International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation of control strategies on a coupled ship propulsion system in waves","authors":"Chuma Ncobo,&nbsp;Jonas Thiaucourt,&nbsp;Xavier Tauzia,&nbsp;Lionel Gentaz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates two engine control strategies — constant rack (CR) and speed controller (SC) — for a coupled ship propulsion system in regular head waves. The study decomposes the efficiency chain into components to identify physical mechanisms behind performance differences. By integrating a mean value engine model with a time-domain ship simulator, we analyze transient interactions between hull, propeller, and engine under realistic seaway conditions. Results demonstrate that CR achieves superior fuel efficiency (up to 2.49% improvement), particularly in long-wavelength seas. This advantage stems from reduced turbo-lag effects and more stable air–fuel dynamics that minimize transient thermodynamic losses. However, CR induces significant engine speed fluctuations that may limit practical application. In contrast, SC provides better speed regulation but increases fuel consumption due to turbo-lag and unsteady air–fuel dynamics. Hydrodynamic effects contribute through control-strategy-induced variations in ship speed and wave resistance, though to a lesser extent. These findings highlight the importance of modeling both engine dynamics and nonlinear hydrodynamic effects when evaluating propulsion control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for generating a 3D environmental map using a stereo camera for autonomous berthing of an unmanned surface vehicle","authors":"In-Chang Yeo ,&nbsp;Myung-Il Roh ,&nbsp;Yun-Sik Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With recent advancements in maritime technology and the increasing use of USVs (Unmanned Surface Vehicles), the importance of precise, safe autonomous berthing technology for realizing fully autonomous navigation is emerging. Currently, LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), commonly used for USVs, is expensive, while electronic charts have limitations in reflecting the real-time dynamic environment. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a method for generating a 3D environmental map for autonomous berthing of USVs using a low-cost stereo camera that operates robustly in maritime environments. The core novelty of this study lies in the design of a ‘maritime-specific unified filtering pipeline’ rather than a simple combination of existing deep learning models. Initially, a 2.5D depth map and corresponding masks were generated using vision foundation models to extract robust features in textureless maritime environments. Subsequently, the proposed multi-stage postprocessing pipeline, integrating geometric constraints based on camera parameters, SOR (Statistical Outlier Removal), and voxel-grid downsampling, was applied. This pipeline fundamentally transforms the unstable raw outputs of deep learning models into deterministic sensor data, represented as highly reliable 3D point clouds, by effectively eliminating physically impossible data and ghost obstacles. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, virtual environments precisely simulating the real world were constructed. The comparative results showed that FoundationStereo, unlike models such as CREStereo (Cascaded REcurrent Stereo) and Depth Anything V2, demonstrated superior performance in precisely restoring fine structures, such as ship masts, and complex distant skylines without distortion. Specifically, the proposed method achieved MAEs (Mean Absolute Errors) of 0.12 m, 0.11 m, and 0.08 m for 3D point positions across three scenarios, representing reductions of up to 94.62% compared to the comparative methods. Furthermore, the generated 3D environmental map was converted into a 2D BEV (Bird's-Eye-View) map, confirming that the USVs can intuitively perceive the horizontal positional relationships of obstacles and utilize them for route planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD-based hydrodynamics modeling of control fins with low aspect ratio for AUVs","authors":"Younhee Kwon ,&nbsp;Dong-Hwan Kim ,&nbsp;Minchang Kim ,&nbsp;Jeonghwa Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are equipped with short span control fins owing to geometric constraints, resulting in difficulties in design and control of AUVs. The present study proposes a generalized approach for hydrodynamics modeling of AUV control fins based on validated computational fluid dynamics analyses. The lift generation, inflow velocity, and interaction with the vehicle body are systematically investigated and modeled with respect to fin span variation. The lift generation is modeled as the function of the fin aspect ratio and angle of attack, while conventional modeling considers only the fin aspect ratio. Inflow model is developed based on the lift generation model, to be consistent with nominal flow field measurements. The numerical test results confirm that the longer span fins reduce the fin-body interaction, which is found to degrade the vehicle's turning ability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of offshore wind turbine monopile foundations in sand","authors":"Hongwang Ma ,&nbsp;Tong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The horizontal ultimate bearing capacity (HUBC) is a crucial design parameter of monopile foundations, significantly impacting their safety and economic efficiency. It is typically determined by theoretical or empirical approaches in which the monopile is assumed to be rigid. However, actual monopiles are generally semi-rigid. This paper presents a study on the HUBC of both rigid and semi-rigid piles by means of theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. A correction factor is derived, and a general formula is established for the calculation of the correction factor. Validation is performed using the OC3 5 MW monopile as a case study. Upon incorporating the effect of elastic deformation, the HUBC decreases from 63,290 kN to 42,683 kN, achieving a reduction rate of 32.6 %. The research findings demonstrate that for large-diameter piles, the rigid pile assumption is no longer valid, and the reduction effect arising from the elastic deformation of the pile shaft must be taken into consideration. The method proposed in this study can be directly applied to preliminary engineering design or code verification, thereby realizing the rapid and accurate estimation of the HUBC of wind turbine monopile in sand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term ship trajectory prediction using a transformer with inverted attention and feature augmentation","authors":"Sangseok Lee,&nbsp;Han Jin Lee,&nbsp;Wonhee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maritime transportation is essential for global trade, with the increasing ship traffic necessitating accurate trajectory prediction for enhanced safety and efficiency. In this study, a transformer-based architecture is proposed for long-term ship trajectory prediction. Feature augmentation is performed by deriving kinematic and directional variables from raw AIS data, and trajectory clustering is applied using dynamic time warping. An inverted attention mechanism is employed, to compute the attention across variables rather than temporal positions, thereby enhancing scalability in high-dimensional settings and enabling explicit modeling of variable dependencies. The encoded representations are mapped to the prediction horizon through a multilayer perceptron decoder. Comprehensive experiments on AIS trajectory datasets demonstrated that the proposed framework attains higher accuracy in both short- and long-term prediction