International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Proteomic Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Neural Precursor Cells: A Promising Advanced Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases.","authors":"Priscila Elias Ferreira Stricker, Nathalia Barth de Oliveira, Bassam Felipe Mogharbel, Ana Carolina Irioda, Nádia Nascimento da Rosa, Larissa Lührs, Claudia Sayuri Saçaki, Isadora Munhoz da Rocha, Lysangela Ronalte Alves, Saloe Bispo Poubel, Julia Cardoso da Silva, Paulo Costa Carvalho, Juliana Saldanha da Gama Fischer, Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S502031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S502031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The therapeutic effect of stem cells is attributed to their direct maturation into somatic cells and their paracrine effects, which influence the extracellular environment. One such component released is extracellular vesicles containing proteins and genetic materials with immunomodulatory functions and facilitating cell-to-cell communication.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study's main objective was to characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Human Neural Precursor Cells (hNPCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) were isolated by explant technique and characterized by flow cytometry and trilineage differentiation. The hNPCs obtained from neurospheres were produced by seeding WJ-MSCs on a natural functional biopolymer matrix. EVs derived from WJ-MSCs and hNPCs were isolated by precipitation methodology and characterized by flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy (TEM), and proteomic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>hNPCs expressed proteins and genes characteristic of neural precursor cells. The EVs were characterized by flow cytometry and showed varied expression for the markers CD63, CD9, and CD81, indicating different subpopulations based on their origin of formation. NTA and TEM of the EVs exhibited characteristic size, shape, and structural integrity consistent with the criteria established by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). EV-hNPCs function enrichment analysis of the proteomic results showed that these vesicles presented abundant proteins directly involved in neuronal biological processes such as plasticity, transduction, postsynaptic density, and overall brain development.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results indicate that EVs derived from hNPCs maintain key neural precursor characteristics and exhibit marker variability, suggesting distinct subpopulations. Their structural integrity aligns with ISEV standards, supporting their potential as reliable biological entities. The proteomic analysis highlights their role in neuronal functions, reinforcing their applicability in neurodegenerative research and therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The EVs were successfully isolated from hNPCs with abundant proteins involved in neuronal processes, making them attractive for acellular therapies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6675-6699"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12121667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144181785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercetin and Nano-Derivatives: Potential and Challenges in Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Xin-Ru Li, Lin Qi, Xi-Wen Zhang, Chao Wei, Bin Yu, Tian-Li Pei","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S509877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S509877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quercetin, a prevalent flavonol compound, has gained attention for its multifaceted mechanisms of action against various cancers, highlighting its potential as an adjunctive therapy in cancer treatments. This review aims to systematically evaluate the structural optimization, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of quercetin and its nano-derivatives in cancer treatment. Employing a bibliometric analysis of 6231 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection, we observed a notable increase in annual publications, particularly from the USA and China, indicating a growing interest in quercetin's therapeutic potential. Our findings reveal that quercetin enhances the efficacy of conventional therapies by modulating critical signaling pathways, thereby increasing cancer cell sensitivity while simultaneously protecting normal tissues from therapy-induced damage. Structural modifications, including glycosylation, methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation, alongside nanoparticle formulation, significantly improve the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of quercetin, enabling targeted drug delivery. Despite the promising preclinical outcomes, the clinical translation of quercetin remains nascent, necessitating further rigorous research to validate its safety and efficacy in human subjects. In conclusion, while quercetin exhibits substantial anticancer properties and therapeutic potential, future studies should focus on expanding sample sizes, elucidating metabolic pathways, and conducting comprehensive clinical trials to inform its application in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6701-6720"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12120254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalized Boron Carbide Nanoparticles as Active Boron Delivery Agents Dedicated to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.","authors":"Anna Rudawska, Bożena Szermer-Olearnik, Agnieszka Szczygieł, Jagoda Mierzejewska, Katarzyna Węgierek-Ciura, Paulina Żeliszewska, Dawid Kozień, Monika Chaszczewska-Markowska, Zbigniew Adamczyk, Piotr Rusiniak, Katarzyna Wątor, Andrzej Rapak, Zbigniew Pędzich, Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S516534","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S516534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising targeted radiotherapy that enables the treatment of cancers at the cellular level. The crucial aspect of BNCT are boron carriers, which should selectively reach cancer cells by delivering high concentrations of