{"title":"Response to the comments by noor un nisa and colleagues.","authors":"Jing Wu, Feihong Luo","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02205-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02205-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jatta Valkonen, Anna Christina Svärd, Eira Roos, Anu Joki, Anne Kouvonen, Tea Lallukka
{"title":"Sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences in the use of anti-obesity medications: a register study among 282,307 Finnish adults.","authors":"Jatta Valkonen, Anna Christina Svärd, Eira Roos, Anu Joki, Anne Kouvonen, Tea Lallukka","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02213-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02213-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of anti-obesity medications (AOMs) has remarkably increased in recent years globally, yet little is known about how sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are associated with their use in Finland or in any Nordic countries. This study examined these associations in a large Finnish adult population group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population included 282,307 individuals (67% women, age range 18-99 years at the end of the study period in 2025), who were employed by the City of Helsinki at any time during 1990-2025. Information on individuals' sex and age was obtained from the personnel register, while education, occupational class, and labor market status were derived from the registers of Statistics Finland. Data on the use of reimbursed and non-reimbursed AOMs (2012-25) were obtained from the registers of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period (2012-2025), 4.8% of the study population had used AOMs and 1.3% had used reimbursable AOMs. Women, midlife and older individuals, those with higher occupational class, and employed individuals had higher odds of using AOMs, while men, those with lower occupational class, and students had lower odds. However, individuals with lower education, those from lower occupational class, and pensioners had higher odds of using reimbursable AOMs. Women had higher odds of using reimbursable AOMs due to obesity diagnosis but not due to type 2 diabetes diagnosis compared to men.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AOM use was unevenly distributed in the study population, and reimbursement status was closely linked to the sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences in the AOM use. These differences should be considered in the design and development of weight management and obesity treatment guidelines and national medication reimbursement systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148919736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intestinal HIF1α is dispensable for bariatric surgery-mediated metabolic benefits but protects against diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis.","authors":"Chong Cao, Yanyang Liu, Xiaozhuo Tan, Yian Zhao, Huang Jaime, Yuxiao Chu, Mengcheng He, Rong Hua, Qiyuan Yao, Yikai Shao","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02212-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02212-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intestinal hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) orchestrates epithelial adaptation to luminal hypoxia and has been linked to metabolic homeostasis, yet its contribution to obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and bariatric surgery-mediated benefits remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we combined diet-induced models and genetic approaches to interrogate intestinal epithelial HIF1α function in obesity/MASLD progression and in the metabolic improvements elicited by sleeve gastrectomy (SG).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intestinal epithelial HIF1α deletion did not alter diet-induced weight gain, glucose homeostasis, or the metabolic and hepatoprotective effects of SG under either High-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat/high-fructose diets (HFFD) feeding. Notably, despite largely unchanged systemic metabolic phenotypes, intestinal HIF1α deficiency increased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation and reshaped hepatic metabolic gene expression, indicating a selective impact on liver lipid handling. In contrast, activation of intestinal HIF1α protected against diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. 16S rRNA profiling showed that intestinal HIF1α activation was associated with a distinct microbial shift, including enrichment of Ruminococcus and reduction of Desulfovibrio.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although activated after SG, intestinal epithelial HIF1α is not required for SG-induced metabolic improvements but exerts context-dependent protection against diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, accompanied by gut microbial remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ricardo V Cohen, Paulina Salminen, Jaime Ponce, Gerhard Prager
{"title":"Where does surgery fit in the era of effective obesity pharmacotherapy? Positioning metabolic bariatric surgery within multimodal obesity care.","authors":"Ricardo V Cohen, Paulina Salminen, Jaime Ponce, Gerhard Prager","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02215-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02215-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Causal adiposity and clinical validation of regional fat distribution in PMOS: a multi-modal analysis integrating GBD 2021, Mendelian randomization, and machine learning.","authors":"Guohong Zhao, Yuxin Jin, Aili Yang, Xinwen Yu, Zhenhong Yan, Shanshan Zhu, Shuo Yang, Weiting Wang, Bin Gao","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02208-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02208-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), previously named polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and a leading cause of anovulatory infertility. However, the evolving global burden of PMOS and the role of adiposity, particularly regional fat distribution, remain incompletely understood. We integrated global epidemiological analysis, genetic causal inference, and clinical prediction modeling to investigate the burden and adiposity-related determinants of PMOS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we assessed age-specific and socio-demographic index (SDI)-specific patterns of PMOS burden. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed to examine genetic evidence linking overall and regional adiposity traits to PMOS and anovulation-associated infertility. Machine-learning (ML) models were subsequently developed and internally validated in a clinical cohort with detailed body-composition measurements, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were applied to interpret model predictions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2021, PMOS affected approximately 69.5 million women globally, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 1,757.8 per 100,000. The highest modeled incidence occurred in the 10-14-year age group, and approximately 12.5 million infertility cases were attributable to PMOS worldwide. MR analyses provided genetic evidence supporting adiposity as a risk factor for PMOS, including body mass index (OR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.84-3.66), body fat percentage (OR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.97-5.58), trunk fat mass (OR = 2.54, 95% CI 1.79-3.60), and left-leg fat mass (OR = 3.44, 95% CI 2.19-5.40), whereas fat-free mass showed no significant association. In ML analyses, XGBoost achieved the best predictive performance in the testing set (AUC = 0.701), and SHAP identified left-leg fat mass, trunk fat mass, percent body fat, and protein mass as the most influential predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adiposity, particularly regional fat distribution, appears to be a clinically relevant determinant of PMOS. The convergence of global epidemiological patterns, genetic evidence, and clinical prediction supports the importance of body-composition phenotypes beyond conventional obesity measures in understanding PMOS risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ido Avivi, Daniel D Zelmanoff, Netanel Golan, Yaron Arbel
{"title":"From measured BMI to documented obesity in hospitalized adults: a decade-long analysis and implications for cardiometabolic care.","authors":"Ido Avivi, Daniel D Zelmanoff, Netanel Golan, Yaron Arbel","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02201-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02201-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Obesity contributes substantially to cardiometabolic and overall morbidity and mortality, yet remains underdiagnosed in clinical practice. We aimed to assess discharge documentation rates of obesity among hospitalized patients with elevated body mass index (BMI) and compare these with coding rates of other cardiometabolic risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of adults hospitalized between 2013 and 2023 with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and no prior coded obesity or bariatric surgery. Obesity and metabolic comorbidities were identified via ICD-9 codes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 42,243 eligible adults (mean age 60.9 ± 16.9 years; 49.7% women; mean BMI 33.9 ± 3.9 kg/m²), only 10.6% had obesity documented at discharge. The likelihood of coding increased by 17% for each additional BMI unit (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.16-1.18). Documentation was associated with higher utilization of obesity-related care, including metabolic clinic attendance (OR 2.26, 95% CI 2.05-2.49), bariatric surgery (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.74-4.51), and GLP-1 receptor agonist prescriptions (OR 3.44, 95% CI 2.76-4.28). In comparison, diabetes was documented in 59.7% of patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, and severe dyslipidemia in 39.0% of those with LDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite being objectively measurable, obesity remains substantially underdocumented compared with other cardiometabolic risk factors. Documentation was associated with greater uptake of metabolic clinic visits, bariatric surgery, and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy. As effective obesity treatments become routine practice, closing this documentation gap is a prerequisite for translating measured BMI into actionable care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of subcutaneous semaglutide on weight loss and inflammatory markers in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Agostino Milluzzo, Vittorio Oteri, Lucia Manuella, Alfredo Pulvirenti, Lucia Frittitta","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02189-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02189-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease associated with multiple serious comorbidities. Semaglutide has emerged as an effective pharmacological option for obesity management, owing to its substantial effects on weight loss, cardiometabolic risk factors, and patient-reported outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous semaglutide for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomized controlled trials comparing subcutaneous semaglutide with placebo in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Outcomes included changes in body weight, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serious adverse events (SAEs). A quality assessment and meta-analysis were performed using REVMAN 10.1.1 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across nine trials including 6 239 participants, subcutaneous semaglutide significantly reduced percentage body weight from baseline (mean difference [MD] -12.04%, 95% CI -13.08 to -11.00), waist circumference (MD -9.36 cm, 95% CI -10.27 to -8.45), and CRP (MD -40.90%, 95% CI -46.37 to -35.42) versus placebo (all p < 0.00001). The risk of SAEs did not differ significantly between semaglutide and placebo (risk ratio [RR] 1.12, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.65; p = 0.55).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subcutaneous semaglutide is effective for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes. The recently published STEP UP trial evaluating semaglutide 7.2 mg provides additional evidence on higher-dose regimens and showed greater weight reduction compared with previously available data, representing a meaningful new contribution to the literature. Longer-term studies are needed to better define the long-term efficacy and safety profile of semaglutide across clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Golnaz Arjmand, Filip M Morys, Justin J Sung, Chavonn C Duncan, Xue S Davis, Shilan Heshmati, Xi Fang, Marney A White, Carlos M Grilo, Dana M Small
