International Journal of Mycobacteriology最新文献

{"title":"The Proportion of Long-chain Fatty Aldehydes and Acids in Bronchial Lavage as a Marker of Treatment Outcomes in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.","authors":"Tatiana Umpeleva, Anna Tsvirenko, Elena Kildyusheva, Sergey Skornyakov, Diana Vakhrusheva","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_136_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_136_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Improving the effectiveness of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treatment is one of the main objectives of the healthcare system in Russia. The aim of this study was to search for a relationship between the composition of long-chain fatty acids and aldehydes detected in bronchial lavage samples from patients with TB and the features of the TB infection during the treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 262 patients with pulmonary TB with varying treatment durations and different drug sensitivity profiles of the pathogen. Patients' samples were collected during routine bronchoscopy using the minilavage technique. Each sample was examined for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by standard laboratory methods and for long-chain fatty acids and aldehydes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that a higher proportion of aldehydes (18:1d9a, 18:1d11a, and i17:0a) and monounsaturated fatty acids (20:1d9 and 20:1d11) in bronchial lavage samples was associated with worse treatment outcomes (presence of bacterial shedding and cavities at the time of sampling and 6 months later), as well as with smoking and the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype. In contrast, favorable treatment outcomes were associated with an increased proportion of saturated fatty acids, including branchedchain fatty acids (i16:0, a17:0, 17:0, a15:0, and i15:0).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The identified marker profile may have prognostic value and warrants further prospective validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"261-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Expression and Correlation of High-mobility Group Box 1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid across Leprosy Clinical Groups and Healthy Controls: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Rizki Amelia Noviyanthi, Rosdiana Natzir, Khairuddin Djawad, Siswanto Wahab, Luh Made Mas Rusyati, Ressy Dwiyanti, Ade Rifka Junita, Azhar Azhar, Muhammad Reza Primaguna, Nur Indah Purnamasari, Ahmad Syukri, Ahmad Ezra Saleh, Andini Febrianty, Mochammad Hatta","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_145_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_145_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an acute inflammatory complication of multibacillary leprosy. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mediates inflammatory signaling, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates angiogenesis and vascular permeability. We compared whole-blood HMGB1 and VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression across leprosy groups and assessed their correlations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 146 participants: 35 with ENL, 36 with multibacillary leprosy without ENL, 38 with paucibacillary leprosy, and 37 healthy controls. HMGB1 and VEGF mRNA expression was measured by one-step SYBR Green quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Group differences were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing, correlations by Pearson's coefficient, and ENL versus multibacillary disease by multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, sex, bacterial index, and disease duration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HMGB1 expression differed across groups (13.530, 12.478, 9.585, and 9.442; F[3,142] =1579.960; P < 0.001; η 2 = 0.971), as did VEGF (10.992, 9.885, 8.341, and 8.277; F[3,142] =656.570; P < 0.001; η 2 = 0.933). ENL showed the highest expression; multibacillary leprosy without ENL was intermediate, and paucibacillary leprosy did not differ from controls. After adjustment, ENL remained associated with higher HMGB1 (B = 1.223; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.907-1.539) and VEGF expression (B = 1.327; 95% CI: 0.991-1.662); both P < 0.001. HMGB1 and VEGF were strongly correlated within all groups ( r = 0.980-0.989; all P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ENL was associated with the highest HMGB1 and VEGF mRNA expression. Their strong co-variation does not establish a direct HMGB1-VEGF pathway or diagnostic validity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"272-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Performance, and Treatment Outcomes of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis at a Tertiary Care Center in Oman: A 10-year Retrospective Cohort.","authors":"Omar Al-Busaidi, Akram Al-Subhi, Ibrahim Al-Busaidi","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_106_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_106_26","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for a substantial proportion of the global tuberculosis (TB) burden and continues to pose major diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in low-incidence settings. Comprehensive descriptions of the clinical spectrum, diagnostic yield of available laboratory modalities, and treatment-related toxicity of EPTB in the Arabian Gulf are limited. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostic performance of microbiological and histopathological tests, and safety profile of first-line anti-TB therapy in adult patients with EPTB managed at a tertiary care hospital in Oman.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH), University Medical City, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, and reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. All adults (≥18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of EPTB between January 2010 and January 2020 and at least 12 months of follow-up were enrolled by consecutive purposive sampling. Demographic, clinical, microbiological (acid-fast bacilli [AFB] smear, GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin [Xpert MTB/RIF], mycobacterial culture), histopathological, radiological, treatment, and adverse-event data were extracted from the hospital electronic record (TrakCare). Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation; the χ 2 or Fisher's exact test was used as appropriate, with a two-tailed P &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Of 225 patients with confirmed TB during the study period, 46 (20.4%) had EPTB and were included. The mean age was 41.5 ± 16.5 years, and 30 (65.2%) were male. Tuberculous (TB) lymphadenitis and disseminated TB were the most common forms (13/46, or 28.3%), followed by musculoskeletal (7, or 15.2%), pleural, abdominal, and meningeal TB (4 each, or 8.7%), and genitourinary TB (1, or 2.2%). Five patients (10.9%) were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 3 (6.5%) were on systemic immunosuppression. Constitutional symptoms were uncommon: fever, 39%; night sweats and weight loss, 13% each. AFB smear and mycobacterial culture had the highest yield in TB lymphadenitis (85% and 77%), Xpert MTB/RIF in tuberculous meningitis (75% of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] samples), and histopathology in gastrointestinal TB (75%). All 46 patients received standard four-drug therapy; drug-induced liver injury (DILI) occurred in 19.6%, gastrointestinal intolerance in 9%, peripheral neuropathy in 7%, and cytopenia in 2%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;EPTB represents one-fifth of the TB caseload at a tertiary center in Oman, with TB lymphadenitis and disseminated disease as the leading forms. The diagnost","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"227-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with 16S Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Polymorphisms in Southwest Nigeria.","authors":"Shola Lawrence Owolabi, Hassan Olalekan Anthony, Adeyemo Samson Adeolu","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_103_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_103_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with Nigeria among the top five high-burden countries. This cross-sectional laboratory-based study performed high-resolution genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) polymorphisms in Southwest Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>DNA was extracted from 50 archived clinical isolates obtained through convenience sampling from four tertiary hospitals in Oyo, Ogun, and Lagos States (January 2023-March 2024). The 16S rRNA gene was amplified using primers 27F/1525R (58°C annealing, 35 cycles) and sequenced directionally (Phred > 20). After quality filtering, 46 high-quality sequences (1439 bp) were analyzed by BLASTn, aligned with ClustalW, and a neighbor-joining tree (1000 bootstraps, Kimura 2-parameter [K2P + G4 model) was constructed. Genetic diversity, neutrality tests (Tajima's D, Fu's Fs), and mismatch distribution (sum of squared deviations [SSD], raggedness) were computed using DnaSP v6.12.03 and Arlequin v3.5.2.2. GC content and nucleotide frequencies were calculated in R v4.5.3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 50 isolates were confirmed as M. tuberculosis (99.86%-100% identity, 99%-100% coverage, E = 0). Four sequences were excluded, leaving 46 with 7 polymorphic sites. Eighteen haplotypes were identified; Haplotype I was most frequent (12 isolates). Mean K2P distance was 0.122% (0%-0.484%). Haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.876 ± 0.034 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.808-0.944), nucleotide diversity 0.00124 ± 0.00019. Tajima's D was - 1.428 ( P = 0.108), Fu's Fs - 3.842 ( P = 0.072). Mismatch distribution fit a sudden expansion model (SSD = 0.0032, P = 0.41; raggedness = 0.021, P = 0.68). The phylogenetic tree showed a single cluster with 100% bootstrap support for 45/46 isolates. Mean GC content was 58.1% ( A = 0.219, T = 0.200, G = 0.341, C = 0.240). No nontuberculous mycobacteria or drug resistance-associated mutations were detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>16S