boron. Therefore, we propose the use of boron carbide (B₄C) nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies directed against receptors overexpressed in cancer cells, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hydrodynamic diameter measurements confirmed the stability of functionalized B₄C nanoparticles in culture media during biological tests lasting up to 72 hours. The toxicity of the nanoparticles was assessed using the MTT assay and BrdU cell cycle assay on three types of cancer cells (PC-3, T98G, and SCC-25) with different levels of LDLR and EGFR surface expression. The uptake of functionalized B₄C nanoparticles by cancer cells was assessed based on flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and holotomography. Boron concentrations in cancer cells were quantified via ICP-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Functionalized B₄C nanoparticles showed even 2-fold higher interaction with SCC-25 cells characterized by the highest surface expression of both receptors than with PC-3 and T98G cells. Holotomographic imaging confirmed the greater intracellular uptake of functionalized B₄C nanoparticles compared to unmodified B₄C, providing further evidence for the selective targeting of boron to cancer cells. ICP-MS analyses showed that B₄C anti-LDLR nanoparticles were the most effective in delivering a high boron concentration to cancer cells. Particularly in SCC-25 cells, the concentration was 9.58 ± 2.6 mg/L boron per million cells. The highest uptake by these cells was associated with a decrease in viability to 63% and a slight reduction in the percentage of cells in S phase after 24-hour exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Stable complexes of antibody-functionalized B₄C nanoparticles were successfully obtained, demonstrating increased tropism towards cancer cells overexpressing LDLR and EGFR.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6637-6657"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12118811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Targeted Delivery System: In Treatment Approach for Dyslipidemia.","authors":"Yedi Herdiana, Jutti Levita, Supat Jiranusornkul","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S517492","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S517492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperlipidemia, characterized by abnormally high lipid levels in the bloodstream, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Conventional treatments have limitations in efficacy and may lead to side effects. Nanotechnology offers unique advantages in drug delivery, including improved drug stability, prolonged circulation time, and enhanced tissue targeting. Using nanoparticles as carriers, therapeutic agents can be precisely delivered to the target site, such as the liver or arterial walls, where lipid metabolism occurs. Chitosan nanoparticles represent an advanced approach engineered with precision to target atherosclerotic plaques. They have dual functionalities, serving therapeutic and diagnostic purposes in managing atherosclerosis. Targeting strategies involve coating nanoparticles with ligands or antibodies that recognize specific receptors overexpressed in hyperlipidemic conditions. This selective uptake maximizes the therapeutic effect while minimizing off-target effects, making it a promising alternative to traditional treatments. The review provides an overview of recent research developments for managing dyslipidemia based on the molecular target pathway of dyslipidemia, focusing on Chitosan-based delivery systems that allow controlled drug release, targeting, and enhancing patient compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6611-6636"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12118489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective Glycopolymer Inhibitors of Galectin-3: Supportive Anti-Cancer Agents Protecting Monocytes and Preserving Interferon-Gamma Function.","authors":"Marcela Filipová, Marina Rodrigues Tavares, Michaela Hovorková, Viktoria Heine, Pavlína Nekvasilová, Vladimír Křen, Tomáš Etrych, Petr Chytil, Pavla Bojarová","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S503381","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S503381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The immunosuppressive roles of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in carcinogenesis make this lectin an attractive target for pharmacological inhibition in immunotherapy. Although current clinical immunotherapies appear promising in the treatment of solid tumors, their efficacy is significantly weakened by the hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Gal-3, a prominent TME modulator, efficiently subverts the elimination of cancer, either directly by inducing apoptosis of immune cells or indirectly by binding essential effector molecules, such as interferon-gamma (IFNγ).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>N</i>-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-based glycopolymers bearing poly-<i>N</i>-acetyllactosamine-derived tetrasaccharide ligands of Gal-3 were designed, synthesized, and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry and CCK-8 assay for evaluation of glycopolymer non-toxicity. Pro-immunogenic effects of purified glycopolymers were tested by apoptotic assay using flow cytometry, competitive ELISA, and in vitro cell-free INFγ-based assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All tested glycopolymers completely inhibited Gal-3-induced apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages, of which the M1 subtype is responsible for eliminating cancer cells during immunotherapy. Moreover, the glycopolymers suppressed Gal-3-induced capture of glycosylated IFNγ by competitive inhibition to Gal-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which enables further inherent biological activities of this effector, such as differentiation of monocytes into M1 macrophages and repolarization of M2-macrophages to the M1 state.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prepared glycopolymers are promising inhibitors of Gal-3 and may serve as important supportive anti-cancer nanosystems enabling the infiltration of proinflammatory macrophages and the reprogramming of unwanted M2 macrophages into the M1 subtype.