International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Bioinspired Natural Product Nanoplatforms for Precision Cancer Theranostics from Nature to Nanomedicine.","authors":"Neeraj Choudhary, Dinesh Kumar, Sahil Sharma, Md Faiyazuddin, Thomas J Webster","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S615597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S615597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is one of the leading health problems in the world because of tumor heterogeneity, resistance to therapy, and the fact that traditional interventions are relatively non-specific. Plant, marine, and microbial natural products exhibit varied anticancer properties, including regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and multiple signaling pathways. Nevertheless, despite excellent mechanistic data, their clinical application remains constrained by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and instability, as well as by limited targeted delivery and biomarker-directed applications. In response to these issues, bioinspired nanoplatforms have emerged as a promising approach to improve the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of natural products. These systems involve biomimetic carrier systems, lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, and stimuli-based nanomaterials, which can efficiently target the tumor, deliver the drugs in a controlled way, and improve pharmacokinetics. Moreover, they facilitate the combination of diagnostic imaging and therapy, which are the pillars of precision cancer theranostics. The present review introduces a comprehensive model that links natural product pharmacology, nanoplatform engineering, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. It shows the importance of nano-bio interactions in drug uptake, distribution, and therapeutic response. Simultaneously, it critically addresses some of the most important translational challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, variability in delivery efficiency, lack of clinical validation, scaling issues, and regulatory complexity. Altogether, this review offers a balanced and integrated outlook, stating that biomarker-based approaches, standard design, and clinical relevance validation should be considered to develop natural product-based nanomedicine into an effective precision cancer theranostic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"615597"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aptamers in Osteoimmune Regulation: Scientific Rationale, Emerging Evidence and Translational Challenges.","authors":"Jian Chen, Siming Zhao, Xijie Tang, Yi Yang, Zhanghua Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S647338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S647338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoimmune disorders are difficult to treat because pathogenic signals are spatially restricted, temporally dynamic, and distributed across immune, skeletal, vascular, and microbial compartments. Aptamers provide a programmable recognition platform that may address these limitations, although their application in osteoimmune systems remains largely exploratory. This critical narrative review defines the scientific rationale for aptamer-based osteoimmune regulation, maps the current state of aptamer research across biological axes closely associated with osteoimmune regulation, and highlights potential targets for future therapeutic intervention. Aptamer contributions are classified into three distinct functional modes: direct molecular regulation, targeted navigation and niche reconditioning. We further analyze challenges imposed by acidic, nuclease-rich, and oxidizing skeletal environments, modification-dependent pharmacokinetics, and innate nucleic-acid sensing. Current evidence remains dominated by indirect and multicomponent systems, whereas direct aptamer-mediated osteoimmune pharmacology is supported by a comparatively limited number of studies. Future studies must establish aptamer-specific target engagement, causal immune-to-bone mechanisms, disease-relevant stability, and functional skeletal outcomes before clinical translation can be credibly pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"647338"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Mitochondria-Targeted Delivery Strategies for Ischemic Stroke Therapy.","authors":"Ye Ding, Xiufei Teng, Tingyi Guo, Xinyue Chen, Jun Chen, Yang Yu, Lanbo Wang, Lulu Liu, Nana Li, Qiong Wu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S641356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S641356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability, and mitochondrial dysfunction links bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury, and cell death. Despite extensive preclinical neuroprotection research, translation has often failed because candidate interventions show inadequate brain exposure and mitochondrial target engagement, are tested under pretreatment or simplified experimental conditions, emphasize short-term infarct reduction rather than durable functional recovery, and are difficult to integrate with time-critical reperfusion care. This Review analyzes mitochondria-targeted delivery as a sequential cascade spanning systemic stability, BBB or nose-to-brain entry, lesion and cell selection, endosomal escape, mitochondrial access, and functional rescue. We compare brain-targeted, intranasal, biomimetic, and organelle-transplantation platforms; place recent examples alongside established mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and mitochondrial-transfer literature; and distinguish localization evidence from causal mitochondrial recovery. The most tractable next steps are a standardized, disease-relevant validation framework and simplified delivery designs compatible with acute stroke