International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"PLGA-Astragalus Polysaccharide Nanovaccines Exert Therapeutic Effect in Colorectal Cancer","authors":"Qian Cao, Ruijie Zhou, Songlin Guo, Kai Meng, Xiaojuan Yang, Miao Liu, Bin Ma, Chunxia Su, Xiangguo Duan","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s479334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s479334","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Background:</strong> Tumor vaccines have achieved remarkable progress in treating patients with various tumors in clinical studies. Nevertheless, extensive research has also revealed that tumor vaccines are not up to expectations for the treatment of solid tumors due to their low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to design a tumor vaccine that can stimulate a broad anti-tumor immune response.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> In this work, we developed a nanovaccine (NP-TCL@APS), which includes nanoparticles loaded with colorectal cancer tumor cell lysates (TCL) and Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) to induce a robust innate immune response. The NP-TCL@APS was identified by transmission electron microscopy and Malvern laser particle size analyzer. The killing and immune activation effects of NP-TCL@APS were evaluated in vitro. Finally, safety and anti-tumor efficacy were evaluated in the colorectal cancer tumor-bearing mouse model.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> We found that NP-TCL@APS was preferentially uptaken by DC and further promoted the activation of DC in vitro. Additionally, nanoparticles codelivery of TCL and APS enhanced the antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response and suppressed the growth of tumors in mouse models with good biocompatibility.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> We successfully prepared a nanovaccine termed NP-TCL@APS, which can promote the maturation of DC and induce strong responses by T lymphocytes to exert anti-tumor effects. The strategy proposed here is promising for generating a tumor vaccine and can be extended to various types of cancers.<br/><br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic Therapy Using RGD-Functionalized Quantum Dots Elicit a Potent Immune Response in a Syngeneic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer","authors":"Ming-Ming Li, Yi Zhang, Fang Sun, Man-Xiu Huai, Fei-Yu Zhang, Jia-Xing Pan, Chun-Ying Qu, Feng Shen, Zheng-Hong Li, Lei-Ming Xu","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s479123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s479123","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Purpose:</strong> Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces anti-tumor immune responses by triggering immunogenic cell death in tumor cells. Previously, we demonstrated that novel QDs-RGD nanoparticles exhibited high efficiency as photosensitizers in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of the anti-tumor immune effects induced by the photosensitizer remains unknown. This study assessed the anticancer immune effect of QDs-RGD, as well as the conventional photosensitizer chlorine derivative, YLG-1, for comparison, against pancreatic cancer in support of superior therapeutic efficacy.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> The pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc02, was used for in vitro studies. C57BL/6 mice bearing pancreatic cancer cell-derived xenografts were generated for in vivo studies to assess the anti-tumor effects of QDs-RGD-PDT and YLG-1-PDT. The immunostimulatory ability of both photosensitizers was examined by measuring the expression of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), such as calreticulin (CRT), assessing dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and analyzing cytokine expression. The specific immunity of QDs-RGD and YLG-1-PDT on distant tumor were determined by combining PDT with anti-CTLA-4 antibody.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> QDs-RGD-PDT and YLG-1-PDT significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. While both photosensitizers significantly promoted CRT release, DC maturation, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression, QDs-RGD exerted a stronger immunostimulatory effect than YLG-1. Combination treatment with QDs-RGD and CTLA-4 blockade was able to significantly inhibit the growth of distant tumors.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> QDs-RGD is a novel and effective PDT strategy for treating pancreatic tumors by inducing anti-tumor immune responses.<br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> quantum dots, RGD peptides, cancer immunotherapy, pancreatic neoplasm<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Regeneration Revolution: Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Modulates Macrophage-Derived Exosomes to Attenuate Osteoclastogenesis [Corrigendum]","authors":"Martina Trentini, Ugo D'Amora, Alfredo Ronca, Luca Lovatti, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Danilo Licastro, Simeone Dal Monego, Lucia Gemma Delogu, Mariusz R Wieckowski, Shlomo Barak, Oleg Dolkart, Barbara Zavan","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s495348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s495348","url":null,"abstract":"Corrigendum for the article Bone Regeneration Revolution: Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Modulates Macrophage-Derived Exosomes to Attenuate Osteoclastogenesis","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the Vulnerability of Atherosclerotic Plaques by a Photoacoustic/Ultrasonic Dual-Modal cRGD Nanomolecular Probe","authors":"Caigui Yu, Lu Zhong, Yanxiang Zhou, Nan Jiang, Jinling Chen, Sheng Cao","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s476236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s476236","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Objective:</strong> To explore the feasibility of using cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs to assess plaque vulnerability in an atherosclerotic plaque mouse model by dual-modal photoacoustic/ultrasonic imaging.