International Journal of Obesity最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms of metabolic surgery effectiveness in obesity and type 2 diabetes: a puzzle with some known pieces.","authors":"Claudio Blasi","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01853-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01853-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic surgery is currently the most effective available treatment for obesity and diabetes. However, it cannot be practiced widely, as some potential candidate patients do not have access to this procedure, primarily because it is expensive, necessitates experience on the part of operators, and requires adequate hospital facilities. Furthermore, side effects, although rare, remain a problem. Consequently, an ideal approach would be to reproduce the mechanisms of action of metabolic surgery through a noninvasive pharmacological treatment. To accomplish this, it is necessary to determine the exact mechanisms involved. Despite numerous studies in this field, a definitive conclusion has not yet been reached. Some of the known effects of metabolic surgery on organisms are described herein. Upon in-depth examination, all can be traced back to a functional modification of the autonomic GI-brain axis, mediated by afferent vagal fibers, establishing a constant relationship with brain centers to control food intake. These mechanisms act through the postsynaptic receptors of certain neurotransmitters. A viable path for implementing a pharmacological therapy for obesity may therefore be to identify drugs that act on these receptors to achieve adequate therapeutic responses. Possible candidates include substances that modulate various subtypes of NMDA glutamate receptors or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. In conclusion, autonomic modifications which have so far been shown to be activated by metabolic surgery represent the pieces of a puzzle which, when put together, allow us to identify the functional modification of the GI-brain vagal axis as the primary cause of this treatment's positive effects. These findings suggest the plausibility of an alternative pharmacological mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mixed-meal tolerance test as an appetite assay: methodological and practical considerations.","authors":"James A King, Alice E Thackray, Catherine Gibbons, Catia Martins, David R Broom, David J Stensel, Dimitris Papamargaritis, Frank Arsenyadis, Graham Finlayson, Gráinne Whelehan, Javier T Gonzalez, John Blundell, Kristine Beaulieu, Lewis James, Lore Metz, Mark Hopkins, Masashi Miyashita, Scott A Willis, Vicky Drapeau, David Thivel","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01866-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01866-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Appetite control is a topic which attracts widespread interest given its importance to energy balance and obesity. In this research area, the mixed-meal tolerance test (MM-TT) has emerged as an 'appetite regulation assay', facilitating the dynamic assessment of appetite parameters (e.g. subjective appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones, food reward) in response to an individual meal. The MM-TT is commonly employed in observational and experimental studies to examine population differences and intervention effects. Problematically, no practice standard exists for the MM-TT and protocols vary widely. This presents a challenge for researchers designing new MM-TTs and hampers the comparability of findings. Therefore, within this narrative review we sought to identify and discuss key methodological considerations inherent within a MM-TT. The scope of our review extends to evaluating participant familiarisation and methodological standardisation practices, test meal characteristics, appetite perception assessment, blood sampling techniques, measurement of appetite-related hormones and data handling/analysis. A checklist has been devised to summarise relevant methodological issues identified within this review. This checklist can be used as a tool by researchers to facilitate MM-TT design and promote greater standardisation/comparability between studies. This review highlights the need for broader standardisation of MM-TT procedures to support consistency across future research. Additional research is needed to strengthen the evidence base on which various recommendations are made, particularly relating to participant familiarisation and methodological standardisation practices. Additional scrutiny of less common outcomes employed in MM-TTs (not addressed here), such as diet-induced thermogenesis, gastric emptying and ad libitum energy intake, is also needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144753332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agomelatine alleviates palmitic acid-induced mouse oocyte meiosis defects by restoring mitochondrial function.","authors":"Ruolin Zhao, Yujie Tang, Yingbing Zhang, Jinwang Liu, Changsheng Zhong, Bozhen Ji, Weijia Song, Chengtu Zhang, Jianmin Su","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01825-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41366-025-01825-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Palmitic acid (PA) is known to be elevated in the follicular fluid of women with obesity, negatively affecting female fertility. However, the mechanism by which PA exposure reduces female fertility is not fully understood, and how it can be treated requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We first established in vivo and in vitro models of mouse oocyte maturation at high concentrations of PA and determined the effects of treatment with agomelatine (Ago) which is a melatonin receptor agonist with antioxidant properties. We