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6591-6609"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12118576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid-Coated Ag@MnO₂ Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Co-Delivery of Survivin siRNA in Breast Tumor Therapy.","authors":"Jing Zhang, Min Zha, Shanghua Xiao, Nina Filipczak, Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty, Xiangping Wu, Chenkai Gong, Xiang Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S510514","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S510514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Nanoparticles constructed with silver/manganese dioxide (Ag@MnO₂) as the core, in conjunction with survivin siRNA (sis) and cyclo(RGD-DPhe-K) (Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L), were prepared for integrated tumor diagnosis and therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L particles were prepared and characterized. The silver and manganese content were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The stability of sis in the system was evaluated by incubation with 50% FBS before the agarose gel electrophoresis experiment. The in vitro photothermal conversion ability, cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells, and cellular uptake of preparations were evaluated. The dialysis technique was employed to determine the in vitro release profile of Ag and Mn from Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L under various pH conditions. The pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution of silver in vivo were detected by ICP-OES. Animal model experiments were conducted to further evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L against breast cancer in combination with infrared irradiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our newly synthesized Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L nanoparticles displayed superior physicochemical properties. The combined application of these nanoparticles with photothermal therapy (PTT) exerted the strongest synergistic inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Survivin protein expression in tumor tissues were markedly suppressed following delivery of nanoparticles loaded with sis. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging revealed the high imaging capability of hybrid nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study supports the potential utility of Ag@MnO₂-sis-c-L coupled with PTT in therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6515-6531"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144158571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Strategies for Ultrasound Control and Applications in Sonogenetics and Gas Vesicle-Based Technologies: A Review.","authors":"Jinpeng Du, Min Liao, Daimo Zhang, Xiangnan Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S507322","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S507322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Control systems play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of medicine. In contrast to light and magnetic fields, ultrasound has received much attention due to its non-invasive, cost-effective, convenient, and high spatiotemporal precision and deep-penetration characteristics. Some studies have developed special nanomaterials for therapy by controlling the production of reactive oxygen species through ultrasound irradiation. However, the complex functionalities and toxicity issues associated with these nanomaterials limit the development of ultrasound control systems. To overcome these challenges, ultrasound control systems based on synthetic biology have been developed, especially for sonogenetics and gas vesicles. The tunable thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound act as the main triggering source, enabling engineered cells to perform sono-thermal or sono-mechanical genetic modifications in the targeted tissue. Based on an in-depth understanding of the relationship between ultrasound effects and the design, composition, and applications of engineered cellular technologies, in this review, we focus on recent activation strategies of ultrasound for sonogenetics and gas vesicles, including sono-thermal promoter switch, sono-thermal transient receptor potential channel, sono-mechanical activation and gas vesicles. In addition, applications of these advanced ultrasound control systems for cancer therapy, neural activity, visual recovery and functional imaging are presented. Finally, we discuss the current challenges faced and provide an outlook on the future developments in this evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6533-6549"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144158550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, and ex vivo and in vivo Characterization of Favipiravir-Loaded Aspasomes and Niosomes for Nose-to-Brain Administration.","authors":"Maryana Salamah, Balázs Volk, István Lekli, István Bak, Alexandra Gyöngyösi, Gábor Kozma, Zoltán Kónya, Ágnes Szalenkó-Tőkés, Ágnes Kiricsi, László Rovó, Diána Balogh-Weiser, István Zupkó, Ildikó Csóka, Gábor Katona, György Tibor Balogh","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S518486","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S518486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study aimed to develop and compare the intranasal applicability of favipiravir-loaded aspasomes (FAV-ASPs) using film hydration method, and favipiravir-loaded niosomes (FAV-NIOs) using ethanol injection method.