International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Plant-Derived Nanovesicles: Resolving Conceptual Confusion, Overcoming Isolation Challenges, and Advancing Translational Potential.","authors":"Zhaoyu Zhang, Guangyang Chen, Kaiyuan Zheng, Meifang Lin, Dali Zheng, Youguang Lu, Li Huang, Xiaohang Chen, Ruihuan Gan","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S592968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S592968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are promising bioactive nanoparticles with potential in drug delivery, immune regulation, and tissue repair. However, inconsistent terminology and isolation methods hinder reproducibility and clinical translation. A key confusion lies in their comparison with plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs), which are naturally secreted, whereas PDNVs are typically extracted by breaking plant tissues. This process yields a mix of extracellular and intracellular vesicles, creating both functional diversity and challenges. The heterogeneity complicates standardization, large-scale production, and quality control. Here, we clarify the distinctions between PDNVs and PEVs, and then we explore key factors that affect PDNVs isolation. These include the type of plant used, how the plant is processed, and how the vesicles are purified. We highlight workflow-specific optimizations that boost PDNV recovery (e.g. 4-5 fold higher yields with optimized PEG precipitation) and enhance purity (e.g. ATPS delivering multi-fold higher recovery while eliminating >95% of protein contaminants). Finally, we propose strategies to help establish standardized methods for using PDNVs in biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"592968"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>BIRC5</i> Promoter-Driven Nanodrugs Suppress BIRC5-Positive Cancers Independent of ABCB1 Status and IDO1 Expression.","authors":"Yung-Chieh Chang, Wei-Lun Huang, Wu-Chou Su, Euphemia Leung, Fong-Yu Cheng, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S588571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S588571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>BIRC5 (survivin), an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, is overexpressed in most tumors and is associated with drug resistance, proliferation, and metastasis, while being largely undetectable in normal differentiated tissues. This unique expression pattern makes BIRC5 an exceptionally selective therapeutic target, offering the potential to maximize anticancer efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity to healthy tissues. However, few BIRC5-targeted agents have advanced to late-stage clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed two nanodrug formulations using poly-L-lysine-modified NH₂-Fe₃O₄ magnetite nanoparticles (PL-MNPs) for selective targeting of BIRC5-positive cancer cells. We further evaluated their anti-cancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo (zebrafish xenograft model), using cancer cell models that expressed BIRC5 and exhibited ABCB1-mediated drug resistance and IDO1-induced immune therapy insensitivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PL-MNPs delivered plasmids driven by the <i>BIRC5</i> promoter (p<i>BIRC5</i>) encoding either antisense <i>BIRC5</i> mRNA (As-<i>BIRC5</i>) or a dominant-negative BIRC5 protein (dN-BIRC5), for tumor-specific BIRC5 inhibition. These nanodrugs demonstrated robust in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity in multiple BIRC5-positive cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, NTUB1, NTU0.017, SK-OV-3, KB, and KB-TAX50). The activity was preserved across cancer types and independent of ABCB1-mediated drug resistance, while maintaining cancer cell specificity, and was not affected by IDO1 expression, a factor associated with poor responses to immune therapy. PL-MNP uptake was partially mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis, with acidic intracellular environments facilitating efficient plasmid release. Conjugation of nanoparticles with Herceptin^® (trastuzumab) significantly increased cellular uptake and anticancer activity, especially in clathrin-deficient SK-BR-3 cells that overexpress ERBB2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings establish that the easily synthesized PL-MNP-p<i>BIRC5</i>/As-<i>BIRC5</i> and PL-MNP-p<i>BIRC5</i>/dN-BIRC5 nanodrugs have strong potential to overcome BIRC5- and ABCB1-related drug resistance, representing a broadly applicable strategy against various malignancies. While the size of our nanodrug (~400 nm in hydrodynamic diameter) is compatible with reported effective nanoparticle sizes in some models, the extent to which the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect contributes to tumor accumulation in human cancers remains uncertain and will require validation in more clinically relevant models and imaging modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"588571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Aging: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects.","authors":"Junfei Tan, Muhammad Zubair, Lin Zhang, Likang Liu, Kangrong Li, Yihua Wang, Yongmin Yan, Wenyan Xu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S597419","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S597419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of gut-host interactions; however, their specific role in the aging process remains obscured by fragmented data and disease-specific silos. Current understanding lacks a cohesive mechanism that explains how age-related physiological changes transform bEVs from commensal signals into systemic drivers of pathology. This review synthesizes disparate findings to elucidate a synergistic mechanism: aging compromises intestinal barrier integrity, facilitating bEV translocation, while simultaneously impairing immune clearance capabilities (e.g. loss of Vsig4+ Kupffer cells), leading to their toxic accumulation. We resolve conflicting reports on bEV functionality-such as the paradoxical pro-calcific effects of <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> GG-derived vesicles in chronic kidney disease-by contextualizing them within the host's aging microenvironment. Beyond mapping these interactions across the gut-brain, metabolic, cardiovascular, and bone axes, we identify specific cargo molecules, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), curli, and bacterial DNA, that fuel inflammaging. However, translating these insights into therapeutic applications faces significant challenges, including methodological heterogeneity in isolation protocols and unresolved immunogenicity risks. By outlining a strategic roadmap for standardization and rigorous clinical validation, this study redefines bEVs not merely as biomarkers but as actionable targets for delaying aging and mitigating age-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"597419"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Self-Illuminating Nanoconjugates Against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Marcelina Abal-Sanisidro, Laura Ruiz-Cañas, Sandra Batres-Ramos, Miguel G Blanco, Maria Laura García-Bermejo, Jenifer García-Fernández, Luis Rodríguez-Cobo, Jose Miguel López-Higuera, Bruno Sainz, María de la Fuente","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S545161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S545161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2030, underscoring the need for new therapeutic approaches. While photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be efficient for treating superficial solid tumors, conventional laser-dependent PDT is limited by poor tissue penetration. To address this challenge, we developed a novel self-illuminating nanoconjugate platform (SI-NCs) capable of activating PDT without external light.