rRNA sequencing reliably confirms M. tuberculosis in Southwest Nigeria and reveals high Hd despite extremely low nucleotide diversity, consistent with recent population expansion. However, this method cannot detect drug resistance mutations, necessitating integration with whole-genome sequencing or targeted resistance gene analysis for effective TB surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"282-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telomere Length Profile and Associated Clinical Factors among Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia.","authors":"Fanny Fachrucha, Sita Andarini, Erlina Burhan, Heri Wibowo, Aria Kekalih, Moulid Hidayat, Rayhendra Hanif, Farhana Ibrahim Syuaib, Wiwien Heru Wiyono","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_94_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_94_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis remains a major cause of chronic respiratory morbidity in developing countries, including Indonesia. Persistent lung injury in tuberculosis is driven by chronic inflammation and cellular senescence, biological processes closely linked to telomere shortening. However, data on telomere length (TL) profiles and their association with clinical factors in tuberculosis patients remain limited. To characterize TL profiles and identify associated clinical factors among tuberculosis patients in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital and Jakarta Islamic Hospital Cempaka Putih between October 2024 and March 2025. Adult patients with tuberculosis who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 64 tuberculosis patients were included, with a mean age of 41.36 ± 16.23 years, and the majority were male (68.7%). The mean RTL was 6.83 ± 1.36, with a median of 6.54. Shorter RTL was significantly associated with older age, higher body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM), and the occurrence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) ( P < 0.05). Among the evaluated clinical factors, age remained the strongest determinant of telomere shortening.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RTL was shorter with increasing age, higher BMI, DM, and the occurrence of DILI in tuberculosis patients. These findings highlight telomere alteration as a potential clinical health indicator that may assist in identifying risk profiles in diagnostic and treatment contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"214-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of Pulmonary Tuberculoma Following Standard Antituberculosis Therapy: An Observational Study.","authors":"Elisna Syahruddin, Andre Thadeo Abraham, Heidy Agustin, Sita Laksmi Andarini, Jamal Zaini, Fathiyah Isbaniah, Ginanjar Arum Desianti, Hario Baskoro","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_164_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_164_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia causes a high burden, with pulmonary tuberculoma representing a mass-like manifestation that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to poor drug penetration. Data regarding the treatment duration and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculoma remain limited. This study aims to evaluate characteristics and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculoma following standard anti-TB therapy in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study evaluated pulmonary tuberculoma confirmed with histopathological findings of granulomatous inflammation at the National Respiratory Center in Indonesia, between 2022 and 2025. Enrolled subjects had completed anti-TB therapy. Clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated upon treatment completion. Tuberculoma size was measured as the longest diameter on a computed tomography scan. Radiological response was categorized as complete resolution, decreased (≥30% reduction), increased (≥20% increase), or stable (the remainder).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 38 subjects were analyzed. The most common radiological characteristic was multiple, irregular lesions, with a median size of 4.4 cm (range: 1.4-10.1 cm). The median treatment duration was 12 months (range: 6-18 months). All subjects achieved clinical improvement, while sequelae were reported in 5 (13.2%) subjects. Radiological evaluation showed complete resolution in 9 (23.7%) subjects, decreased in 15 (39.5%), and stable in 14 (36.8%). Bivariate analysis revealed that positive microbiological status was significantly associated with lower odds of complete resolution (odds ratio = 0.17, 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.85, P = 0.036). A single tuberculoma was also associated with complete resolution, while none of the patients with multiple tuberculomas achieved complete resolution ( P = 0.014). Multivariate analysis was not performed due to the limited number of events.