International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"3D-Printed Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) and Graphene Oxide Nerve Guidance Conduit with Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Effective Axon Regeneration in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Defect Model.","authors":"Meaghan E Harley-Troxell, Alisha P Pedersen, Steven D Newby, Eli Christoph, Stacy Stephenson, Thomas J Masi, Dustin L Crouch, David E Anderson, Madhu Dhar","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S501241","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S501241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) impact the quality of life of millions of people. The current gold standard of treatment, the autograft, fails to restore nerve function and is often associated with untoward effects. The alternative interventions available remain unable to ensure full functional recovery. For this study we developed a 3D printed nerve guidance conduit (NGC) composed of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and 0.25% graphene oxide (GO), that can be seeded with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to develop a more effective treatment for PNI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated material degradation, surface topography, and MSC attachment in vitro. For the in vivo analyses, a 10-mm long sciatic nerve defect model was created, and rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups: autograft, PLGA, PLGA/GO, and PLGA/GO with 1×10⁶ MSCs. For a 6-month period: biomechanics were evaluated using a pressure mat walkway to determine functional repair; systemic toxicity was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy of kidney and lung tissue; immunohistochemistry evaluated local adverse effects, myelin sheath and axonal repair; and gross muscle analyses of the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, and soleus evaluated muscle reinnervation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitro results showed expected degradation rates, and the addition of GO exhibited cytocompatibility and favorable cell attachment. In vivo results showed biocompatibility with no translocation of the graphene nanoparticles. Histology showed evidence of axonal and myelin sheath repair. Biomechanics and gross muscle analyses had contradicting evidence of functional repair with the addition of GO. No differences were seen with the addition of MSCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our novel PLGA/GO NGC, both with and without MSCs, showed results comparable to or greater than the current gold standard, as well as ease of use surgically. With further studies to validate functional recovery, this specific combination of PLGA and GO may provide an effective biomimetic therapy to repair PNIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3201-3217"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11912936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interaction Between Microbiota and Stem Cells on Progression of Osteoarthritis and Engineered Stem Cell for Enhancing Osteoarthritis Treatment.","authors":"Sidan Wang, Haotian Fu, Zheng Xu, Chunhong Huang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S511884","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S511884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage caused by several factors of which novel most trends include microbiota. Specific microbiota and the role in the development of OA is less clear. The microbiota is presumed to influence OA occurrence and progression mainly via immune modulation. In recent years, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potential for the treatment of OA, however, the therapeutic efficiency has been seriously affected by the harsh microenvironment in the joint cavity. At present, many strategies have been used to enhance the function of MSCs, among them, engineering are a promising method. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the latest research on how the microbiota affects the development of OA, stem cell repair, and the use of engineered MSCs in the treatment of OA. In addition, engineered MSCs can enhance the therapeutic potential of exosomes as a novel strategy for treating OA. Our review provides a comprehensive perspective on the role of microbiota in OA and the influence of MSCs therapy and engineered MSCs on the treatment of OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3219-3234"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles: A Review of Their Therapeutic Potentials, Sources, Biodistribution, and Administration Routes.","authors":"Xiaorong Su, Hongxiang Wang, Qiubai Li, Zhichao Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S502591","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S502591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in intercellular communication and play an essential role in physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, EVs have garnered significant attention as cell-free therapeutic alternatives, vectors for drug and gene delivery, biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, vaccine development, and nutraceuticals. The biodistribution of EVs critically influences their efficacy and toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the main factors influencing the biodistribution of unmodified EVs, highlighting their distribution patterns, advantages, limitations, and applications under different routes of administration. In addition, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the currently available sources of EVs and summarize the current status of the therapeutic potentials of EVs. By optimizing administration routes and selecting appropriate EV