tasks. The results indicate that the integration of feature augmentation and inverted attention enhances predictive accuracy, robustness, and generalization for maritime trajectory prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100744"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel model testing methodology for integrated performance evaluation of a wave energy converters of floating type","authors":"Yoon-Jin Ha,&nbsp;Jeong-Seok Kim,&nbsp;Kilwon Kim,&nbsp;Kyong-Hwan Kim,&nbsp;Ji-Yong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a new model-testing methodology, termed the Real-Time Hybrid Model Test, was developed to evaluate the integrated performance of floating-type wave energy converters (FWECs) in a wave basin. The proposed technique incorporates a full-scale hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system, generator, and power conversion system (PCS), as well as a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control algorithm to maximize electrical power extraction. In the Real-Time Hybrid Model Test, the measured motion of the FWEC model at each sampling interval is converted to full scale and supplied as input to a real-time full-scale simulation. Based on this input, the full-scale hydraulic PTO, generator, and PCS responses—including the MPPT control actions—are numerically computed. The resulting full-scale PTO load is then dynamically scaled down and applied to the physical model using a linear-motor actuator, thereby establishing a closed-loop interaction between the physical model and the numerical PTO system. The motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) and the optimal hydraulic PTO force were evaluated in regular waves, and the performance of the proposed technique was further assessed in white-noise waves by comparing the results with those obtained from a conventional model test. The experimental results demonstrate that the Real-Time Hybrid Model Test provides a reliable and effective framework for evaluating FWECs, offering significant advantages in reproducing realistic PTO dynamics during physical model experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the performance of PANS and RANS for accurate wake flow prediction around the KVLCC2","authors":"Hyeri Lee ,&nbsp;Changhun Lee ,&nbsp;Woochan Seok","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models for predicting secondary turbulence flows in the propeller plane of the KRISO Very Large Crude Carrier 2 (KVLCC2). Numerical simulations were performed using the open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software OpenFOAM, and the results were validated against experimental data. The study specifically examines the capability of both models to capture unsteady flow phenomena, particularly in regions of anisotropic turbulence, such as the hook-shaped vortices observed in the wake of the KVLCC2. The performance of the models was also evaluated at different grid resolutions, with the PANS model demonstrating superior ability to resolve intricate vortex structures, including the hook-shaped vortex in the propeller plane. Notably, the PANS model exhibited enhanced accuracy with finer grids, leading to improved resolution of turbulent kinetic energy distributions. These findings highlight the advantages of PANS over RANS in accurately predicting wake characteristics and provide valuable insights for improving CFD-based propeller design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the turning motion of a near-surface self-propelled submarine","authors":"Haipeng Guo ,&nbsp;Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Junyu Ge ,&nbsp;Lin Du ,&nbsp;Guangnian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2025.100718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work performs a numerical study on the turning motion of a near surface self-propelled submarine. The turbulent flow around the submarine is solved by using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method. The interaction between the submarine and the free surface is captured by using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The motion of submarine and rudder is achieved through overset grid technology, while the rotating propeller is modeled by using the body force model. Numerical simulations of the turning circle test are performed for those conditions, and the variation law of the turning motion parameters at different immersion depths is revealed. Based on the obtained flow field details, including free surface waveform, shedding vortices, and velocity distribution, the interaction between the self-propelled submarine and the free surface and its relationship with the submarine turning characteristics are explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated path tracking and obstacle avoidance method for weakly maneuverable AUVs under prescribed path constraints","authors":"Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Zhen Hu ,&nbsp;Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Path tracking and obstacle avoidance are essential for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). During obstacle avoidance, AUVs must minimize path deviations and quickly return to the preset path. The weak maneuverability of AUVs increases the difficulty of obstacle avoidance. We propose an integrated path-tracking and obstacle-avoidance control method for AUVs. First, a path-based artificial potential field (PAPF) is introduced to enable simultaneous path tracking and obstacle avoidance for AUVs. Second, a repulsive potential field with self-adjusting magnitude is designed on the basis of the relative motion between the AUV and obstacles, effectively addressing the obstacle avoidance delay for weakly maneuverable AUVs. Third, virtual obstacle and moving obstacle velocity fields are created to solve the problems associated with dynamic obstacles and local minima in traditional APF methods. Simulations and real-world tests of the Hai Xiang-500XP AUV demonstrate that the PAPF method effectively integrates path tracking with obstacle avoidance, enhancing responsiveness and adaptability in dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation study on the characteristics of wave induced loads of a 21000TEU ultra-large containership","authors":"Pengyao Yu ,&nbsp;Renwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Guo ,&nbsp;Bingbing Han ,&nbsp;Yu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2026.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the behaviors of wave induced loads of a 21000TEU ultra-large container ships, this study develops a hydroelastic numerical approach that predicts springing responses by coupling a finite-volume flow solver with a multibody dynamics framework. The hydrodynamic force is computed using the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM, while structural deformations are determined with the multibody dynamics code MBDyn. The predictive capability of the method is validated against wave-basin experiments on the springing response of a 21000TEU containership. Subsequently, springing responses under various wave conditions are simulated, and their spatiotemporal characteristics are analyzed using amplitude–frequency response spectra and wavelet-scale spectral techniques. Results indicate that the second-order encounter frequency lies closest to the hull's wet natural vertical frequency, and that the corresponding vertical bending moment energy peaks at midship, constituting the primary cause of springing. Moreover, interaction between slamming loads and the hull's natural modes further amplifies the springing response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14160,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}