International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Nanotechnology for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Progress in Brain-Targeted Delivery, Stimuli-Responsive Platforms, and Organelle-Specific Therapeutics.","authors":"Lei Gao, Jia Wang, Yanhua Bi","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S549893","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S549893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and complex pathological mechanisms such as protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Conventional therapies offer limited efficacy due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of targeted delivery. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative strategy for precise brain-targeted treatment. This review summarizes recent advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanomaterials, and biomimetic carriers, highlighting their design features, BBB-penetration mechanisms, and disease-specific applications. Emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that react to pH, reactive oxygen species, or enzyme activity, enabling site-specific drug release. Additionally, organelle-targeting strategies-particularly those directed at mitochondria and lysosomes-are explored for their role in subcellular precision therapy. The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in theranostic nanoplatforms is also discussed. By consolidating preclinical progress and emerging technologies, this review offers insights into the future of nanomedicine in treating neurodegenerative diseases and lays the groundwork for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"11015-11044"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12433253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145064553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma Small Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Detection.","authors":"Qiaoli Lv, Yangzhong Guo, Xiaoya Xu, Dongyu Liu, Xiaoling Xiong, Qingfeng Wei, Yan Feng, Dadong Zhang, Zhisheng He, Weimin Mao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S534378","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S534378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current non-invasive approaches for lung cancer (LC) detection exhibit inherent limitations in diagnostic accuracy, or inadequate clinical validation. Consequently, there exists an urgent unmet need for rigorously validated, non-invasive biomarkers exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity to enable the early detection of LC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed small RNA sequencing technology to detect microRNA (miRNA) expression in small extracellular vesicle (sEV) isolated from plasma samples of study participants. The collected samples were subjected to retrospective analysis. A diagnostic model was developed (n = 80) and validated (n = 52) to discriminate between non-malignant controls (NCs, comprising healthy individuals and benign lesions cases) and patients with LC (Stages I/II). Model performance was rigorously evaluated using several metrics, with the area under the curve (AUC) serving as the primary metric.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The small RNA sequencing analysis of plasma sEV miRNA identified distinct expression signatures (14 differentially expressed sEV miRNAs) between NCs and LC samples. The diagnostic model with the best performance was constructed using hsa-miR-423-5p, hsa-miR-340-3p, hsa-miR-320b, hsa-miR-98-5p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-193b-5p, hsa-miR-629-5p, and hsa-miR-92b-5p. The diagnostic model achieved an AUC of 0.956, a sensitivity of 94%, and a specificity of 93% in the training cohort and an AUC of 0.985, a sensitivity of 86%, and a specificity of 97% in the validation cohort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrates that plasma sEV miRNA exhibits a highly discriminative biomarker for distinguishing NCs group from early malignant lesions, making it a promising tool for auxiliary detection of early-stage LC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10999-11013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12432998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145064563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of VCAM-1-Targeted Methotrexate Lipid Nanoparticles for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy.","authors":"Ren Na, Jianmei Jing, Hua Yang, Ye Li, Xiaofeng Yuan, Xue Sun, Jiangfan Han, Jiajun Wang, Zhenhua Tong, Guangbin He, Weiliang Ye","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S532163","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S532163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but has poor targeting and significant side effects. This study developed MTX-loaded lipid nanoparticles modified with PVCAM-1 peptide (MTX@LNP-PVCAM-1) to enhance targeting and reduce toxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MTX@LNP-PVCAM-1 was prepared using the thin-film dispersion method. Particle size and morphology were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biocompatibility was tested using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and hemolysis assays. Cellular uptake was examined via fluorescence microscopy, while cytotoxicity and cell migration inhibition were evaluated using CCK-8 and scratch assays. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Distribution in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats was observed using in vivo imaging, and safety and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through blood tests, paw volume, joint scores, and histology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MTX@LNP-PVCAM-1 had an average particle size of 168.5 nm, PDI of 0.142, and zeta potential of -12.1 mV, with spherical morphology. It exhibited pH responsiveness and good biocompatibility. Compared with unmodified MTX@LNP, PVCAM-1 surface modification significantly increased cellular uptake efficiency (<i>p</i><0.05) and more effectively inhibited the growth (<i>p</i><0.05), migration (<i>p</i><0.05), and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (significantly reduced levels of IL-1β and IL-6, <i>p</i><0.05) of synovial fibroblasts. In animal experiments, the accumulation of MTX@LNP-PVCAM-1 in inflamed sites was significantly higher than that of MTX@LNP (<i>p</i><0.05), demonstrating good targeting. Moreover, it enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate in AIA rats, significantly reducing paw swelling (<i>p</i><0.05) and joint clinical scores (<i>p</i><0.05). Importantly, it had no significant effect on the blood routine indicators of rats (<i>p</i>>0.05), indicating no obvious toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MTX@LNP-PVCAM-1 combines passive and active targeting, delivering MTX efficiently to inflamed sites and reducing toxicity. This approach enhances anti-inflammatory effects in AIA rats, offering a potential strategy for low-toxicity RA treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10977-10998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12432096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145064520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Advanced Are Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Cell Carcinoma? For Diagnostic and Therapeutic Frontiers.","authors":"Mingcan Zhou, Lanfeng Wang, Bingqing Yu, Jiahui He, Jingyu Zhang, Zhanyu Liu, Puwen Chen, Chen Ouyang, Zhiping Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S545749","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S545749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a prevalent malignant tumor of the urinary system, presents significant challenges in early diagnosis and treatment. The invasiveness of traditional tissue biopsies and the limitations of imaging techniques necessitate the exploration of novel biomarkers through liquid biopsy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), functioning as natural nanoscale carriers, encapsulate a variety of tumor-derived molecules and exhibit distinctive potential in non-invasive diagnosis, regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and resistance to treatment in RCC. Serum- and urine-derived EVs can effectively differentiate RCC patients from healthy individuals by utilizing specific biomarkers, such as miRNAs, proteins, and snoRNAs. They can predict tumor staging, metastasis, and prognosis. TME is reshaped by EVs through the transmission of immunosuppressive factors and pro-angiogenic molecules, facilitating immune escape and the formation of pre-metastatic niches. Furthermore, the drug resistance mechanisms mediated by EVs provide new insights for targeted therapy, and their application as drug carriers demonstrates therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, the clinical translation of EVs faces several technical challenges, including the standardization of isolation techniques, inadequate validation of biomarkers, and the lack of large-scale clinical studies. Future efforts are focused on integrating multi-omics analysis, AI-assisted diagnosis, and novel isolation techniques to facilitate the transition of EVs from the laboratory to clinical application. Overall, EVs hold significant promise for the precision diagnosis and treatment of RCC; however, their widespread application necessitates systematic validation and technological innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10963-10976"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12423443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145064496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnologies for Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases and Lung Cancer.","authors":"Xiaoping Yang, Hongxin Niu, Wen Jiang, Wanpeng Yu, Wenqing Jiang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S541866","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S541866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is the crystallization of wisdom accumulated by the Chinese nation over thousands of years. With the development and advancement of technology, extensive research has been conducted on the pharmacological activities of active components in CHMs. Natural constituents from medicinal plants exhibit rich scaffold diversity and structural complexity, playing crucial roles in the pharmacological effects of CHMs. However, many CHMs components have been found to suffer from poor water solubility, low stability, and limited bioavailability, which significantly restrict their clinical applications. In recent years, nanomedicine has been leveraging the power of nanotechnology to fully exploit its distinctive advantages. In the field of CHMs, the introduction of nanonization technology has enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of CHMs formulations. Especially the use of nano-modified CHMs solely derived from natural products has overcome several \"bottlenecks\" associated with chemical nanodelivery systems-such as insufficient drug loading, high production costs, potential systemic toxicity, and immunogenicity-emerging as an innovative and promising platform for disease treatment. Here, we review recent advancements in pharmaceutical nanotechnologies for CHMs in the treatment of pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. These nano-modified CHMs include nanoemulsions, self-assembled nanoparticles, nanocrystals, herbal-derived exosomes, and carbon