assessed oocyte maturation rates, spindle morphology and chromosome morphology, oxidative stress and apoptosis levels. Lastly, we examined energy levels, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial synthesis-related protein expression levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that PA exposure disrupted spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, reduced microtubule stability, and impaired the meiotic maturation of oocytes. PA also disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to decreased ATP production, elevated Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) levels, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Remarkably, Ago supplementation promoted oocyte quality by restoring spindle/chromosome conformation, maintaining mitochondrial function, lowering ROS levels, and inhibiting apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study establishes that Ago ameliorates metabolic stress-induced oocyte deterioration through mitochondrial functional restoration, providing mechanistic insights into obesity-associated infertility. Importantly, our study identifies a potentially favorable drug for combating obesity-induced female infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144730858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the effect of bariatric surgery on circulating S100A9.","authors":"Hamza Ahmed, Alondra Guzman, Ruina Zhang, Manish Parikh, Sean P Heffron","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01868-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01868-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bariatric surgery (BS) is associated with improved cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in individuals with obesity. One proposed mechanism is reduced inflammation. S100A9, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is elevated in obesity. S100A9, particularly expression in platelets, has been associated with CV risk. The impact of BS on circulating and platelet S100A9 in obesity is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied serum, plasma, and platelet supernatants from subjects with obesity pre- and post-BS (n = 23) and lean volunteers (n = 8). S100A9 levels were quantified using an S100A9 immunoassay. Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and t-tests were performed to assess changes in S100A9 levels pre- and post-operatively and compare levels across sample and subject types. Spearman tests were used to assess correlations between S100A9 levels in different sample types and neutrophil/platelet counts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum and plasma S100A9 concentrations were elevated in individuals with obesity relative to lean individuals. Levels decreased to lean subject levels at 1-year post-BS, despite subjects with obesity remaining overweight. Circulating neutrophil counts also decreased post-BS, and post-BS differences in serum S100A9 were eliminated when calculated per-neutrophil. Platelet supernatant S100A9 levels were lower than in serum and plasma and did not change post-BS. Platelet supernatant S100A9 correlated with plasma, but not serum, levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found that S100A9 concentrations differ substantially between blood components, are elevated in obesity, and normalize post-BS. Reductions in circulating S100A9 may contribute to reduced inflammation and be largely driven by resolution of obesity-associated neutrophilia. Our data suggest minimal platelet contribution to circulating (or systemic) S100A9, but a local level inflammatory impact cannot be excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144730859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality and complications in patients with obesity after open, robotic or laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Juan Carlos Barrera Gutierrez, Elaina Vivian, Jimmy Shah, Alejandro Mejia","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01844-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41366-025-01844-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This meta-analysis compares outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) using open (OPD), robotic (RPD), and laparoscopic (LPD) techniques in patients with and without obesity and resectable pancreatic cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen observational studies evaluating 30-day mortality and postoperative complications in patients that underwent PD were included. Outcomes included mortality, major complications (Clavien-Dindo classification), and specific surgical complications: postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), post-PD hemorrhage (PPH), delayed gastric emptying (DGE), and surgical site infections (SSI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with obesity had higher 30-day mortality rates (2.42% vs. 1.63%; OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.35-2.08, p < 0.00001, I² = 0%) and major complications (23.3% vs. 17.12%; OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.27-2.46, p = 0.0007, I² = 52%) than patients without obesity. Obesity also increased the risk of POPF (21.9% vs. 13.76%; OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.69-2.46, p < 0.00001, I² = 26%), PPH (7.31% vs. 6.26%; OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07-1.94, p = 0.02, I² = 0%), and DGE (20.23% vs. 15.5%; OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.3-3.03, p < 0.00001, I² = 89%). SSI risk trended higher in patients with obesity but was not statistically significant (28.17% vs. 20.39%; OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 0.93-3.5, p = 0.08, I² = 90%). Among surgical techniques, patients with obesity who underwent OPD had higher risks of 30-day mortality (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.26-2.00, p < .0001), major complications (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.17-2.28, p = 0.004), and POPF (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.59-2.47, p < 0.00001) than patients without obesity. In the RPD group, obesity increased the risk of 30-day mortality (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.12-6.39, p = 0.03) and POPF (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.68-6.57, p = 0.0006). In LPD, obesity was associated with a higher risk of POPF (OR 2.06, 95%CI 1.69-3.32, p = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with obesity undergoing PD are at increased risk for 30-day mortality and major complications. OPD carries the highest overall risk, while RPD and LPD are linked to a greater POPF risk. These findings highlight the need for careful perioperative management in this high-risk population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144730860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart-guarding or heart-harming? The dual role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiovascular health and disease.","authors":"Yu Tian, Pingping Wang, Zhifeng Dong","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01852-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41366-025-01852-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), nestled directly against the beating heart, is a fascinating paradox in cardiovascular biology. In health, this unique fat depot functions as a metabolic ally and immune modulator, safeguarding the heart through energy support, anti-inflammatory actions, and mechanical cushioning. Yet, under pathological conditions, EAT transforms from a protective \"heart-guardian\" into a destructive \"heart-harmer,\" releasing pro-inflammatory mediators, driving oxidative stress, and fueling cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF). This review explores EAT's dual role, unraveling its complex biology and the delicate balance between protection and pathology. We delve into its cellular and molecular intricacies, highlight its pivotal contributions to cardiovascular health and disease, and synthesize cutting-edge research to illuminate its clinical relevance. By identifying current knowledge gaps and proposing future directions, we aim to inspire a deeper understanding of EAT and its potential as a therapeutic target. As we navigate this duality, EAT emerges as both a challenge and an opportunity in the quest to better understand and treat cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development and testing of the TTU food cue reactivity image bank.","authors":"William R Quarles, Martin Binks","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01856-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41366-025-01856-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Measuring food cue reactivity (FCR) is essential to understanding human ingestion in behavioral and neuroimaging studies. An image bank that can delineate the truly food-specific FCR response from spurious noise driven primarily by incidental characteristics (e.g., visual properties) of images is a useful addition to the literature. This study sought to develop and test the performance of the TTU Food Cue Reactivity Image Bank that matched 252 image pairs on visual characteristics (i.e., shape, color, visual complexity, and size), and to establish the appeal ratings of the images for use in future applications.</p><p><strong>Subjects/methods: </strong>The TTU Food Cue Reactivity Image Bank was initially created, and subsequently evaluated by independent raters. Then, 151 individuals participated in a Qualtrics survey to determine the similarity of image pairs on relevant dimensions (i.e., shape, color, visual complexity, and size) and establish appeal ratings for food and non-food images.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inter-rater agreement was tested using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), which revealed very high agreement among raters for all similarity measures (shape ICC = 0.98; color ICC = 0.97; visual complexity ICC = 0.96; size ICC = 0.96; appeal ICC = 0.93).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high agreement among raters on the visual characteristics and appeal ratings of the images increases confidence that food-cue-reactivity observed is based on intended \"image type\" distinctions (i.e., food vs. object) and not incidental visual features.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive markers of obesity and glucose metabolism dysfunction in adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).","authors":"Juan Pablo Arroyo, Corinna N Ross, Jessica Greig, Ricki J Colman, Suzette D Tardif, Michael L Power","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01841-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01841-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Characterize the effects of obesity on common marmoset glucose metabolism and develop predictive markers of glucose metabolism dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Body size, weight, lean mass, fat mass, %fat, resting energy expenditure (REE), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured on 51 adult marmosets. Physical activity was assessed using actimeter collars (n = 50). A body mass-per-length parameter (BML) was constructed. Animals were classified as without obesity or with obesity (%fat >10%) and by the age they obtained maximum weight (Maxwt). Correlation, MANOVA, and binary logistic regression were used to examine relationships between parameters; path analysis to explore directional relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Body fat and BML were correlated (r = 0.565, p < 0.001). Both were correlated with HbA1c (r = 0.658; r = 0.764, p < 0.001). Activity was negatively correlated with %fat and REE (r = -0.437, p = 0.002; r = -0.473, p < 0.001). REE was correlated with %fat, BML, and HbA1c (r > 0.5, p < 0.001). Marmosets with obesity were more likely to have elevated HbA1c (>5.7%; odds ratio = 8.25, p = 0.003). BML above 3.4 g/mm predicted obesity (OR = 6.25 [95% CI 1.62-24.02], p = 0.008) and high HbA1c (OR = 29.47 [95% CI 6.21-139.72], p < 0.001). Early Maxwt predicted increased fat mass (F = -0.476, p = 0.015) and high %fat (F = -0.084, p = 0.014).