International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Multi-USV cooperative path planning via FSM-based distance field and enhanced hippopotamus optimization","authors":"Youjia Han ,&nbsp;Huibin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With single Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) no longer meeting growing mission demands, cooperative multi-USV systems have become essential, particularly in obstacle-rich waters where task allocation deviates and path planning struggles to balance distance and safety. To address these challenges, an integrated framework combining a constrained-distance-based Hungarian assignment algorithm and an improved Hippopotamus Optimization algorithm (CDH-IHO) is developed to achieve simultaneous target assignment and path planning (STAPP). The CDH module achieves globally optimal assignment by exploiting a constrained distance matrix constructed through the Fast Sweeping Method (FSM), while the IHO module introduces a Cubic chaotic map and a mutation operator to enhance convergence and avoid local optima. Distance, turning angle, safety, and penalty terms are jointly considered for collision-free path generation. Simulations in five scenarios verify global optimality in assignment and superior performance in path length, smoothness, and safety. CDH-IHO provides an efficient and robust solution for STAPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated CFD-probit framework for human safety zones in LNG bunkering operations: Comparing deterministic thresholds and probabilistic injury modeling","authors":"Jung Min Sohn,&nbsp;Dongho Jung,&nbsp;Byung Chul Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global push for maritime decarbonization has accelerated LNG adoption as a marine fuel due to its lower carbon emissions and compliance with strict environmental regulations. However, LNG bunkering poses significant safety risks from its cryogenic temperature (−162 °C) and flammability, potentially causing frostbite, fires, or explosions upon leakage. This study introduces a novel safety zone framework that integrates CFD-based gas dispersion and fire simulations with threshold criteria and Probit injury modeling. CFD analyses yielded time- and space-resolved distributions of temperature, gas concentration, heat flux, and overpressure, which were applied to threshold values and Probit equations to quantify injury probability and severity, enabling spatially resolved hazard zones. Threshold methods proved conservative, while Probit modeling provided a quantitative foundation, with thresholds serving as complementary tools. The results offer practical guidance for identifying high-risk areas, strengthening LNG bunkering safety regulations, and improving emergency response strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148539776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A matching method of the piping design information using anchor nodes","authors":"Jeongyeon Kim,&nbsp;Myung-Il Roh,&nbsp;Min-Chul Kong,&nbsp;Inseok Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As digital transformation accelerates, the shipbuilding industry has shown growing interest in digital twins that link physical assets to digital models. Building a ship digital twin requires a piping digital model that integrates piping design information generated progressively during design; however, connecting information between the 2D piping model (e.g., P&amp;ID drawing) and the 3D piping model remains difficult because they are created with different tools at different stages. Although approaches that transition to a unified common model framework from the early design stages have been proposed, they require a comprehensive overhaul of the existing design process and limit the reuse of accumulated design data. A method for post-hoc integration of information between two models created under the current workflow is thus needed. This paper presents a matching method for piping design information between 2D and 3D piping models using anchor nodes. The piping design information of both models was represented as a common piping graph model. And valves, equipment, and orifices—identifiable by their unique names—were represented as anchor nodes, reducing the matching problem between the two different piping models to a subgraph search at the piping model section level, which can be obtained by partitioning by these anchor nodes. The method was applied to test data and industrial data. For closed sections whose boundaries consist solely of anchor nodes, 100% matching accuracy was achieved on the test data. The sections that failed to match in the industrial data were attributable to actual design discrepancies between the 2D and 3D piping models, indicating that the method can also serve as a tool for detecting design errors between different piping models. These results confirm the feasibility of constructing a ship piping digital model while maintaining the existing design process. The proposed method is expected to help link the ship piping digital model to construction within current design workflows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D LiDAR-based berthing state estimation: Quay wall detection considering fenders and field-of-view constraints","authors":"Seong-Hyeon Jeong,&nbsp;Sun-Hyuck Im,&nbsp;Si-Won Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Hyeok Seo,&nbsp;Yeon-Su Kim,&nbsp;Geun-Tae Yim,&nbsp;Hyun-Jae Jo,&nbsp;Jung-Hyeon Kim,&nbsp;GeonWoo Kim,&nbsp;Kjetil Nordby,&nbsp;Jong-Yong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safe autonomous berthing requires precise estimation of the relative distance and heading angle of a ship with respect to the quay wall. However, the performance of quay wall detection using shipborne 3D LiDAR (three-dimensional Light Detection and Ranging) may be significantly degraded under very near range conditions owing to the loss of planar information caused by the limited vertical field of view (FOV) and the geometric interference induced by fenders attached to the quay wall front. Considering these practical limitations in real port environments, this paper proposes a robust algorithm for quay wall detection and berthing state estimation. In the proposed framework, the 3D point cloud is projected onto a 2D (two-dimensional) plane, after which an azimuth-based 2D scan is performed