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> A nanomolecular probe containing gold nanorods (GNRs) and perfluoropentane (PFP) coated with the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation and carbodiimide methods. The morphology, particle size, potential, cRGD conjugation and absorption features of the nanomolecular probe were characterized, along with its in vitro phase transformation and photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-modal imaging properties. In vivo fluorescence imaging was used to determine the distribution of cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs in vivo in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) atherosclerotic plaque model mice, the optimal imaging time was determined, and photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-modal molecular imaging of integrin αvβ 3 expressed in atherosclerotic plaques was performed. Pathological assessments verified the imaging results in terms of integrin αvβ 3 expression and plaque vulnerability.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs were spherical with an appropriate particle size (average of approximately 258.03± 6.75 nm), a uniform dispersion, and a potential of approximately − 9.36± 0.53 mV. The probe had a characteristic absorption peak at 780~790 nm, and the surface conjugation of the cRGD peptide reached 92.79%. cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs were very stable in the non-excited state but very easily underwent phase transformation under low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) and had excellent photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-modal imaging capability. Mice fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks had obvious hyperlipidemia with larger, more vulnerable plaques. These plaques could be specifically targeted by cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs as determined by in vivo fluorescence imaging, and the enrichment of nanomolecular probe increased with the increasing of plaque vulnerability; the photoacoustic/ultrasound signals of the plaques in the high-fat group were stronger. The pathological assessments were in good agreement with the cRGD-GNR-PFP-NPs plaque accumulation, integrin αvβ 3 expression and plaque vulnerability results.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A phase variant photoacoustic/ultrasonic dual-modal cRGD nanomolecular probe was successfully prepared and can be used to identify plaque vulnerability safely and effectively.<br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> atherosclerosis, vulnerability, photoacoustic, ultrasound, low-intensity focused ultrasound<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Phytosome with Enhanced Activity of Sonneratia alba: Formulation Modeling and in vivo Antimalarial Study","authors":"Mayang Kusuma Dewi, Muhaimin Muhaimin, I Made Joni, Faizal Hermanto, Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s467811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s467811","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Introduction:</strong> <em>Sonneratia alba</em> extract exhibits antimalarial activity, mainly due to its secondary metabolites—naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins—where naphthoquinone is the primary active component. However, its low bioavailability limits its effectiveness. To improve this, a phytosome-based vesicular system was proposed. This study focused on formulating a phytosome with <em>S. alba</em> and developing a predictive model to enhance its antimalarial activity.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> Phytosomes were produced using antisolvent precipitation and optimized with 3-factor, 3-level Box-behnken model. Particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were assessed. The optimized phytosomes were characterized by their physical properties and release profiles. Their antimalarial activity was tested in white BALB/c mice infected with <em>Plasmodium berghei</em> using Peter’s 4-day suppressive test.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> The optimal phytosome formulation used a phospholipid-to-extract ratio of 1:3, reflux temperature of 50°C, and a duration of 2.62 hours. The phytosomes had a particle size of 471.8 nm, a zeta potential of − 54.1 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (<em>EE</em>) of 82.4%. In contrast, the phytosome-fraction showed a particle size of 233.4 nm, a zeta potential of − 61.5 mV, and an EE of 87.08%. TEM analysis confirmed both had a spherical shape. In vitro release rates at 24 hours were 86.2 for the phytosome-extract and 95.9% for the phytosome-fraction, compared to 46.9% and 37.7% for the extract and fraction alone. Overall, the phytosome formulation demonstrated good stability. The actual experimental values closely matched the predicted values from the Box–Behnken model, indicating a high degree of accuracy in the model. Additionally, the phytosomes exhibited significantly greater antimalarial activity than the <em>S. alba</em> extract and fraction alone.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The findings indicated that the vesicular formulation in phytosomes can enhance the antimalarial activity of <em>S. alba</em> extract and fraction.<br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> antimalarial <em>S.alba</em>, phytosome, box-behnken, extract, fraction<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiomic Profiling and Neuroprotective Bioactivity of Salvia Hairy Root-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Vincenzo Vestuto, Marisa Conte, Mariapia Vietri, Francesca Mensitieri, Valentina Santoro, Anna Di Muro, Mariaevelina Alfieri, Maria Moros, Maria Rosaria Miranda, Chiara Amante, Matteo Delli Carri, Pietro Campiglia, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Pasquale Del Gaudio, Nunziatina De Tommasi, Antonietta Leone, Ornella Moltedo, Giacomo Pepe, Elisa Cappetta, Alfredo Ambrosone","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s479959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s479959","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Purpose:</strong> Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising tools for nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology. The purification of mammalian-derived EVs involves intensive processes, and their therapeutic application raises multiple safety and regulatory issues. Plants have the potential to serve as nonconventional sources of therapeutically relevant EVs. In this context, we recently identified hairy roots (HRs) of medicinal plants as a novel biotechnological platform to produce EVs for human health.