sources, we aim to offer valuable insights to enhance the delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of EVs to target tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3175-3199"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pd Icosahedral Nanoparticles Promote Skin Wound Healing by Enhancing SP1-HBEGF Axis-Mediated Keratinocytes Proliferation.","authors":"Fanping He, Mengfan Li, Han Zhao, He Zhao, Xin Meng, Yiya Zhang, Yan Tang, Hongwen Huang, Ji Li, Hongfu Xie, Ben Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S499289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S499289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Impaired wound healing leads to compromised cutaneous barrier and dysfunction, which still remains a challenging problem. However, safe and efficient materials and treatments for promoting wound healing are still lacking. Metal nanoparticles especially palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) have attracted tremendous interests in medical application in recent years, due to its unique physicochemical properties and biological inertness. Thereinto, Pd icosahedra nanoparticles (Pd Icos NPs) and Pd octahedra nanoparticles (Pd Oct NPs) have superior catalytic activity compared to other shapes but the application in skin wound healing have not been studied and reported.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pd Oct NPs and Pd Icos NPs were synthesized by seed-mediated growth method and one-step synthesis method and characterized by series physical chemical assays. The acute full-thickness skin excision wound mouse model was used to access the wound healing potential and screen out the effective materials-Pd Icos NPs. Next evaluate the biotoxicity and safety of Pd Icos NPs and both in HaCaT cells and in vivo. Further examine related molecules expression by RT-qPCR and WB in HaCaT cells and wound tissues with Pd Icos treatment. Then knockout the related molecules both in HaCaT cells and in vivo to validate the molecular mechanism of these molecules in the phenotype of wound healing promoted by Pd Icos NPs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pd Icos NPs with surface and tensile strain rather than Pd Oct NPs can promote skin wound healing. Pd Icos NPs upregulates the expression of HBEGF by promoting the production of transcription factor SP1, and contributes to keratinocytes proliferation and accelerating acute full-thickness skin wound healing.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Pd Icos NPs represent an effective and safe material for skin wound healing, suggesting a potential novel therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3067-3081"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11910915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of Ovarian Cancer Growth, Metastasis and Reverse the Tumor Microenvironment by Dual Drug-Loaded Polymer Micelle Targeting Tumor Microenvironment.","authors":"Lu Zhang, Ruibo Guo, Muhan Chen, Mo Liu, Yang Liu, Yang Yu, Juan Zang, Liang Kong, Xuetao Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S507038","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S507038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor that arises in the female reproductive system and is associated with a very high mortality rate. This is primarily due to the highly invasive nature of metastasis and recurrence. Transforming the immune environment from an immunosuppressive state to an anti-tumor state through the phenotypic transformation of tumor-associated macrophages is crucial for inhibiting the growth, metastasis, and recurrence of ovarian cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A polymer micelle (RC-PH-Ms) containing paclitaxel (PTX) and honokiol (HNK) was designed based on high expression of reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment. Once the micelles are actively targeted to the tumor microenvironment characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, the responsive bond is cleaved, thereby exposing the secondary targeting ligand C7R. The released PTX and HNK facilitate the transformation of relevant macrophages in the tumor microenvironment from an M2 phenotype to an M1 phenotype, which in turn inhibits tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, inhibit angiogenesis and reduce tumor recurrence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The effects of RC-PH-Ms on modulating the immune microenvironment and inhibiting tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, vascularization and recurrence were investigated both in vivo and in vitro.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RC-PH-Ms can significantly inhibit the metastasis and recurrence of ovarian cancer, which provides a new perspective for clinical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"2969-2990"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PAD4 Inhibitor-Loaded Magnetic Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Magnetic Targeted Chemotherapy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lung Cancer.","authors":"Yu Lu, Xin Wang, Yijiang Jia, Shuai Zhang, Jin-Kui Yang, Qi Li, Yuanming Li, Yuji Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S502814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S502814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lung cancer is a major health concern worldwide owing to its high incidence and mortality rates. Therefore, identification of new therapeutic targets and strategies for lung cancer is critical for improving patient outcomes. Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) promotes tumor growth and metastasis by catalyzing the citrullination of histones, making it a potential therapeutic target. Although PAD4 inhibitors have shown potential in the treatment of a variety of tumors, existing PAD4 inhibitors lack sufficient specificity and cause substantial systemic adverse reactions. To overcome these challenges, we developed novel YW403@Fe₃O₄-oxidized carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMC) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that enabled magnetically targeted drug delivery by binding the PAD4 inhibitor YW403 to a ferric oxide magnetic carrier.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In vitro experiments were conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, Transwell assays, and flow cytometry to evaluate the activity of the MNPs. In vivo experiments involved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses to confirm the tumor targeting and iron metabolism of MNPs. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was employed to further validate the expression of citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The implementation of this approach enhanced the targeting efficiency of PAD4 inhibitors, consequently reducing the required dosage of chemotherapy and potentially facilitating MRI monitoring. In vitro experiments demonstrated that MNPs exhibited superior activity compared to free drugs when subjected to an applied magnetic field, due to increased uptake of MNPs by tumor cells. In vivo experiments revealed that the application of magnetic fields significantly improved the tumor targeting of MNPs without impacting iron metabolism. By suppressing the expression of citrullinated histone (H3cit), MNPs effectively inhibited tumor growth and metastasis.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings provide new research ideas for the development of novel anti-tumor nanomaterials and are expected to yield breakthroughs in the treatment of lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3031-3044"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11910961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesized Carbon Dots from Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Review.","authors":"Yusheng Zhao, Yucong Li, Dawei Li, Huageng Yuan, Chuanan Shen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S497892","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S497892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chinese herbal medicines and their extracts will produce nano-components of charcoal drugs after high-temperature carbonization, and the process is similar to that of carbon dots (CDs). Chinese herbal medicine-derived CDs (CHM-CDs) are a new carbon-based nanomaterial with a particle size of less than 10 nm discovered in charcoal drugs in recent years. CHM-CDs possess a range of beneficial traits, such as minimal toxicity, strong water solubility, superior biocompatibility, and remarkable photoluminescence capabilities. Additionally, they exhibit multifaceted pharmacological activity in the absence of drug loading. Over the past half-decade, numerous publications have presented evidence suggesting that CHM-CDs exhibit a wide array of pharmacological effects. These primarily encompass hemostatic capabilities, neuroprotection, anti-infective, antitumor, immunomodulatory effects and hypoglycemic activity. Notably, they have been associated with circulatory system, digestive system, nervous system, immune system, endocrine system, urinary system and skeletal system. This article systematically reviews the modern pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of CHM-CDs, offering insights into current challenges and proposing directions for future advancements. As such, it serves as a vital reference for the clinical application of CHM-CDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3045-3065"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11912022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and Application Prospect of Nanomedicine in Kidney Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2003 to 2024.","authors":"Yilin Meng, Lu Sui, Tianhua Xu, Hainan Zhao, Quan Yuan, Li Sun","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S510016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S510016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney disease is a major public health concern that has a significant effect on a patient's life span and quality of life. However, effective treatment for most kidney diseases is lacking. Nanotechnology mainly explores the design, characterization, production, and applications of objects in the nanoscale range and has been widely used in the medical field. To date, there has been an increasing amount of research on the application of nanotechnology in kidney disease. However, systematic bibliometric studies remain rare. In this review, data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database until December 31, 2024, were subjected to a bibliometric analysis. A total of 1179 articles and reviews were included. The publication trends, countries, institutions, authors, co-authorship, co-citations, journals, keywords, and references pertaining to this topic were examined. The results showed that nanotechnology research in kidney disease is increasing. The leading country, organization, and author were China, Sichuan University, and Professor Peng Huang, respectively. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES was the top journal among the 464 journals in which articles on nanotechnology in kidney disease were published. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL was the most cited journal in the field. The most significant increases were shown for \"acute kidney disease\", \"drug delivery\", \"oxidative stress\", \"diabetic nephropathy\", and \"chronic kidney disease\", indicating the current research hotspots. Furthermore, the development prospects and challenges of nanotechnology in kidney disease were discussed in this review. How to achieve precise drug delivery to render kidney-targeting therapy a reality may be problematic in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3007-3030"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11910916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonshrinkable Thermosensitive Hydrogels Combined with Bispecific Anti-PSMA/CD3 T-Cell Engager for Effective Against Tumors in Mice Model.","authors":"Pu-Sheng Wei, Po-Yu Chou, Hao-Yi Hsu, Michael Chen, Yi-Jou Chen, Tung-Han Tsai, Bang-Yu Wen, Ming-Thau Sheu, Kuo-Hsiang Chuang, Hong-Liang Lin","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496746","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S496746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>CD3-based Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are effective for solid tumors due to their tumor specificity and tissue penetration, but they face challenges like short half-lives and narrow therapeutic windows. Innovative delivery systems, like thermosensitive hydrogels, show the potential to enhance stability, sustained release, and therapeutic efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed PEGylated PLGA (PEG-PLGA) thermosensitive hydrogels with a nonshrinkable property (nsTPPgels) for effective controlled release and loaded them with bispecific anti-prostate surface membrane antigen (PSMA) <i>F_ab</i> /anti-CD3 <i>_scF_v</i> T-cell engager (BiPTE) to form in situ drug deposits with a sustained-release profile after subcutaneous injection. Each group of hydrogels was first tested for differences in properties through rheological and in vitro drug release profiles. Meanwhile, in vivo pharmacokinetics, anti-tumor efficacy studies, and T-cell tracking studies were conducted to analyze the advantages of nsTPPgels included D₂gel and DTgels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cytotoxicity of BiPTE against PSMA-overexpressing tumor cells and the drug release functionality of nsTPPgels were validated in vitro. Rheological studies showed that both D₂gel and DTgels remained in solution below 27 °C for easy injection and solidified at physiological temperatures to form localized depots for sustained BiPTE release. All nsTPPgels demonstrated a 5-day in vitro sustained release, prolonged elimination half-life, steady plasma BiPTE levels, and extended mean residence time. In an LNCaP-xenograft mouse model, tumor growth inhibition rates for BiPTE/DTgel-2, BiPTE/DTgel-2S, and BiPTE/D2gel were 74.3%, 96.1%, and 113.1%, respectively, compared to 35.6% for intravenous and 46% for subcutaneous BiPTE administration. Furthermore, all nsTPPgels effectively achieved T-cell recruitment to lymph nodes and tumor sites in tracking studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, we developed relatively convenient injectable thermosensitive D₂gel with a desirable gelation temperature window, which have the potential to be used for antibody drug delivery in several biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"3083-3111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with <i>Operculina turpethum</i> and It's In vitro and in vivo Biological Activities.","authors":"Saud Bawazeer","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S507134","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S507134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical applications. Green synthesis methods provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to AgNPs production, utilizing plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using the methanolic extract of <i>Operculina turpethum</i>.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>AgNPs were synthesized using <i>O. turpethum</i> extract, and their formation was confirmed through various analytical techniques. The antibacterial activity of both the crude extract and AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus. Enzyme inhibition studies were conducted for urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase II, and xanthine oxidase. Analgesic and sedative activities were evaluated through standard models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AgNPs exhibited an inhibition zone of 14 mm against <i>S. aureus</i>, greater than the crude extract (12 mm) but lower than Linezolid (25 mm). Enzyme inhibition studies revealed strong activity, particularly against urease (96.09% inhibition, IC_5o = 25.65 ± 0.97 µg/mL). AgNPs demonstrated superior analgesic effects (81.98% at 10 mg/kg), comparable to diclofenac sodium (86.02%). Sedative effects were dose-dependent, reaching 35.09% at 10 mg/kg.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The enhanced antibacterial activity of AgNPs suggests improved bioavailability and interaction with bacterial membranes. The strong enzyme inhibitory potential indicates their possible therapeutic role in enzyme-related disorders. The analgesic and sedative activity of AgNPs suggests their possible role in pain management agents and neuropharmacology. The results demonstrate the efficacy of green-synthesized AgNPs for biomedical applications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Green synthesized AgNPs and their antibacterial, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, and sedative properties suggest promising therapeutic applications. Further research should explore their mechanisms and in vivo safety for clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"2991-3005"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911826/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143648271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}