{"title":"Identification of cognitive factors that predict behavioural weight-loss intervention outcomes.","authors":"Golnaz Arjmand, Filip M Morys, Justin J Sung, Chavonn C Duncan, Xue S Davis, Shilan Heshmati, Xi Fang, Marney A White, Carlos M Grilo, Dana M Small","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02191-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02191-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals vary widely in their response to behavioral weight-loss interventions, suggesting that neurocognitive differences may influence treatment success. We examined whether baseline cognitive performance predicted percent change in body weight over 8 months in a behavioral weight-loss trial. This secondary analysis used data from the Dietary Adaptation for Weight-loss maintenance at Yale (DAWLY) trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in adults with overweight or obesity. All participants completed a structured lifestyle behavioral weight-loss program (LEARN®) for four months (including dietary and physical activity guidance and behavioral strategies to achieve the lifestyle changes), followed by a four-month maintenance phase. Thirty-one participants completed the 8-month follow-up and a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Cognitive variables were z-standardized and entered into principal component analysis; component scores were then used in regression models predicting percent weight change, adjusting for baseline weight, age, education, days tracked, sex, and treatment group. The first six components explained 73.8% of the variance in baseline cognition. Sex and PC5, characterized by strong loadings on probabilistic reinforcement learning and spatial working-memory tasks, were significantly associated with percent weight change. Individuals with higher PC5 scores and women showed greater 8-month weight loss. These results suggest that the ability to learn and update value contingencies and to use effective working-memory strategies may contribute to successful weight-loss during behavioral interventions. Clinical trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier: NCT04614233.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jieyi Du, Chuanfeng Ke, Jingbo Chen, Mei Li, Yang Zhao, Ping Pan, Shuijie Li, Wenming Xu, Ricardo Azziz, Guanlei Wang, Xiaomiao Zhao
{"title":"CFTR regulates lipid metabolism by relieving adipose inflammation in obesity.","authors":"Jieyi Du, Chuanfeng Ke, Jingbo Chen, Mei Li, Yang Zhao, Ping Pan, Shuijie Li, Wenming Xu, Ricardo Azziz, Guanlei Wang, Xiaomiao Zhao","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02203-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02203-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The downregulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) reduces lipogenesis and alters lipid metabolism. However, the role of CFTR in inflammation regulation in adipose tissue has been unknown. This study aims to explore the role of CFTR in adipose inflammation and lipid metabolism and the underlying mechanism using both in vivo and in vitro models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We observed the changes in CFTR levels in human adipose tissue, a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, and 3T3-L1 cells and explored the relationship between CFTR and adipose inflammation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mRNA expression of CFTR in human omental adipose tissue firstly rose with the BMI and WHR increasing, reached the peak at a BMI of 25-27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and a WHR of 0.8-0.9, and then declined, closely correlated with the serum hs-CRP level. A high-fat diet (HFD) inhibited CFTR expression in adipose tissue and caused the phenotypic transition of M1 to M2-type macrophages. Down-regulation of CFTR led to palmitate-induced adipose inflammation by increasing nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation through GTP-RhoA activation, IKKβ phosphorylation, and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)/MyD88/IRAK4 pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CFTR plays a critical role in adipose inflammation regulation and it also represents a potential therapeutic target for the regulation of adipose inflammation and obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148857243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqi Yao, Zeina A Dardari, Sohail Zahid, Nader Silver, Alexander C Razavi, John Erhabor, Yara Jelwan, Semenawit Burka, Michael J Blaha
{"title":"Transition from preclinical obesity to clinical obesity among US adults: incidences and risk factors.","authors":"Zhiqi Yao, Zeina A Dardari, Sohail Zahid, Nader Silver, Alexander C Razavi, John Erhabor, Yara Jelwan, Semenawit Burka, Michael J Blaha","doi":"10.1038/s41366-026-02199-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-026-02199-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission redefined obesity by considering both anthropometric and direct measures of adiposity, in addition to body mass index (BMI), and distinguishing preclinical from clinical obesity based on physical function and related conditions. However, the frequency and determinants of progression from preclinical to clinical obesity have never been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included participants with no obesity, preclinical obesity, or clinical obesity from the All of Us dataset. Obesity was defined as meeting at least two of the following four criteria: (1) BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², (2) waist circumference ≥88 cm for females or ≥102 cm for males, (3) waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) > 0.85 for females or >0.90 for males, and (4) waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) > 0.50, or BMI ≥ 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Baseline preclinical or clinical obesity was determined based on self-reported physical function and obesity-related conditions. Transition from preclinical to clinical obesity was defined based on the new onset of related conditions over follow-up. We estimated cumulative transition incidences from preclinical to clinical obesity and evaluated risk factors for transition using time to transition and Cox models after multivariable adjustment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 319,815 participants, 28.9% had preclinical obesity and 40.0% had clinical obesity at baseline. Of the 92,396 individuals with preclinical obesity, 24,057 (26.0%) transitioned to clinical obesity over a median follow-up of 2.9 years. The cumulative incidence at 1, 3, and 5 years was 12.7%, 25.7%, and 34.3%, respectively. In the adjusted Cox model, older age, elevated hemoglobin A1C, higher BMI, higher WHR, higher WHtR, insurance coverage, and poorer self-reported overall health were strongly and independently associated with a greater likelihood of transition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Progression from preclinical to clinical obesity is relatively common. Given the different treatment considerations proposed for preclinical and clinical obesity under the Lancet framework, improved identification of individuals at higher risk of progression may be important for future implementation of this classification system.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148792887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}