workflows. Translational success will require integrated systems that address the complete sequential delivery cascade with the minimum necessary complexity, reproducible manufacturing, clinically relevant treatment windows, and long-term functional and safety endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"641356"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of PDA‑PLL Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery and ROS Scavenging in Rat Osteoarthritis.","authors":"Hao Hu, Guiju Chen, Yang Hu, Nannan Ding, Guorui Jin, Hui Xing, Wenming Tao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S616259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S616259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease in which elevated TNF-α and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) play central roles. These two pathological factors mutually reinforce each other-TNF-α induces ROS production while ROS upregulates TNF-α expression-forming a vicious cycle that propels disease progression. However, current therapies offer only symptomatic relief without halting this process. To address this, we developed polydopamine-poly(L-lysine) (PDA-PLL) nanoparticles as a dual-functional platform that combines PDA-mediated ROS scavenging with PLL-facilitated TNF-α siRNA delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PDA-PLL nanoparticles were synthesized and systematically characterized, and then their gene transfection efficiency and ROS scavenging capacity were evaluated. Finally, their therapeutic efficacy against OA was assessed in chondrocytes and in animal models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biocompatibility was evidenced by low in-vitro cytotoxicity and the absence of systemic toxicity in rats by hematology, biochemistry, and histopathology. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated their strong nucleic acid loading capability, and fluorescence imaging further revealed that PDA-PLL nanoparticles enabled highly efficient gene transfection in OA chondrocytes. PDA-PLL nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent scavenging of O₂ ^{•-, •}OH, and H₂O₂ in cell-free assays and lowered intracellular ROS in OA chondrocytes; critically, co-delivery of TNF-α siRNA further reduced ROS versus PDA-PLL alone. Consistent with these findings, the PDA-PLL+TNF-α siRNA group showed stronger suppression of inflammatory genes, greater restoration of matrix-preserving genes, and enhanced cytoprotection compared with PDA-PLL alone. In rat OA, PDA-PLL+siRNA outperformed PDA-PLL alone, with macroscopic and histological outcomes approaching the sham group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work presents PDA-PLL nanoparticles as a multifunctional therapeutic system that unites efficient gene delivery with potent ROS scavenging. Their synergistic action resulted in significant protection of chondrocytes and potent therapeutic efficacy in OA models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"616259"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Pathological Axes and Translational Evidence.","authors":"Bozhi Zeng, Rujia Xie, Congcong Chen, Boyu Jin, Chengcheng Yi, Juqiao He, Jianguo Zeng, Xinhua Xia, Jing Yang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S646321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S646321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is heterogeneous, and lower urinary tract symptoms also depend on smooth-muscle tone, outlet mechanics and bladder function. Nanomedicine research spans formulation development, animal experiments and limited clinical exploration, but these stages do not establish a continuous chain from delivery to durable patient benefit. This critical narrative review combines a structured PubMed update search through September 7, 2026 with descriptive evidence mapping. Historical search strings were unavailable; the update queries and records are retained, and retrieved records are distinguished from the curated study inventory. We organize relevant biology into inflammatory, hormonal-metabolic and fibrotic/extracellular-matrix axes and propose a barrier-signal-payload-feedback framework. The evidence tiers and decision gates are proposed analytical tools, not validated clinical classifications or regulatory pathways. Source-checked reports predominantly assess formulation properties, systemic exposure, organ size, histology or molecular outcomes. Healthy-volunteer pharmacokinetics does not constitute BPH therapeutic evidence, and whole-prostate exposure does not establish delivery to nodules or specific cells. A small nanomicellar-curcumin trial provides an early symptom signal below its study-defined clinical-importance threshold. Animal saline-loaded urine measurements and short-term cystometry from an adjacent local hydrogel represent different functional outcomes and cannot be equated with durable clinical benefit. The three-axis framework also does not establish which process initiates early nodular formation. Progress requires reproducible disease-state stratification, quantitative lesion delivery with prespecified target engagement, and sustained functional benefit supported by chronic safety and manufacturability. Added formulation complexity is justified only by measurable incremental value over simpler formulations, free payloads or appropriate standard treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"646321"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Extracellular Matrix-Inspired Biomaterials for Enhanced Bone Repair.","authors":"Shouye Sun, Chuangang Peng, Yuhang Tian, Dankai Wu, Yutao Cui","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S635175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S635175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment of critical-sized large bone defects arising from