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> Herein, we report the purification, omics profiling, and bioactivity of EVs isolated from HRs of the medicinal plants <em>S. sclarea</em> and <em>S. dominica</em>. EVs were isolated from conditioned media of HR cultures using differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The isolated EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and electron microscopy. The proteomic and metabolomic profiles of the EVs were determined using mass spectrometry. Uptake studies and bioactivity assays, including confocal microscopy, MTT, flow cytometry, ROS quantification, and untargeted metabolomics analyses, were conducted in SH-SY5Y cells treated with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to evaluate the therapeutic potential of EVs in an in vitro model of Parkinson’s disease.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> <em>S. sclarea</em> HRs released nanosized round-shaped EVs with a distinctive molecular signature. HR EVs from <em>S. sclarea</em> and <em>S. dominica</em> revealed conserved cargo of secondary metabolites, predominantly triterpenoids, which are known for their antioxidant properties. We showed that HR EVs are safe, enter the cells, and strongly inhibit apoptosis in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. Cellular metabolomics revealed that EVs preserved metabolic homeostasis and mitigated cellular oxidative stress when co-administered with 6-OHDA. Mechanistically, HR EVs inhibited 6-OHDA autoxidation and substantially reduced the accumulation of its oxidative products, which are responsible for 6-OHDA-induced toxicity.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence that EVs isolated from the hairy roots of <em>Salvia s</em>pecies are promising, non-mammalian alternative for the design of novel therapies targeting neurological disorders. <br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> non-mammalian EV source, <em>Salvia</em> extracellular vesicles, hairy roots, nanomedicine, neuroprotection, Parkinson’s disease<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic Iron-Based Nanoparticles Remodel Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment for Metabolic Immunotherapy","authors":"Wenyu Zhang, Linquan Li, Yaguang Wu, Chengzhilin Li, Zi'ang Xu, Nianlei Zhang, Xinyu Wang, Yingchun Zhao, Tingjian Zu, Qingbin He, Jianwei Jiao, Runxiao Zheng","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s473463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s473463","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Introduction:</strong> Immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in reinvigorating treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) experience functional polarization on account of the generation of suppressive metabolites, contributing to impaired antitumor immune responses.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> Hence, metabolic reprogramming of tumor microenvironment (TME) can synergistically improve the efficacy of anti-tumor immunotherapy. Herein, we engineered an iron-based nanoplatform termed _ERFe₃O₄ NPs. This platform features hollow Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles loaded with the natural product emodin, the outer layer is coated with red blood cell membrane (mRBCs) inserted with DSPE-PEG2000-galactose. This effectively modulates lactate production, thereby reversing the tumor immune suppressive microenvironment (TIME).<br/><strong>Results:</strong> The _ERFe₃O₄ NPs actively targeted TAMs on account of their ability to bind to M2-like TAMs with high expression of galectin (Mgl). _ERFe₃O₄ NPs achieved efficient ability to reverse TIME via the production of reducing lactate and prompting enrichment iron of high concentrations. Furthermore, _ERFe₃O₄ NPs resulted in heightened expression of CD16/32 and enhanced TNF-α release, indicating promotion of M1 TAMs polarization. In vitro <em>and</em> in vivo experiments revealed that _ERFe₃O₄ NPs induced significant apoptosis of tumor cells and antitumor immune response.<br/><strong>Discussion:</strong> This study combines Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with nanomaterials to synergistically reprogram TAMs and reverse TIME, opening up new ideas for improving anti-tumor immunotherapy. <br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> metabolic immunotherapy, nanoparticles, reprograming, iron oxide, macrophages<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Ovarian Cancer Therapeutics: The Role of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"Qianhan Lin, Jiajia Li, Zulimire Abudousalamu, Yating Sun, Mengyang Xue, Liangqing Yao, Mo Chen","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s478313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s478313","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract:</strong> Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal reproductive system cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death. The high mortality rate and poor prognosis of OC are primarily due to its tendency for extensive abdominal metastasis, late diagnosis in advanced stages, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, significant adverse reactions to first-line chemotherapy, and the development of chemoresistance. Current adjuvant chemotherapies face challenges such as poor targeting, low efficacy, and significant side effects. Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) are designed to deliver drugs precisely to the tumor site to enhance efficacy and minimize side effects. This review highlights recent advancements in the use of TDDSs for OC therapies, including drug conjugate delivery systems, nanoparticle drug delivery systems, and hydrogel drug delivery systems. The focus is on employing TDDS to conduct direct, effective, and safer interventions in OC through methods such as targeted tumor recognition and controlled drug release, either independently or in combination. This review also discusses the prospects and challenges for further development of TDDSs. Undoubtedly, the use of TDDSs shows promise in the battle against OCs.<br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> targeted drug delivery, ovarian cancer, drug conjugates, nanoparticle, hydrogel<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyvinyl Alcohol Capped Silver Nanostructures for Fortified Apoptotic Potential Against Human Laryngeal Carcinoma Cells Hep-2 Using Extremely-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field","authors":"Hany G Attia, Mai Abdelhalim Hamouda, Saeed Alasmari, Dalia F El-Telbany, Zaenah Zuhair Alamri, Safa H Qahl, Mohammad Y Alfaifi, Majid Mohammad Al-Sawahli, Sara Abd El Wahed","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s453689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s453689","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Purpose:</strong> : Polyvinyl alcohol-capped silver nanostructures (cAgNSs) were investigated in order to enhance the cytotoxicity, pro-apoptotic, and oxidant patterns of in human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells by employing a 50 mT electromagnetic field (LEMF) for 30 min.<br/><strong>Methods:</strong> Wet chemical reduction was used to synthesize the cAgNSs, and after they had been capped with polyvinyl alcohol, they were specifically examined for particle size analysis and structural morphology. To visualize how the silver may attach to the protein targets, a molecular docking study was conducted. Estimation of cytotoxicity, cell cycle progression supported by mRNA expression of three apoptotic-promoting genes and one apoptotic-resisting.<br/><strong>Results:</strong> Particle size analysis results were a mean particle size of 157.3± 0.5 nm, zeta potential value of − 29.6 mV± 1.5 mV, and polydispersity index of 0.31± 0.05. Significantly reduction of IC₅₀ against Hep-2 cells by around 6-fold was concluded. Also, we obtained suppression of the proliferation of Hep-2 cells, especially in the G₀/G₁ and S phases. Significant enhanced mRNA expression revealed enhanced induced CASP3, p53, and Beclin-1 mediated pro-apoptosis and induced NF-κB mediated autophagy in Hep-2 cells. Augmented levels of GR, ROS and MDA as oxidative stress biomarkers were also obtained. HE staining of Hep-2 cells exposed to cAgNSs and LEMF confirmed the enhanced apoptotic potential comparatively.<br/><strong>Conclusion:</strong> By conclusion, the developed nano-sized structures with the aid of extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field were successful to fortify the anti-cancer profile of cAgNSs in Hep-2 cells. <br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> electromagnetic field, silver nanoparticles, apoptosis, laryngeal carcinoma<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Advanced are Nanocarriers for Effective Subretinal Injection?","authors":"Jia-Xin Guan, Yan-Ling Wang, Jia-Lin Wang","doi":"10.2147/ijn.s479327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s479327","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract:</strong> Subretinal injection (SR injection) is a commonly used method of ocular drug delivery and has been mainly applied for the treatment of neovascular age-associated macular degeneration (nAMD) and sub-macular hemorrhage (SMH) caused by nAMD, as well as various types of hereditary retinopathies (IRD) such as Stargardt’s disease (STGD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and a series of fundus diseases such as Leber’s congenital dark haze (LCA), choroidal defects, etc. The commonly used carriers of SR injection are mainly divided into viral and non-viral vectors. Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA), choroidal agenesis, and a series of other fundus diseases are also commonly treated using SR injection. The commonly used vectors for SR injection are divided into two categories: viral vectors and non-viral vectors. Viral vectors are a traditional class of SR injection drug carriers that have been extensively studied in clinical treatment, but they still have many limitations that cannot be ignored, such as poor reproduction efficiency, small loading genes, and triggering of immune reactions. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the treatment of ocular diseases, nanovectors have become a research hotspot in the field of non-viral vectors. Nanocarriers have numerous attractive properties such as low immunogenicity, robust loading capacity, stable structure, and easy modification. These valuable features imply greater safety, improved therapeutic efficacy, longer duration, and more flexible indications. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in nanocarriers, which has led to significant advancements in the treatment of ocular diseases. Nanocarriers have not only successfully addressed clinical problems that viral vectors have failed to overcome but have also introduced new therapeutic possibilities for certain classical disease types. Nanocarriers offer undeniable advantages over viral vectors. This review discusses the advantages of subretinal (SR) injection, the current status of research, and the research hotspots of gene therapy with viral vectors. It focuses on the latest progress of nanocarriers in SR injection and enumerates the limitations and future perspectives of nanocarriers in the treatment of fundus lesions. Furthermore, this review also covers the research progress of nanocarriers in the field of subretinal injection and highlights the value of nanocarrier-mediated SR injection in the treatment of fundus disorders. Overall, it provides a theoretical basis for the application of nanocarriers in SR injection.<br/><br/><strong>Keywords:</strong> nanoparticles, subretinal injection, drug delivery, non-viral vectors, nanomedicine, gene therapy<br/>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}