 30, and 50 kW m<sup>–2</sup>, at the saturation temperature of 30 °C, for vapor qualities ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. The investigated inclinations vary from +60° to –60° including the horizontal one. Under conditions of nucleate boiling dominance with the absence of strong convective boiling, the downward configurations experience an elevation of the heat transfer coefficient while the upward configurations have a lower heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the mass flux and heat flux to 400 kg m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> and 50 kW m<sup>–2</sup> nullifies the effect of inclination for all inclinations except for –60°. A noteworthy aspect with respect to –60° was the occurrence of thermal crisis at high vapor qualities, a unique phenomenon that did not occur at other inclinations at similar operating conditions, which was ascribed to the nature of the flow patterns. Two correlations (Irannezhad et al. (2024) and Mehendale (2017)) developed for flow boiling inside horizontal microfin tube were compared with the results which resulted in mean absolute error of 21.4% and 25.2% respectively. A dimensionless parameter, which is correlated with inclination factor (IF) was proposed, which could be utilized for further studies as a tool to predict the heat transfer coefficients for various inclinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy and exergy analysis of the portable air conditioner with different atomization methods 不同雾化方式下便携式空调的能量与火用分析

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.039

Hui Chen , Jiaxin Yun , Siyu Wu, Changjiajin Huang, Yingwen Liu

{"title":"Energy and exergy analysis of the portable air conditioner with different atomization methods","authors":"Hui Chen , Jiaxin Yun , Siyu Wu, Changjiajin Huang, Yingwen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Portable air conditioners are popular for their convenience, high efficiency, and installation-free design. However, their unique structures present challenges, including drainage, heat dissipation, and limited energy efficiency, especially in condensate removal. Water wheel atomization (WWA) is often used to improve energy efficiency by evaporating condensate, but its effectiveness is limited, especially in high humidity, which can affect long-term operation. Building on our previous work on spray tube atomization (STA) for condensate removal, this paper compares the performance of different atomization methods in portable air conditioners. It highlights STA's advantages over WWA and its practical feasibility. Comparative experiments show a direct link between energy/exergy efficiency and condensate evaporation intensity. With its higher evaporation intensity, STA offers clear advantages in both energy/exergy efficiency and condensate removal. Under the rated conditions for condensate removal (27 °C/ 90%), STA outperformed other methods. Compared to air cooling (AC), STA increased cooling capacity by 13.2%, reduced power consumption by 7.8%, and improved the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) by 11.7%. To validate the results, we examined the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on STA, WWA, and AC. STA consistently outperformed the others.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 49-64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on an oil-cooled auto-cascade refrigeration system for aircraft 飞机油冷式自复叠制冷系统的实验研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.038

Shuo Feng , Hainan Zhang , Kai Liu , Tao Ding , Sujun Dong , Yongji Liu , Shuangquan Shao , Yanhui Feng

{"title":"Experimental investigation on an oil-cooled auto-cascade refrigeration system for aircraft","authors":"Shuo Feng , Hainan Zhang , Kai Liu , Tao Ding , Sujun Dong , Yongji Liu , Shuangquan Shao , Yanhui Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cooling requirements of new-generation airborne devices, coupled with the demand for extended endurance of aircraft under high heat loads, impose higher performance requirements on airborne vapor compression refrigeration systems operating under large temperature differences. Auto-cascade refrigeration system shows significant advantages in this application domain. However, there is little research within the relevant temperature range, especially experimental studies. To address the need for large-temperature-difference cooling in aircraft, this paper firstly presents the experimental investigation of an auto-cascade refrigeration system for aircraft using R245fa/R134a as the refrigerant with a heat source temperature of 20 °C and heat sink temperatures ranging from 55 °C to 100 °C. The effects of refrigerant charge, mixed refrigerant concentration, heat sink temperature, and valve opening on the performance were analyzed. The results can help the design of future aircraft refrigeration systems and promote the application of auto-cascade refrigeration in higher temperature range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 123-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on irreversibility in an ejector with zeotropic mixtures using direct entropy analysis method 用直接熵分析法研究共沸混合物喷射器的不可逆性

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.032

Zhengshu Dai , Jiaxin Xiang , Shuai Qin , Hua Zhang

{"title":"Study on irreversibility in an ejector with zeotropic mixtures using direct entropy analysis method","authors":"Zhengshu Dai , Jiaxin Xiang , Shuai Qin , Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ejector refrigeration attracts more attention due to the intense increase of space cooling requirements and energy crises. Significant irreversibility inside the ejector hinders its applications by lowering ejector efficiency and system performance. Thus, it is important to understand the distribution of irreversibility inside the ejector and the effects of operating conditions and ejector geometries on irreversibility. A two-dimensional numerical model is developed considering direct entropy analysis method and real gas refrigerant property. Zeotropic mixture R134a/R32 is selected. Effects of primary and secondary flow pressure, ejector back pressure, nozzle throat and mixing chamber diameter on three types of entropy generation within the ejector are investigated. Results show that the turbulent dissipation entropy generation dominates the total entropy generation in all cases. As the primary flow pressure varies from 2588.80 kPa to 3188.80 kPa, the entrainment ratio first increases from 0.127 to 0.461 and then decreases to 0.400. The direct dissipation entropy generation mainly occurs in the divergent part of the nozzle and the mixing chamber, while the heat transfer entropy generation mainly occurs in the mixing shear layer and where the shock train occurs. As the secondary flow pressure changes from 334.61 kPa to 494.61 kPa, the entrainment ratio increases from 0.155 to 0.589, and the turbulent dissipation entropy generation decreases from 3.557 W/K to 2.667 W/K and then remains almost constant. As the ejector back pressure changes from 726.57 kPa to 900.57 kPa, the minimum total entropy generation is achieved at critical point.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 108-122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight R1234yf对R600a制冷剂可燃性限值的相反影响：实验和动力学观察