severe trauma, tumor resection, infectious osteomyelitis and congenital skeletal malformations has long been a prominent and intractable clinical challenge in orthopedic surgery. Conventional autologous and allogeneic bone grafts suffer from unavoidable limitations including donor site complications, insufficient bone volume and immune rejection, driving urgent demands for advanced artificial bone repair materials. Functionalized bone substitute biomaterials capable of stimulating mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and remarkably improving local bone regeneration efficiency represent a promising therapeutic candidate to overcome existing clinical bottlenecks. The native extracellular matrix (ECM) constructs a dynamic, hierarchically structured and biochemically complex microenvironment to sustain diverse cellular physiological behaviors. It delivers synergistic biochemical signaling and biomechanical stimuli to directly or indirectly modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and lineage differentiation, thus exerting an irreplaceable regulatory function in sustaining bone metabolic homeostasis and orchestrating the whole cascade of bone regeneration. As researchers gain deeper understanding of the unique biological functions and underlying molecular signaling mechanisms of ECM constituents in bone defect reconstruction, ECM-mimicking biomaterials have garnered tremendous research interest in regenerative medicine. By precisely recapitulating native bone's chemical composition, porous microstructure and mechanical characteristics via delicate biomimetic engineering, such biomaterials successfully reproduce the physiological cascade of bone repair and achieve satisfying regenerative outcomes across abundant in vitro and preclinical in vivo investigations. This review systematically elaborates the multifaceted biological roles and core molecular mechanisms of ECM during bone reconstruction, thoroughly summarizes state-of-the-art fabrication and functional modification strategies of ECM-inspired biomaterials, as well as their repair performance against critical-sized bone defects. It intends to offer integrated theoretical foundations and innovative design guidelines for the exploitation of high-performance bone graft substitutes for clinical bone defect treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"635175"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sialic Acid-Targeting Lectin-Conjugated Oxygen Nanosomes Alleviate Hypoxia and Promote Macrophage Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.","authors":"Yerin Jang, Jihyuk Yang, Jiwon Kim, Jaewoo Son, Jaehee Jang, Yonghyun Choi, Hee-Young Lee, Jonghoon Choi","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S630472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S630472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by severe hypoxia and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which contribute to poor therapeutic responses. This study developed sialic acid-targeting Lectin-conjugated oxygen nanosomes (Lectin-ONs) to combine targeted oxygen delivery with hypoxia alleviation and macrophage activation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SNA- and MALII-conjugated oxygen nanosomes (SNA-ONs and MALII-ONs) were prepared and characterized for physicochemical properties, oxygen-loading and release behavior, stability, cytocompatibility, and cellular binding. Their effects on hypoxia and macrophage activation were evaluated in pancreatic cancer cell models and macrophage-pancreatic cancer cell co-culture using hypoxia-sensitive fluorescence and TNF-α secretion, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lectin-ONs exhibited stable physicochemical properties, effective oxygen delivery, and cellular binding to pancreatic cancer cells, while reducing hypoxia-associated fluorescence under oxygen-limited conditions. Treatment with Lectin-ONs also increased TNF-α secretion in macrophage-pancreatic cancer cell co-culture, consistent with macrophage activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lectin-ONs integrate sialic acid-targeted delivery with oxygen-mediated hypoxia alleviation and were associated with increased macrophage TNF-α secretion in vitro. These findings support Lectin-ONs as a potential platform for modulating the hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer, although further mechanistic and in vivo validation is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"630472"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13654269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulating Nanoengineered Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration: A Mechanism-Based Framework of Responsive Delivery, Intrinsic Scavenging, Nanozyme Catalysis, and Osteoimmunomodulation.","authors":"Xiaonan Wang, Shicheng Zhou","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S637444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S637444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone regeneration is frequently impaired by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Persistent oxidative stress disrupts mitochondrial function, sustains inflammation, and suppresses osteogenic differentiation. Nanoengineered hydrogels provide versatile platforms for local microenvironment remodeling. This review summarizes recent advances in ROS-regulating nanoengineered hydrogels for bone regeneration, with emphasis on redox microenvironment remodeling and osteoimmunomodulation. ROS-responsive hydrogels exploit pathological oxidants as endogenous triggers for on-demand release of small molecules, proteins, neuropeptides, ions, and nanocomposites. Intrinsic ROS-scavenging hydrogels directly attenuate oxidative injury through redox-active polymers, polyphenols, nanomaterials, metal-ion chelation, and oxygen-regulating