International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Sequential-Delivery Gel Microspheres Integrating HAase-Mediated ECM Remodeling and GA-Active Targeting for Deep Tumor Penetration in TACE-Treated HCC.","authors":"Xuwang Pan, Yunjiang Li, Yidan Shao, Jinsong Huang, Jianhua Yu, Zuhua Chen, Jianfeng Bao, Fanzhu Li, Rangxiao Zhuang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S634549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S634549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by inadequate intratumoral drug penetration. We developed a sequential-delivery composite gel microsphere system integrating hyaluronidase (HAase)-mediated microenvironment remodeling, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-mediated active targeting, and pH-responsive drug release as a potential strategy to address this barrier.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bufalin (BUF)-loaded GA-PEG-HYD-PLGA nanoparticles and HAase were co-encapsulated within carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate gel microspheres containing BaSO₄ for radiopacity (HAase/BUF NPs-GM). The system was characterized for particle size, drug loading, pH-responsive release, and hemocompatibility. Antitumor efficacy, deep tumor penetration, and mechanisms were evaluated in Huh-7 cells and a rabbit VX2 orthotopic liver tumor model via TACE-guided arterial delivery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HAase/BUF NPs-GM exhibited a favorable size (270 ± 61.89 μm), pH-dependent BUF release, and good biocompatibility, with an IC₅ ₀ of 55.07 nM against Huh-7 cells. The system reduced hyaluronic acid content across all tumor regions, consistent with enhanced penetration of the therapeutic payload into the tumor core. Compared with controls, HAase/BUF NPs-GM combined with TACE suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis, induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, and was associated with increased intratumoral CD3⁺ T cell infiltration and reduced expression of EMT-related markers. Mechanistically, the system induced ROS overproduction, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, and G2/M cell cycle arrest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This strategy, which combines microenvironment remodeling, active targeting, and responsive release, provides a promising preclinical proof-of-concept for addressing the penetration limitations of conventional TACE. Further translational investigation, including validation in orthotopic or patient-derived xenograft models and long-term toxicity assessment, is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"634549"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Dressings for Pre-Ulcer Risk Surveillance and Closed-Loop Chronic Wound Management: Advances, Discrepancies, and Translational Horizons.","authors":"Yesen Shou, Kwet Kyawl Yan, Zhikai Xu, Xuan Zhao, Xiangjun Bai, Fangli Gao, Yukun Liu, Yuchang Wang, Zhanfei Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S640692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S640692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic ulcers, including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and venous leg ulcers, remain a major clinical challenge due to their progressive tissue deterioration and high recurrence rates. Current preventive strategies largely rely on intermittent assessment and often fail to detect early pathological changes before visible tissue damage occurs. Recent advances in flexible electronics and wearable biointerfaces have enabled smart dressings capable of continuous physiological surveillance. However, existing studies and reviews mainly focus on individual sensing technologies, while lacking an integrated framework for predictive ulcer prevention. Here, we systematically review the emerging transition from reactive wound monitoring toward predictive, closed-loop bioelectronic prevention systems. We summarize recent progress in smart dressings from four interconnected aspects: pre-ulcer biological transition, multimodal physiological sensing, AI-assisted data integration and risk prediction, and closed-loop preventive intervention. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of temporal physiological trajectories and multimodal signal fusion in identifying occult tissue deterioration prior to overt ulcer formation. We further discuss key translational challenges, particularly highlighting that the current evidence base predominantly relies on benchtop and preclinical animal models, while prospective clinical validation demonstrating measurable reductions in ulcer incidence remains largely absent. Finally, emerging opportunities in self-powered systems, edge AI, and autonomous therapeutic platforms are highlighted for next-generation ulcer prevention. This review is based on a structured search of PubMed, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore (2015-2026) focusing on flexible bioelectronics, multimodal physiological sensing, AI-assisted prediction, and closed-loop preventive intervention. Throughout, we distinguish three prevention scenarios: primary prevention on intact high-risk skin, prevention of recurrence on healed skin, and prevention of deterioration in existing wounds. We emphasize that most supporting studies remain device-level, animal-based, or short-term feasibility investigations, and that prospective clinical validation of reduced ulcer incidence is still lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"640692"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149108966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-Based Materials: A Multifunctional Platform for Comprehensive Perioperative Management of Cancer.","authors":"Xiuyun Bai, Rongjun Deng, Jue Yang, Wanting Ye, Qiqiong Liu, Ying Xing, Yuxing Yao, Xiaojuan He, Aiping Lyu, Yuanyan Liu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S622401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S622401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perioperative cancer care constitutes a continuous management process that spans from precise preoperative diagnosis and surgical resection to long-term recurrence monitoring after surgery, each stage of which presents distinct challenges and critically influences patient prognosis and