to mitigate the limitation of the FOV. Moreover, the actual quay wall line is robustly identified by eliminating fender interference on the basis of the geometric parallelism of port structures and differences in point distribution. The proposed algorithm was experimentally evaluated through lateral berthing tests conducted at Ulsan Port using the autonomous test ship Haeyang Nuri. Under near-range conditions, the proposed algorithm achieved the lowest distance estimation error among the evaluated methods, with <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>S</mi><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.0605</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, while maintaining stable relative angle estimation with a maximum angular deviation of 0.7530°. These results suggest that the proposed method is well suited for robust quay wall detection and relative position estimation in full-scale berthing operations at real ports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100793"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148842991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven model for predicting cargo tank pressure of an LNG carrier considering environmental effects","authors":"Hyun Soo Kim ,&nbsp;Myung-Il Roh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of natural gas is expanding as part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Natural gas is typically liquefied at cryogenic temperatures in order to enhance the efficiency of maritime transport. When these cryogenic cargoes are shipped, BOG (Boil-Off Gas) is generated by the external heat and wave-induced ship motion. Proper management of BOG is critical to maintaining the cargo tank pressure within a safe operational range. In the case of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) carriers, BOG is used as fuel for main engines and generator engines, with any surplus being burned in the GCU (Gas Combustion Unit) or reliquefied by a reliquefaction system. Accurate prediction of BOG generation and cargo tank pressure is therefore essential for optimizing reliquefaction system operations and voyage planning. Although various experimental and CFD-based studies have been conducted, it remains challenging to capture the complex, irregular characteristics of real marine environments, particularly the effects of ship motion and sloshing. This study presents a framework for developing a data-driven model that predicts cargo tank pressure in LNG carriers. The data-driven model is based on long-term operation data from a 174K-class LNG carrier, enabling consideration of the combined effects of BOG consumption, reliquefaction performance, and marine environmental conditions on cargo tank pressure. The variables related to cargo tank pressure are derived from ship operation, BOG consumption, and marine environmental conditions. Several regression and machine learning algorithms were compared to identify the most effective predictive model. The model's accuracy was verified by comparing predicted values with actual measurements from an LNG carrier that had been in operation for 2 years, and the results confirmed high predictive accuracy. This approach provides a practical framework for data-driven cargo tank pressure prediction and contributes to improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions in LNG carrier operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of CFD and empirical approaches for environmental load coefficients","authors":"Muhammad Sulman ,&nbsp;Tien Long Bien ,&nbsp;Anh Khoa Vo ,&nbsp;Hyeon Kyu Yoon ,&nbsp;EunSeok Jin ,&nbsp;Hyoung Chan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of wind and current loads is essential for the maneuvering and station-keeping performance of modern vessels. Existing empirical approaches, such as Fujiwara's regression and DNV-ST-0111, are widely used during the early stages of design; however, their reliability for multihull vessels, particularly those with asymmetric superstructures, has not yet been fully verified. This study evaluates these methods using a 19.7 m Crew Transfer Vessel (CTV) catamaran as a case study. Surge (Cwx​/Ccx​), sway (Cwy​/Ccy​), and yaw moment (Cwn​/Ccn​) coefficients are computed over drift angles from 0° to 180° using steady RANS double-body simulations, complemented by URANS multiphase simulations to assess free-surface effects. Numerical accuracy is verified through mesh convergence and ITTC-based uncertainty analysis, yielding GCI values below 1–2%.</div><div>The results show that Fujiwara's method significantly overestimates the longitudinal wind load (Cwx​) by up to ∼70% due to its inability to capture asymmetric separation and three-dimensional flow interactions, while also underpredicting stern-wind behavior. Although lateral forces and yaw trends are generally reproduced, notable deviations occur near peak loading conditions. For current loads, DNV-ST-0111 predicts overall trends reasonably well but underestimates yaw moments due to neglect of tunnel flow interaction and asymmetric pressure distribution. Free-surface effects are found to be negligible at the considered low Froude numbers, supporting the use of the double-body approach for efficient load prediction.</div><div>Overall, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the limitations of widely used empirical approaches for multihull vessels and demonstrates the importance of resolving three-dimensional flow interactions for accurate load prediction. The results show CFD as a reliable tool for estimating environmental loads on catamaran configurations and provide a validated dataset that can support the development of improved prediction models. The CFD-based coefficients presented in this study provide a reference dataset for future model development and practical design applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147995808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for damage effectiveness assessment of aircraft carrier deck operating personnel","authors":"Bo Wen,&nbsp;Zhibin Li,&nbsp;Siyu Chen,&nbsp;Cheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aircraft carrier flight deck is a core area for naval aviation operations, where personnel are exposed to multiple threats such as blast waves, fragments, and thermal damage during high-intensity combat. The coupling between personnel