components. Nanozyme-integrated hydrogels provide catalytic functions that regulate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, glucose metabolism, oxygen availability, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. ROS-regulated osteoimmunomodulatory hydrogels reshape immune-bone crosstalk by promoting pro-regenerative macrophage functions, suppressing excessive osteoclastogenesis, controlling infection-associated inflammation, and enhancing angiogenic and osteogenic signaling. Remaining challenges include defining disease-specific therapeutic redox windows, establishing standardized mechanistic and safety assessments, and improving long-term nanoengineered-component biocompatibility. Future development of personalized hydrogel systems may accelerate translation toward precision bone-regenerative therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"637444"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CXCR4-Functionalized Biomimetic Nanoparticles Enable ROS-Triggered Hesperetin Release for Acute Lung Injury Therapy.","authors":"Jie Li, Wenbo Zhao, Liangliang Xue, Hanjing Liu, Yifan Qing, Yihuan Wang, Huamin Zeng, Sanyin Zhang, Shilin Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S630254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S630254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acute lung injury (ALI) features uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), lacking effective targeted therapies. Hesperetin (HST) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but poor solubility and weak lesion targeting limit its application. Herein, based on the characteristics of ALI lesion stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and ROS overexpression, the authors constructed ROS-sensitive oxy-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Oxi-Hp-β-CD) and CXCR4-modified biomimetic nanoparticles (CXCR4-HST@BNPs) to achieve targeted (CXCR4/SDF-1α axis) and ROS-triggered HST delivery for the treatment of ALI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MLE-12 cells with overexpressed CXCR4 were constructed by lentiviral transduction and the cell membranes were extracted for encapsulating nanoparticles loaded with HST. Physicochemical properties, drug release profile, cellular uptake and in vivo distribution were characterized, and therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms were assessed using LPS-induced cellular and murine ALI models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prepared CXCR4-HST@BNPs possessed uniform particle size, high encapsulation efficiency and obvious ROS-dependent drug release. Benefiting from CXCR4/SDF-1α-mediated active targeting, the nanoparticles selectively accumulated in inflamed lung tissue with favorable acute biocompatibility. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that CXCR4-HST@BNPs significantly alleviated pulmonary edema, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine overexpression and alleviated inflammatory injury. Mechanistically, the formulation eliminated excessive intracellular ROS, restored mitochondrial membrane potential and raised cellular ATP levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, CXCR4-HST@BNPs effectively ameliorate ALI via anti-oxidation and mitochondrial protection, representing a prospective ALI-targeted nanotherapeutic candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"630254"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal and Polymeric Drug Delivery of Creatine: Exploring a Multifaceted Molecule for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Beyond.","authors":"Khashayar Vojdanitalab, Melika Naderi, Rana Samadi, Donya Abbasi Govari, Sepide Gholami","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S645228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S645228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Creatine (Cr), best known as a sports supplement, is increasingly recognized for its multifaceted biological functions and broad therapeutic potential. Through its roles in cellular energy homeostasis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress reduction, and neuroinflammation modulation, Cr has shown therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), cancer, and other disorders of energy metabolism. For NDs specifically, the application of Cr may be hindered by poor bioavailability, high dose requirements, and, most importantly, its limited ability to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have introduced new approaches that may help address these limitations by improving pharmacokinetics, facilitating BBB penetration, enabling targeted drug delivery, and supporting controlled drug release. Among these platforms, liposomes and polymer-based systems have been widely studied because of their favorable biocompatibility, safety profiles, and translational potential. These delivery strategies have mainly been evaluated in preclinical studies and in models of diseases other than NDs. This review examines the therapeutic potential of Cr in NDs by integrating current knowledge of its biological functions with developments in liposomal and polymeric drug delivery systems that may facilitate brain delivery and improve therapeutic outcomes. Recent studies of Cr-based formulations, Cr analogues, phosphocreatine, and other nanocarrier systems have provided insights into different approaches for improving Cr delivery and expanding its therapeutic applications. Furthermore, it summarizes recent progress in Cr-based nanomedicine, identifies current translational challenges, and highlights future research directions to advance Cr-based therapies, particularly for NDs, with potential applications in cancer and other energy metabolism-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"645228"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}