quality of life. Current independent technologies, often coupled with single-functional materials, are unable to cope with this complex, multi-stage, continuous trajectory, resulting in fragmented improvements that are frequently offset by disease deterioration or recurrence. Graphene-based materials (GBMs), owing to their unique physicochemical properties, intrinsic bioactivities, programmable architectures, and dynamic responsiveness, hold promise for constructing a novel multifunctional integrated platform capable of synergistically tackling the multifaceted challenges across the perioperative continuum. Unlike previous literature that focused on isolated applications, this study is the first to conceptualize GBMs as a unified platform for perioperative cancer closed-loop management, covering preoperative diagnosis and intraoperative navigation, postoperative rehabilitation (including hemostasis, antibacterial defense, and wound healing), tissue regeneration, long-term recurrence monitoring, and intervention. Our objective is to illustrate how GBM-based platforms integrate disparate stages of care, thereby transforming perioperative cancer management from a passive, fragmented approach into a proactive and closed-loop system that enables dynamic monitoring, intelligent responsiveness, and precise intervention throughout the entire treatment cycle. Despite these advantages, clinical translation still necessitates advances in biosafety profiling, renal clearance evaluation, and regulatory pathway navigation, which can be achieved through rational material design, standardized safety assessment, and early engagement with regulatory agencies. Such efforts will facilitate the transition of GBMs from the laboratory to the clinic and ultimately improve patient outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"622401"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Lutein Delivery for Diabetic Retinopathy: From Blood-Retinal Barrier Crossing to Neurovascular Unit Protection.","authors":"Yanan Wang, Wenfang Xu, Yonggen Xu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S633993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S633993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is increasingly understood as an integrated neurovascular unit (NVU) pathology driven by chronic hyperglycemia, rather than solely a microvascular complication. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy remains limited by repeated intravitreal injections, treatment resistance, and failure to reverse early neurodegeneration. Lutein, a natural carotenoid, may counter these refractory dimensions by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and suppressing neuroinflammation across NVU components. However, its poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and restricted blood-retinal barrier (BRB) permeation limit retinal bioavailability and clinical translation. Nanoscale targeted delivery can improve lutein solubility and stability and enable trans-BRB transport via the enhanced permeability and retention effect or receptor-mediated transcytosis, thereby enhancing precise NVU protection. This review integrates lutein's mechanisms against DR-related NVU injury, design strategies for nanoscale delivery systems and trans-BRB transport, and preclinical efficacy with translational bottlenecks, to support advancement of lutein from dietary supplement to precision adjuvant therapy for DR. Unlike reviews treating lutein as an isolated nutraceutical or materials target, it connects nanomaterial engineering with clinical translation and regulatory science. Preclinical studies show that nanoformulated lutein improves oral bioavailability, retinal accumulation, and oxidative/inflammatory injury in diabetic models. Translation remains hindered by limited long-term safety data, scalable manufacturing, and unclear regulatory classification. Future priorities include stage-adaptive nanoplatforms, standardized preclinical evaluation, and rigorously designed multicenter clinical trials to establish efficacy, safety, and regulatory readiness.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"633993"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bevacizumab-Functionalized Exosome-Associated Chitosan Nanocomposite for Temozolomide Delivery and Apoptosis-Related Transcriptional Modulation in Experimental Glioma.","authors":"Parvin Pourmasoumi, Farshid Zamani, Mohammad Bayat, Abdollah Amini","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S643605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S643605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glioblastoma (GBM) has a poor prognosis, and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy is limited by a short half-life and insufficient intratumoral availability. We developed a bevacizumab (BVZ)-functionalized, exosome-associated chitosan nanocomposite loaded with TMZ (BVZ-Exo@CS-TMZ) as a multifunctional biohybrid platform for experimental glioma therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CS-TMZ nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation, non-covalently associated with adipose-derived stromal cell exosomes (Exo), and functionalized with BVZ via EDC/NHS conjugation to accessible surface carboxyl groups. The Exo preparation was characterized by Western blotting, while the final formulation was characterized by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, and VEGF-binding ELISA. Apparent TMZ retention, loading, and release were quantified by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Biological activity was evaluated in C6 glioma cells and in a proof-of-concept intracerebral C6 glioma-bearing rat model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BVZ-Exo@CS-TMZ showed quasi-spherical morphology, a hydrodynamic diameter of 195.6 ± 6.7 nm, a PDI of 0.21 ± 0.03, and a zeta potential of -50.12 mV. Western blotting detected the EV-associated markers CD9, CD63, and CD81 in the Exo preparation, whereas calnexin was not detected. ELISA showed 74.9 ± 2.9% retained VEGF-binding activity after conjugation and washing. Apparent TMZ entrapment efficiency was 68.50 ± 2.15%, with a final trehalose-free loading of 15.96 ± 0.18 wt%. Apparent release over 96 h was acid-accelerated (Korsmeyer-Peppas n = 0.448-0.497). In C6 cells, the formulation reduced