dot-based nanozymes formulated from natural medicinal plants. They demonstrate unique advantages in enhancing the pharmacological effects of natural bioactive compounds and treating pulmonary disorders and lung cancer. This provides novel insights into the development of nano-modified CHMs in the treatment of pulmonary disease and lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10567-10593"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12420921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Physicochemical Constraints to Clinical Prospects of Celastrol: Challenges and Nano Delivery Strategies.","authors":"Peng He, Jing Sun, Jian Tan, Ya-Ning Shi, Chan-Juan Zhang, Neng Zhu, Qiong Yang, Li Qin","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S539586","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S539586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celastrol (CeT) is the first pentacyclic triterpenoid compound isolated from the root bark of <i>Tripterygium wilfordii</i>. It has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotective effects. Despite the considerable therapeutic potential, the clinical application of CeT has been severely hindered by several inherent limitations, including poor aqueous solubility and permeability, low oral bioavailability, short plasma half-life, cytotoxicity, organ toxicity and so on. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has provided innovative strategies to address these challenges. The targeted drug delivery system based on nanomaterials can improve the administration defects of CeT and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. This review systematically summarizes the challenges faced by CeT in the drug delivery process, and discusses the latest progress of nanodelivery strategies in overcoming these challenges from both active and passive targeting aspects, including the application of nanosystems such as polymer micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles and nanogels, and other nanosystems, providing references for the further development and clinical application of CeT.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10907-10931"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12420926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogenic Metal Transformations from <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i>: Complexes, Nanoparticles, and Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Eishah Mohammed Ali Mohsen, Adel A M Saeed, Abdul-Rahman Alawi Bin Yahia","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S538209","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S538209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Green synthesis of metal complexes and metal oxide nanoparticles offers promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Their efficacy hinges on precise control of preparation methods and reaction conditions, which influence particle size and shape. Due to their nanoscale dimensions, these materials can penetrate and destroy target cells, positioning them as potential future therapeutics. Using plant extracts reduces costs and enhances efficiency, though many green methods remain experimental and require strict control for optimal results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Copper, zinc, and manganese complexes were synthesised by reacting these metals with flavonoids extracted from <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i>, identified via LC-MS/MS. Corresponding metal oxide nanoparticles were produced from methanolic extracts. Characterisation utilised UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, ¹H NMR, and FESEM. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against four bacteria and one fungus using agar diffusion; antioxidant activity via DPPH and ABTS assays; and anticancer effects on AML (WTS-1) and Calu-3 lung cancer cells (SRB assay). Flow cytometry analysed apoptosis mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diagnostic analyses confirmed successful synthesis of metal complexes and oxide nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectra showed characteristic peaks; FT-IR identified M-O bonds. XRD and FESEM revealed nanoscale sizes and diverse morphologies. EDX indicated elemental composition differences; higher carbon content was observed in complexes compared to nanoparticles. Copper complexes were most effective antimicrobial agents, outperforming antibiotics like clindamycin and ampicillin. Conversely, copper oxide nanoparticles exhibited superior antioxidant and anticancer activities, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Green synthesis using <i>Plectranthus amboinicu</i>s effectively produced nanoscale metal complexes and oxide nanoparticles suitable for therapeutic applications. Their demonstrated biological activities-antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer-alongside apoptosis induction, underscore their potential as promising drug candidates. Further research is warranted to optimise these green methods for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10933-10962"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12420931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Applications of EpCAM-Targeted Nuclear Medicine Probes: Current Research and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Zhidie Huang, Yiwen Li, Min Li, Xiang Liu, Xiaoyan Duan, Jianbo Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S539010","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S539010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular imaging in nuclear medicine has been employed extensively in recent years for tumor-targeted diagnosis and treatment that is attributed to its non-invasive property, which enables visualized functional localization. This functionality relies on the development of radionuclide molecular probes designed with the objective of identifying specific targets on the surface of tumors. Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) are considered to be a promising target as an antigenic marker for its widely present and integral to the processes associated with tumor occurrence and progression. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in EpCAM-targeted radionuclide probes, focusing specifically on a range of primary ligands, including DARPins (Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins), antibodies, and aptamers, and evaluates the benefits and challenges, potential future directions of these radioactive probes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10815-10830"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12416387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145029752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel-Based Microspheres for Intra-Articular Osteoarthritis Therapy: Multifunctional Carriers for Drug Delivery and Cartilage Repair: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Ze Zhao, Peng Dong, Haochen Wang, Jianbang Su, Minghao Yu, Haoyan Shi, Tianqi Gao, Qian Zhang, Wenzheng Chen, Jingyu Yang, Huijie Zhang, Yingliang Wei","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S538490","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S538490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intra-articular therapy has long been a key focus in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), with both intra-articular drug injection and cell therapy offering significant advantages over systemic administration due to their superior local therapeutic efficacy. However, several challenges remain, including difficulties in maintaining effective drug concentrations within the joint cavity, limited survival and functionality of injected cells, and the inability to accurately target drugs or cells to diseased tissues. To address these issues, hydrogel-based microsphere systems have recently been developed as carriers for drugs, cells, and bioactive factors, enabling more precise and efficient intra-articular therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in hydrogel microspheres for intra-articular injection and classifies them according to their functional properties. From the perspective of drug delivery, we discuss their roles in sustained release, cartilage penetration and targeting, stimulus-responsive release mechanisms, and inherent pharmacological activity. From the perspective of cell therapy, we explore their applications in cell delivery and cartilage tissue engineering, including their ability to enhance cell viability, maintain stemness, and enable the co-delivery of bioactive molecules. In conclusion, hydrogel microspheres represent a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of intra-articular treatments in osteoarthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10795-10813"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Biomedical Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Jingyi Zhang, Xingzhao Tian, Yi Li, Chunyan Fang, Fang Yang, Liang Dong, Yifeng Shen, Shiyun Pu, Junjun Li, Degui Chang, Lanjie Lei, Xujun Yu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S527137","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S527137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stem cell-derived exosomes (SC-Exos) represent an innovative therapeutic breakthrough that circumvents key limitations of direct stem cell transplantation, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential while offering distinct advantages including reduced ethical controversies, decreased immunogenicity responses, and minimized tumorigenicity risks. This review provides a systematic analysis of SC-Exos research, encompassing diverse aspects from fundamental biological mechanisms and isolation and characterization techniques to advanced engineering strategies and therapeutic applications. The review elucidates the biological foundations of exosomes, analyzes different SC-Exos types and their unique characteristics, and explores multiple functional optimization strategies to enhance SC-Exos performance. Comprehensive biomedical engineering applications of SC-Exos across diverse therapeutic domains are presented, covering tissue engineering, advanced drug delivery systems, and treatments for cardiovascular, neurological, oncological, immunological, inflammatory, reproductive, musculoskeletal, and dermatological diseases, as well as other emerging applications. Clinical translation status is evaluated through analysis of current trials, revealing favorable safety profiles and promising preliminary efficacy of SC-Exos across multiple therapeutic domains. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in standardization of isolation and purification techniques, quality control measures, therapeutic heterogeneity, scalable production capabilities, and comprehensive biosafety evaluation protocols. Future research priorities include establishing unified isolation and purification standards, developing comprehensive functional evaluation systems, optimizing administration routes and dosing regimens, and conducting large-scale multicenter clinical trials. This review provides systematic guidance for advancing effective SC-Exos-based therapeutic solutions, ultimately facilitating their clinical translation and expanding applications across biomedical challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"10857-10905"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12417880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}