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both %fat and BML were markers for high HbA1c. Early maximum adult weight predicts increased adiposity and risk of glucose dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of weight control interventions on cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.","authors":"Xiaomei Chen, Xuge Zhang, Xiang Xiang, Xiang Fang, Fei Wei, Shenghong Feng","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01860-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01860-z","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Obesity and overweight are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Although various weight control interventions have been evaluated individually, their comparative effectiveness across outcomes and populations remains uncertain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To evaluate the effects of weight control interventions on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to June 2024. Meta-analyses reporting pooled effect sizes for all-cause mortality or cardiovascular outcomes were included. Reviews without quantitative synthesis were excluded. Risk of bias and methodological quality were assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. No new meta-analysis was conducted, relevant data were re-analyzed when required to ensure consistency. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024573542).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Forty-seven effect sizes from 31 articles were extracted. Among pharmacologic interventions, high- to moderate-quality evidence showed that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) were associated with reduced all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and heart failure among individuals with type 2 diabetes or overweight/obesity. Bariatric surgery was consistently associated with reduced risks for all cardiovascular outcomes except atrial fibrillation. For dietary strategies, low-fat diets were linked to lower all-cause mortality, while Mediterranean and Nordic diets showed benefits for stroke and cardiovascular mortality. Physical activity was associated with reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions showed no significant cardiovascular benefit. Most evidence was of moderate or low certainty due to methodological limitations, including bias, imprecision, and inconsistency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Weight control interventions are associated with improved all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. High- to moderate-quality evidence supported benefits of GLP1-RAs in individuals with type 2 diabetes or overweight. Dietary, surgical, and exercise interventions showed modest effects. No consistent cardiovascular benefit was observed for comprehensive lifestyle interventions. Weight Control Interventions and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Associations between five categories of weight control interventions-pharmacological interventions, bariatric surgery, dietary interventions, exercise interventions, and comprehensive lifestyle interventions-and seven cardiovascular outcomes are illustrated. Beneficial associations are indicated in pink, and interventions with no observed associations are shown in green. Created in ","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological issues related to maximal fat oxidation and FATmax reproducibility: a narrative review.","authors":"Isaac A Chávez Guevara, Francisco J Amaro-Gahete","doi":"10.1038/s41366-025-01861-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01861-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and its corresponding exercise intensity (FATmax) seem to be reduced in individuals with obesity and cardio-metabolic diseases, showing a direct correlation with insulin resistance or sensitivity, muscle oxidative capacity, and adipose tissue lipolysis. In this review, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, summarizing the findings from 11 studies that evaluated the reproducibility of MFO and FATmax in both healthy individuals and people with obesity. Furthermore, we examine whether the reproducibility of these biomarkers is related to biological or methodological factors, underscoring the importance of standardizing pre-test macronutrient intake and physical activity levels. To further contribute to a standardized assessment of MFO and FATmax, this paper also discusses which exercise protocols and analytical procedures can be applied to minimize its measurement error. Finally, based on the accuracy of different gas analyzers for calculating substrate oxidation at FATmax, this review debates whether the reported day-to-day variation of these biomarkers may only represent the measurement error of these devices. Practical applications of MFO and FATmax reproducibility in the context of scientific research and exercise prescription are also provided, preventing biased hypothesis and theoretical models regarding fat oxidation capacity and cardio-metabolic health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14183,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Obesity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}