metabolic viability to 37.9% and lowered the TMZ-equivalent apparent IC₅ ₀ from 99.4 to 55.6 µM. In vivo, it produced the smallest tumour area and fewest H&E-defined vascular-like regions, with increased Tp53, Bax, and Casp3 transcripts and reduced pri-/pre-miR-21 precursor RNA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support BVZ-Exo@CS-TMZ as a proof-of-concept EV-associated chitosan nanomedicine strategy for experimental glioma. Further pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, safety, and mechanistic validation in more clinically relevant glioblastoma models is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"643605"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13632627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane-Coated Iron Oxide (Fe₃O₄) Nanoparticles Encapsulating Dacarbazine Suppress B16F10 Melanoma Cell Activity in vitro and in a Subcutaneous Mouse Model.","authors":"Hao Ding, Dan Li Li, Zi Yi Zhou, Xiang Dong Lai, Nan Yang, Liu Chang Tan, Yuan Gang Lu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S635477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S635477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer. Dacarbazine (DTIC) chemotherapy, while historically used, is limited by poor solubility, short half-life, and systemic toxicity. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles have been explored as drug delivery vectors with potential for photothermal conversion and Fenton-like catalytic activity. Cell membrane-camouflaged platforms may offer improved tumor targeting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A biomimetic nanoplatform (Fe₃O₄PD@CCM) was engineered by encapsulating an Fe₃O₄ core within a DTIC-loaded PLGA-PEG2000 matrix, followed by functionalization with B16F10 cancer cell membranes. Physicochemical properties were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Antitumor effects were assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells and in a subcutaneous syngeneic mouse model (n=4 per group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fe₃O₄PD@CCM Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of ~25-30 nm, sustained DTIC release, and retention of membrane proteins. In vitro, the Fe₃O₄PD@CCM + NIR (Near-infrared irradiation) group showed reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest, and elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to controls. In vivo, Cy5-labeled Fe₃O₄PD@CCM NPs showed preferential fluorescence accumulation in tumors relative to non-coated NPs, with whole-body fluorescence diminishing within 24 h. In a 12-day efficacy study, Fe₃O₄PD@CCM + NIR treatment was associated with reduced tumor growth compared to control groups. Acute biosafety assessment at 24 h post-injection of a single high dose (200 mg/kg) revealed no overt abnormalities in the evaluated hematological, biochemical, or histopathological parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fe₃O₄PD@CCM NPs combined with NIR suppressed B16F10 cell activity in vitro and subcutaneous tumor growth in a preliminary mouse model. These findings represent a proof-of-concept demonstration. Further studies-including detailed mechanistic validation, long-term toxicity assessment, and evaluation in more clinically relevant models-are required to assess the translational potential of this platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"635477"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13625845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Parameters, Pharmacological Potential and Pathophysiological Effects.","authors":"Hiba Muhammed, Abderrahim Nemmar","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S592672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S592672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedical research owing to their unique physicochemical properties, high surface reactivity, and versatile biological activities. Their nanoscale dimensions have enabled diverse applications in antimicrobial therapy, anticancer treatment, biosensing, and drug delivery. However, increasing biomedical and environmental exposure to CuONPs has raised significant concerns regarding their biodistribution, biocompatibility, and potential toxicological effects. Unlike previous reviews that have generally addressed these aspects separately or with limited integration, this review integrates the physicochemical characteristics, exposure routes, biodistribution, pharmacological activities, and toxicological effects of CuONPs to provide a comprehensive understanding of their biomedical potential and safety. Emphasis is placed on the influence of inhalational, oral, dermal, and parenteral exposure routes and biological interactions of CuONPs, including their cellular internalization, protein corona formation, systemic translocation, and organ-specific accumulation. Furthermore, the review comprehensively examines the therapeutic applications of CuONPs, highlighting their antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties, while also discussing their associated toxicity such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, genotoxicity, and regulated cell death pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that CuONPs can induce significant pulmonary, hepatic, renal, neurological, reproductive, and haematological toxicities depending on their physicochemical properties and exposure conditions. Overall, this review highlights the dual role of CuONPs as both promising nanotherapeutic agents and potential toxicological hazards, emphasizing the need for standardized biological evaluation, safer nanoparticle design strategies, and improved understanding of biodistribution and long-term biological effects to support their future clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"592672"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13625995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Exosome Research in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Jiayu Luo, Lanfeng Wang, Mingcan Zhou, Wengbin Huang, Man Zhang, Jiahui He, Bingqing Yu, Zhiping Chen","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S639096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S639096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant neoplasm of the urinary system, characterized