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The FAV-ASP and FAV-NIO formulations were characterized according to nanoparticulate characteristics (DLS, drug loading, drug encapsulation efficacy, droplet size distribution), drug release and permeability behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized FAV-ASP formulation (FAV-ASP8) consisted of FAV, ascorbyl palmitate, Span® 60 and cholesterol (30:25:25:50 w/w) with nano-scale size range (292.06 ± 2.10 nm), narrow polydispersity index (PDI) value (0.36 ± 0.03), adequate zeta potential (-74.73 ± 3.28 mV) and acceptable encapsulation efficiency (55.33 ± 0.41%). The optimized FAV-NIO formulation (FAV-NIO9) contained FAV, Span® 60 and cholesterol (30:30:40 <i>w/w</i>) with nano-scale size range (167.13 ± 1.60 nm), narrow PDI value (0.07 ± 0.01), adequate zeta potential (-27.1 ± 1.24 mV) and acceptable encapsulation efficiency (51.30 ± 0.69%). FAV-ASP8 and FAV-NIO9 were suitable for spraying into the nasal cavity (droplet size distribution <200 µm). In vitro drug release and permeability studies demonstrated enhanced solubility and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of FAV formulations, respectively. The ex vivo human nasal permeability study revealed that FAV diffusion from FAV-ASP8 was higher than from FAV-NIO9 or initial FAV. Furthermore, the in vivo animal study showed that FAV-ASP8 had a higher BBB penetration compared to FAV-NIO9 and pure FAV. The in vitro-in vivo correlation study showed good correlation between the in vitro and the in vivo pharmacokinetic data.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FAV-ASP8 for nose-to-brain delivery system could be a promising formulation to improve FAV bioavailability compared to FAV-NIO9.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6489-6514"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Itraconazole Loaded Micelle Based on Methoxy Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Poly(D, L-Lactic Acid) for Ocular Drug Delivery: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation.","authors":"Jijun He, Jingjing Yang, Zhen Liang, Zhen Zhang, Guojuan Pu, Fudan Dong, Ping Lu, Huiyun Xia, Junjie Zhang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S521127","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S521127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to develop itraconazole (ITZ)-loaded polymer micelles using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D, L-lactic acid) (mPEG-PDLLA) as a carrier to improve the ocular bioavailability of ITZ after topical administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ITZ-loaded mPEG-PDLLA micelles (ITZ-M) were prepared using the thin-film dispersion method and were characterized by droplet size (DS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and critical micelle concentration (CMC). In vitro drug release from ITZ-M, the storage stability and cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were studied. In vivo transcorneal permeation of micelles labeled with coumarin 6 (C6) was observed using two-photon confocal microscopy, in vivo ocular irritation and pharmacokinetics in rabbit eyes were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ITZ-Ms were uniform spherical particles with DS of 18.79 ± 0.16 nm and narrow distribution (PDI of 0.037 ± 0.019), the EE% was nearly 100%, and the CMC of the micelles was 0.083mM. Approximately 60% of the drug was released from the ITZ-M within 72 h, which was significantly higher than that released from the ITZ suspension. The results of the stability study and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that ITZ-M possessed good physical stability at 4°C and have no toxicity to HCECs. Transcorneal studies indicated that the fluorescence intensity (FI) was mostly enriched in the corneal epithelium, which was reduced in the stroma. The FI in the epithelium and stroma for C6 micelles was much stronger than that in the C6 suspension. Ocular irritation evaluation revealed that ITZ-M was well tolerated. Ocular pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC_0-240min) values in the cornea and conjunctiva of rabbit eyes treated with ITZ-M were approximately 410.9- and 2.3-fold higher, respectively, than those treated with ITZ suspension.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a potential formulation of ITZ for the treatment of fungal keratitis with good tolerability and improved ocular bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6447-6462"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymeric Nanomedicines in Diabetic Wound Healing: Applications and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Zeyao Chen, Kakei Chan, Xin Li, Li Gong, Yingjie Ma, Chiwen Huang, Yan Lu, Li Wang, Chunli Piao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S514000","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S514000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The management of diabetic wound continues to pose significant clinical obstacles, primarily attributed to bacterial infections, excessive inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired angiogenesis. These pathological factors not only severely affect patient well-being but also create considerable burden on medical services. Current managements often show limited efficacy, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. Polymeric nanomedicines (PNs), owing to their nanoscale properties, enhanced cellular uptake, stability, bioavailability, and biocompatibility, have been broadly utilized for diabetic wound treatment. PNs demonstrate remarkable capabilities in microbial inhibition, inflammation regulation, oxidative stress mitigation, and vascular network formation, particularly when combined with various agents, including organic substances (eg, exosomes), inorganic substances (eg, metals), and biomaterials (eg, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and hydrogels). This article systematically examines recent progress in PN-based interventions for diabetic wound recovery, highlighting the pivotal role of PNs in mitigating bacterial infection, modulating inflammatory responses, and promoting cellular regeneration. Additionally, we provide a novel perspective on the multifunctionality of PNs and their potential for overcoming the limitations of conventional therapies. Overall, PNs represent an innovative and promising approach to diabetic wound management, outperforming conventional therapies in stability, targeted delivery, and multifunctionality. In the future, investigations should concentrate on refining PNs formulations and administration strategies so as to enhance biocompatibility, and conducting well-designed clinical trials to validate their therapeutic efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"6423-6446"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}