survivability and deck-operations efficiency directly determines the sortie rate of carrier-based aircraft and the overall combat capability of the fleet. This study proposes a multi-scale coupled assessment model that integrates deck functional zoning and personnel distribution modeling, multi-physical damage mechanisms, and spatiotemporal damage propagation. The deck is discretized into a number of elements to establish a \"personnel-task-space\" mapping relationship. By integrating multi-physical damage mechanisms and combining the Probit model with Monte Carlo random sampling, a spatiotemporal dynamic assessment of personnel damage is achieved. Principal component analysis is employed to identify high-risk positions and damage hotspots, providing theoretical and methodological support for enhancing the resilience assessment and scheduling optimization of deck operations in damage-prone environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100753"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147449206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive route design method based on deep reinforcement learning for ship pipeline","authors":"Jingjing Wu,&nbsp;Yifei Zhu,&nbsp;Qichang He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ship Pipeline Routing Design (SPRD) aims to generate pipeline layouts by considering various objectives and constraints within a constrained 3D space. Given the spatial complexity and large scale of pipelines, the design process is difficult, time-consuming, and requires significant manual effort. For multi-pipeline comprehensive routing, traditional methods primarily adopt a two-step strategy combining path-search and collaborative optimization; however, both efficiency and optimization need improvement. This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning-based framework for ship pipeline routing design (DRL-SPRD), which employs multiple agents to independently perceive the environment and make decisions, with each agent corresponding to an individual pipeline, to achieve end-to-end comprehensive SPRD. It introduces an architecture where action sequences of other agents assist in collaborative design, and realizes intelligent design of multi-pipeline comprehensive routing through a sequential-alternating decision-making mode. Additionally, to address the inefficiency of traditional grid-based representation methods, a spatial representation method incorporating prior topological information is proposed. This method uses constructed topological relationships to replace fixed-step selection, thereby achieving efficient spatial representation. Finally, comparative experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and efficiency, followed by validation of the model’s performance in complex design environments using practical engineering cases, which demonstrate that the model exhibits high feasibility and advancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100790"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148735613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic analysis of coupled motion responses of a supply ship–USV system during side-by-side refuelling operations","authors":"Shengze Liu,&nbsp;Zhiheng Zhang,&nbsp;Haoran Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaolin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrodynamic behaviour of a dual-vessel system is a key factor governing the local motion compatibility of side-by-side refuelling involving unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). In this study, the coupled motion responses of an S175 supply ship and a Wigley-III USV are investigated using ANSYS AQWA based on three-dimensional potential flow theory. The method is first validated against published experimental data for wave-excitation forces, added mass, and radiation damping, showing reasonable agreement in the dominant response trends. A parametric study is then carried out to examine the effects of wave heading, forward speed, USV size, and sea state on the heave, roll, and pitch responses of the two-vessel system. The results indicate that wave heading is the dominant operational factor. The most unfavourable conditions arise when the smaller USV is directly exposed to head seas, whereas a wave heading of about 150° significantly reduces USV motions because of the shielding effect of the larger supply ship. Speed variation mainly changes the frequency of encounter and may lead to resonance-related amplification when approaching the natural frequency range of the system. In addition, larger USVs show improved seakeeping performance, while the motion responses of the supply ship are less sensitive to changes in USV size. The present results provide preliminary hydrodynamic tendencies for screening candidate headings and spacings in side-by-side USV refuelling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149004446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on fleet security monitoring framework based on maritime cyber incident response","authors":"Gum-jun Son ,&nbsp;Joon Bum Kim ,&nbsp;Nam-Seon Kang ,&nbsp;Sung-Sang Yoo ,&nbsp;Sung-Rok Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a fleet-level integrated cybersecurity monitoring framework to address the maritime industry's digital transformation and rising cyber threats. By analyzing incidents from 2010 to 2020, security requirements tailored to ship operations were derived, leading to a framework that links onboard infrastructure with shore-based security operations centers for real-time monitoring and remote response. The framework enhances threat visibility and response across fleets of multiple vessels. Validation using a ransomware scenario confirmed complete detection of threat events and remote response within an average of 2 min and 11 s. Usability and system stability evaluations further demonstrated applicability in operational environments. These findings verify the feasibility of effective fleet-level monitoring and highlight contributions to cyber resilience and incident response strategies. Future scalability may be achieved through AI-driven threat severity assessment and adaptive policy management, ensuring sustainability and adaptability in evolving maritime contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100747"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}