by the difficulty of early diagnosis and the frequent emergence of therapeutic resistance in advanced stages, both of which profoundly compromise patient prognosis. Exosomes, as nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, are capable of transporting bioactive molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, thereby mediating communication within the tumor microenvironment and offering novel avenues for the noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of RCC. This article reviews recent advances in exosome research in RCC. It first outlines the biogenesis, structure, and biological functions of exosomes; it then systematically examines their pivotal roles in RCC invasion and metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, it explores the potential of exosomes as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of RCC, as well as their promising applications in therapy as drug delivery vehicles and tumor vaccines. Finally, the review summarizes the current challenges confronting exosome research, including the lack of standardized isolation techniques and insufficient clinical validation, and considers future directions for promoting their clinical translation through the integration of multi-omics approaches and artificial intelligence. This review provides a theoretical foundation and valuable reference for the precise diagnosis and treatment of RCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"639096"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary in-vitro Evaluation of Serum Capped Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles on Liver Cancer towards Development of Safe Personalized Nanomedicine.","authors":"Rehana Parveen, Prasanta Kumar Maiti, Mohammed M Arab, Sajad Ahmad Dar, Nabendu Murmu, Arshad Jawed","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S583827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S583827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serum-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), synthesized using naturally occurring serum proteins and reducing agents, represent a green nanotechnology platform with potential for safer and more selective therapy. This study compared the safety and anticancer efficacy of serum-capped AgNPs with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-capped AgNPs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum-capped AgNPs (~18 nm, zeta potential -8.9 mV) were synthesized from human serum and administered intravenously in mice (0.1 mL/dose). PVA-capped AgNPs of equivalent silver concentration served as controls. Effects were assessed in a mouse hepatoma model, WRL-68, and Hep-G2, two different liver-derived cell lines using histopathology, biochemical analysis, MTT assay, estimation of proliferative potential by cell cluster formation assay, scratch assay, and hexosamine assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum-capped AgNPs showed a wider safety margin and lower toxicity in mice and normal WRL-68 cells compared with PVA-capped AgNPs, while exhibiting stronger cytotoxicity against hepatoma and Hep-G2 cancer cells. Treated mice showed improved survival, and favorable histopathological and biochemical profiles indicated reduced systemic toxicity. In the hepatoma model, serum-capped AgNPs, cisplatin, and their combination demonstrated significant anticancer effects, with combination therapy showing the strongest response.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Serum-capped AgNPs provide a safer and more selective nanotherapeutic approach by enhancing compatibility with normal host cells while retaining potent anticancer activity. Serum-derived capping improves biological precision and reduces systemic toxicity compared with conventional AgNP formulations. These findings support further investigation of serum-capped AgNPs as potential broad-spectrum anticancer (and antimicrobial) agents and for future personalized nanomedicine applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"583827"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13625844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microenvironment-Responsive Nanomaterials for Colorectal Anastomotic Healing: A Signal-Threshold-Response Framework for Stage-Adaptive Repair.","authors":"Hanchi Dong, Hongliang Cao, Yan Meng","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S643173","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S643173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal anastomotic leakage remains a major source of morbidity and mortality after intestinal reconstruction. Many current sealants, hydrogels, nanocomposites, and local nanomedicine platforms are optimized for static mechanical support, tissue adhesion, or sustained release, whereas the anastomotic wound evolves through temporally coupled changes in perfusion, redox state, protease activity, pH, and microbial activity. This review evaluates stimuli-responsive nanomaterials through an anastomosis-specific signal-threshold-response framework. Evidence is separated into direct preclinical studies performed in colorectal or colonic anastomosis models and transferable mechanistic or proof-of-concept evidence derived from gastrointestinal and other non-anastomotic tissue-repair models. We first synthesize available evidence on the spatial distribution, postoperative dynamics, and pathophysiological roles of anastomosis-relevant cues. We then evaluate pH-, reactive oxygen species-, enzyme-, hypoxia-, microbial-, and multi-input-responsive systems according to their sensing mechanisms, reported activation conditions, material transformations, therapeutic outputs, and levels of evidence. We further propose design principles for matching response kinetics and mechanical evolution to the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Future development should prioritize quantitative mapping of local cues, logic-gated or sequential activation, wet-tissue mechanics, microbiota-preserving antimicrobial action, and validation in clinically relevant large-animal models. This framework positions responsive nanomaterials as stage-adaptive adjuncts rather than generic drug-delivery systems for colorectal anastomotic repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"643173"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}