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The treatment duration for pulmonary tuberculoma varies from 6 to 18 months, with nearly two-thirds of patients achieving radiological improvement. Positive microbiological status and multiple lesions are significant factors associated with incomplete radiological resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"221-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extensive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complicated by Pyopneumothorax in a Patient with Active Celiac Disease: A Management Challenge.","authors":"Sabrina Abderrahim, Leila Laouar","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_99_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_99_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health concern, particularly among immunologically and nutritionally vulnerable individuals. Although celiac disease (CD) has been associated with an increased risk of TB, extensive and complicated forms remain rarely reported. We report the case of a 27-year-old man with CD, poor adherence to a gluten-free- diet (GFD), schizophrenia, and substance use disorders, who presented with extensive cavitary pulmonary TB (PT) complicated by pyopneumothorax and severe undernutrition. Concerns were raised regarding anti-TB drug absorption. In the absence of injectable anti-TB agents, standard oral treatment was initiated alongside a strict GFD, nutritional rehabilitation, and cessation of substance use. The patient showed very gradual general health improvement and required prolonged chest drainage, ultimately resulting in clinical recovery with residual pleuroparenchymal sequelae. This case highlights that PT in active CD can achieve recovery with oral anti-TB therapy when associated malabsorption is strictly managed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"328-332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fourth National Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey in Côte d'Ivoire Incorporating Sequencing.","authors":"Kouassi Raymond N'guessan, Diane Annabelle Bai Orsot Bosso, Naminata Karamoko Bamba, Armel Blaise Tiopsop Tsatsop, Adade Kouakou Olivier, Adagra Guy Damien, Eddyani Miriam, Saluzzo Francesca, Cabibbe Andrea Maurizio, Cirillo Daniela Maria, Kouakou Kouakou Jacquemin","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_92_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_92_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) hinders global TB control. Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) prevalence, in Côte d'Ivoire, was 4.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.4-6.7) for new cases and 22% (95% CI: 13.7-30.3) with retreatment cases in 2016. The TB drug resistance survey (DRS) conducted in 2023 aimed to determine the updated prevalence of resistance among new, previously treated TB cases and to characterize the genotypes of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide, cluster-based cross-sectional DRS was conducted in a 6-month timeframe in 44 health facilities across the country, grouped into 45 clusters according to the World Health Organization guidance. Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases were recruited after giving informed consent. Xpert ® MTB/RIF Ultra, Hain MTBDR plus and MTBDR sl were carried out on sputum samples. All samples with resistance detected and 10% of rifampicin (RIF) susceptible TB cases were cultured in liquid medium with Mycobacterium growth incubator tube (MGIT) (MGIT 960). Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was performed for isoniazid (INH), RIF, amikacin (AMK), moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, clofazimine, bedaquiline, and linezolid. Whole-genome or targeted next-generation sequencing was conducted on 120 selected drug-resistant and susceptible strains. KoboCollect v2013.1.2 was used for data collection and storage. For statistical and cluster analysis, STATA 19.5 and core genome multilocus sequence typing in Ridom SeqSphere + were used, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1024 participants were enrolled, 947 (92.5%) were new cases. INH monoresistant TB prevalence was 4.8% (95% CI: 3.6-6.4) in new cases and 5.6% (95% CI: 1.5-18.8) in retreatment cases. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) prevalence was 2.5% (95% CI: 1.7%-3.8%) in new and 14.1% (95% CI: 7.0%-26.5%) in previous treated cases. Among RR-TB, MDR-TB prevalence was 89.5% (95% CI: 73.8-96.3), of whom 2 pre-extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB and 1 XDR-TB were detected. Sequencing revealed a predominant circulation of lineage 4.6.2.2 and 4.1 (28% each) following by lineage 6 (11%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Progress has been made in combating TB drug resistance in Côte d'Ivoire compared to the previous DRS. Molecular tools have permitted to detect heteroresistance or mixed infection and the existence of circulating virulent strains associated with alarming rates of drug resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"235-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculous Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Sana Sadat Pourhoseini, Alireza Eskandari, Susan Rahimi, Mitra Rezaei, Majid Marjani","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_131_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_131_26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is