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.018

Xueyan Wang , Shanzhu Hu , Rui Sun , Hua Tian , Gequn Shu , Zhao Yang

{"title":"Opposite effects of R1234yf on the flammability limits of R600a refrigerant: Experimental and kinetic insight","authors":"Xueyan Wang , Shanzhu Hu , Rui Sun , Hua Tian , Gequn Shu , Zhao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blends are regarded as a compromise solution to replace high-GWP refrigerants. They possess excellent thermodynamic properties compared to pure refrigerants. However, R1234yf refrigerants exhibit completely opposite influences on the lower (LFL) and upper flammability limits (UFL) of hydrocarbon refrigerants. In this study, the representative HFOs refrigerant R1234yf was selected to experimentally investigate its influence on the flammability limits (FLs) of R600a, a typical hydrocarbon refrigerant. The LFL and UFL of R600a converge when the volume fraction of R1234yf in mixture reaches 0.92. The UFL and LFL of R600a are reduced by 93.7 % and 71.9 %, respectively. Secondly, oxidation experiments of R600a were conducted using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) technology, and a kinetic model for R600a was selected based on the experimental data. The hydrocarbon mechanism was coupled with the optimized NIST2021 mechanism, and for the first time, a kinetic model applicable to R1234yf/R600a refrigerants blend was proposed. The proposed kinetic model reveals the mechanisms driving the contrasting effects of R1234yf on the FLs of R600a refrigerants. Simulation results indicate that R1234yf significantly influences the flame structure of R600a in both lean and rich combustion, owing to pronounced variations in the mole fractions of radicals H, OH, and O. Among them, H radicals have a greater influence on the reaction pathways than OH and O radicals. These findings help to identify the potential risks associated with promoting the use of R1234yf/R600a refrigerant blends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 402-418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of cooling rate on the quality of biological samples during cryopreservation 低温保存过程中冷却速率对生物样品质量的影响

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.020

Shilin Pan, Ankuo Zhang

{"title":"Effect of cooling rate on the quality of biological samples during cryopreservation","authors":"Shilin Pan, Ankuo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryopreservation, a fundamental technology in modern biomedicine, has driven substantial advancements across several pioneering fields, including cell therapy, reproductive medicine, and tissue engineering. In low-temperature environments, the rate of biochemical reactions in biological samples is significantly reduced, thereby prolonging their storage longevity. However, the essence of cryopreservation extends beyond merely maintaining low temperatures; the cooling rate emerges as a pivotal parameter during the cooling process, from ambient to storage temperatures, significantly influencing both the survival rate and efficacy of preservation. Furthermore, distinct biological samples exhibit varying sensitivities to cooling rates, with both excessively rapid and excessively slow cooling potentially inducing irreversible damage. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation and determination of the optimal cooling rates for different biological samples is essential to enhance the outcomes of cryopreservation. This review thoroughly examines the mechanisms by which cooling rates affect various biological samples, compares preservation outcomes across different cooling conditions with existing literature, and consolidates the optimal cooling rates for these samples. Research indicates that the optimal cooling rate for cell-like samples is generally below 10 °C/min whereas tissue-like samples typically require a slower rate, usually maintained below 1 °C/min. This controlled cooling process can be precisely achieved using a controlled-rate cooling device. Furthermore, this manuscript provides a brief overview of controlled-rate cooling techniques and the principles of slow freezing, offering a theoretical foundation for optimizing cryopreservation protocols for biological samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 419-430"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cooling performance optimization of tubular elastocaloric regenerators via thermo-fluid-mechanical coupled numerical modeling and simulations 基于热-流-力耦合数值模拟与仿真的管式弹性热蓄热器冷却性能优化

IF 3.8 2区工程技术

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.031

Wenzhang Chen, Qiuhong Wang, Yifan Li, Hao Yin

{"title":"Cooling performance optimization of tubular elastocaloric regenerators via thermo-fluid-mechanical coupled numerical modeling and simulations","authors":"Wenzhang Chen, Qiuhong Wang, Yifan Li, Hao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2025.12.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elastocaloric refrigeration, utilizing the elastocaloric effect of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA), presents a promising environmentally sustainable alternative to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration. Optimizing system performance is crucial for maximizing efficiency but hindered by experimental complexity. This study addresses the challenge by developing an experimentally validated, generalizable thermo-fluid-mechanical coupling numerical model and an accompanying optimization framework. Systematic simulations are performed to investigate the coupled influence of operating frequency, heat transfer fluid velocity, temperature span, and fluid channel thickness on specific cooling power (SCP). Results demonstrate a non-monotonic dependence of SCP on both frequency and fluid velocity across different temperature spans and fluid channel thicknesses, revealing an optimal combination that maximizes SCP by balancing heat transfer and heat-regeneration efficiency. Additionally, this work introduces the normalized specific cooling power (NSCP) and then presents non-dimensional design principles for refrigeration systems that simultaneously incorporate thickness and temperature span through the optimization approach. The approach offers a novel and efficient (200 times faster) paradigm for designing and optimizing high-performance elastocaloric refrigeration systems with diverse refrigerants and system configurations, and successfully achieving a predicted NSCP that is at least 3 times higher than the existing experimental measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14274,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid","volume":"183 ","pages":"Pages 199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0