a rare but severe manifestation of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB). Because of its nonspecific clinical presentation and broad differential diagnosis, early recognition remains challenging. We report the case of a 27-year-old man with concurrent pulmonary and meningeal TB who developed rapidly progressive quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated longitudinally extensive T2-hyperintense lesions extending from C2 to T12, accompanied by diffuse meningeal enhancement, consistent with TB LETM. The patient was treated with anti-TB therapy, high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis. Despite aggressive treatment, his neurological status progressively deteriorated, ultimately resulting in death. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify all previously reported cases of TB-associated LETM and summarized their clinical characteristics, extent of spinal cord involvement, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Although TB remains a major global health challenge, spinal cord involvement presenting as LETM is exceptionally rare. Prompt recognition and early initiation of appropriate therapy are essential; however, neurological outcomes may remain poor despite aggressive treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"333-341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When \"Leprosy\" Is Not Leprosy by Polymerase Chain Reaction: Detection of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Nasal Swabs from Patients with Chronic Skin Lesions in a Leprosy-endemic Area.","authors":"Amelia Hasanah, Firdaus Hamid, Ahmad Rahmat Ramadhan, Yunialthy D Pertiwi, Muhammad Aswad, Andi Rofian Sultan","doi":"10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_45_26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_45_26","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Leprosy remains a major cause of chronic dermatoneurological morbidity in endemic settings, and early etiologic confirmation is often challenging in primary care, where diagnosis may remain syndromic. Molecular testing can strengthen confirmation of Mycobacterium leprae , yet performance depends on specimen type and target selection, and leprosy-like phenotypes may overlap with cutaneous disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This study evaluated paired nasal versus buccal mucosal swabs from patients with chronic skin lesions and clinical suspicion of leprosy to characterize mycobacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) signals using a stepwise molecular workflow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A cross-sectional study (September-November 2025) enrolled consecutive patients presenting to primary health centers (Puskesmas) in Palu City, Indonesia, with chronic cutaneous lesions (&gt;2 weeks). Each participant contributed paired nasal and buccal swabs (140 specimens from 70 participants). DNA was extracted using a silica column method. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the M. leprae proline-rich antigen (PRA) gene was performed, followed - when indicated - by genus-level Mycobacterium 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) PCR and additional species-associated targets; 16S rRNA-positive amplicons underwent Sanger sequencing with Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)-based taxonomic assignment. Paired nasal-buccal positivity was compared using McNemar testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;All mucosal specimens were negative for M. leprae by PRA PCR (0/140). Genus-level 16S rRNA PCR detected Mycobacterium spp. DNA in 20/140 specimens (14.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4-21.0) and in 20/70 participants (28.6%; 95% CI: 19.3-40.1). Positivity was substantially higher in nasal swabs (18/70; 25.7%) than buccal swabs (2/70; 2.9%), with discordant paired results and no participants positive at both sites (McNemar exact P = 0.0004). Sequencing produced valid BLAST similarity outputs in 19/20 positive specimens; closest matches were most frequently to Mycobacterium parmense (13/19; 68.4%) and Mycobacterium kyogaense (6/19; 31.6%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In this endemic primary care cohort with chronic skin lesions, mucosal swab PCR targeting the single-gene PRA locus did not detect M. leprae , while a subset showed genus-level Mycobacterium DNA signals - predominantly from nasal swabs - with 16S rRNA sequences most closely aligned with uncommon NTM lineages. These findings support broadening diagnostic consideration beyond M. leprae when mucosal single-target PCR is uniformly negative. Because mucosal detection cannot establish lesion causality and partial 16S rRNA reads have limited species-level resolution, lesion-based sampling and higher-resolution confirmation (culture and/or multilocus sequencing) are warranted; escalation to more sensitive M. leprae targets (e.g., m","PeriodicalId":14133,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mycobacteriology","volume":"15 3","pages":"206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}