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We engineered SI-NCs composed of the bioluminescent enzyme RLuc8 conjugated to quantum dots (QDots 705) to generate internal light for activating the FDA-approved photosensitizer verteporfin. We then evaluated SI-NC photophysical properties and assessed their ability to induce localized antitumor activity in PDAC models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SI-NCs were successfully synthesized and characterized, demonstrating efficient bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and activation of verteporfin. In vitro studies in immortalized pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cultures revealed the mechanism of action and confirmed antitumor efficacy of bioluminescent-activated PDT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In vivo testing in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models validated the therapeutic potential of SI-NCs, supporting this self-illuminating platform as a promising strategy to overcome light-penetration barriers and enhance PDT for PDAC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"545161"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoy Nanoparticles and Protein Corona Modulation: A Novel Frontier in Sepsis Treatment.","authors":"Evgeniya R Denisova, Darya S Volkova, Valeria V Streltsova, Stepan A Kopytov, Artem S Krivosheev, Elizaveta V Panfilova, Neng Yan, Dmitry Kostyushev, Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi, Vadim S Pokrovsky, Manu Lopus, Andrey V Golovin, Andrey A Zamyatnin, Christian Celia, Alessandro Parodi","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S593748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S593748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis remains a major global health challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and limited therapeutic options. Nanomedicine offers innovative strategies to address these limitations by enabling diverse nanoparticle designs and mechanisms that modulate the septic response. This review examines the dynamic interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system, with a focus on how protein corona formation shapes nanoparticle behavior, biodistribution, and therapeutic efficacy. Disease-specific protein corona profiles can serve as pathology \"fingerprints\" for diagnosis and targeted delivery, and their controlled formation is now emerging as a therapeutic tool rather than only a diagnostic readout. While the protein corona is a spontaneous biomolecular layer, its composition can be rationally steered to support defined therapeutic goals. In this context, decoy nanoparticles are engineered to sequester pathogens or inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, histones, and neutrophil extracellular traps, thereby mitigating inflammation and tissue damage. This review discusses how protein corona engineering can potentiate decoy strategies in sepsis diagnosis and therapy, highlighting key platforms including macrophage‑like nanoparticles that neutralize endotoxins and cytokines, histone‑binding hydrogels, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles that scavenge cell‑free DNA and inhibit Toll‑like receptor activation. We also address how Artificial Intelligence can improve prediction of protein corona dynamics and identification of disease‑specific protein signatures, enabling more personalized nanodecoy design. Given the highly dynamic and heterogeneous nature of sepsis, characterized by evolving circulating mediators and protein profiles, integrating protein corona control with decoy mechanisms offers a multifaceted route to limit immune dysregulation, enhance drug delivery, and reduce organ damage, paving the way toward precision nanomedicine in sepsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"593748"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application and Advances of Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles in Diabetic Wound Healing.","authors":"Xinxin Sui, Xingjiang Li, Ping Zhang, Xuefeng Sun, Yuanhang Zhao, Xiaohuan Yuan","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S592135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S592135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wound healing in diabetes is a complicated and challenging task, which is affected by many factors. For example, microcirculatory disorders, inflammatory reactions, cell signaling disruption, abnormal fibrosis, and impaired immunity due to high blood sugar may have an adverse effect on wound healing. In order to address this problem, researchers have continued to explore a broad range of innovative approaches. Nanoparticles, as a novel repair material, are widely used due to their unique physical and chemical properties, particularly in the treatment of diabetes; however, they also have certain limitations. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, with their inherent biocompatibility and precise drug delivery capabilities, have emerged as a novel and highly effective strategy for treating diabetic wounds. Among these, nanoparticles coated with macrophage membranes and mesenchymal stem cell membranes have demonstrated the most significant therapeutic effects in wound anti-inflammation, vascular regeneration, and tissue repair. They can effectively improve the local pathological microenvironment, offering a novel and highly effective nanotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds. This paper systematically reviews research progress on nanoparticles coated with red blood cell membranes, macrophage membranes, stem cell membranes, and exosome membranes for treating diabetic wounds. It comprehensively organizes findings based on membrane source classification, mechanisms of action and in vitro/in vivo evidence. Compared to existing reviews, this paper's primary innovations and contributions lie in establishing a comprehensive membrane classification system, deeply analyzing the synergistic logic of multi-mechanism actions, and it provides a comprehensive analysis of practical challenges in areas such as reproducibility, safety, immunomodulation, large-scale production, regulatory compliance, and clinical translation. It provides theoretical support and practical references for developing more precise and safer wound repair strategies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"592135"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway.","authors":"Rong Miao, Shuyi Wang, Hui Yin, Rui Zhu, Ying Yin, Weinian Liao, Shaoyan Wang, Jun Zhang, Ruihua Li, Junjie Xu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S586382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S586382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEV) are emerging as natural nanomedicines for various diseases. <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> (<i>S. baicalensis</i>) is a traditional Chinese herb long used to treat intestinal inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD), with its therapeutic effects attributed to bioactive flavonoids such as baicalin and wogonin. However, whether SEV contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity remains unexplored. The assembled multi-component nature of SEV, which carry flavonoids, lipids, proteins, and miRNAs, suggests a potential to exert therapeutic effects against IBD through mechanisms distinct from isolated compounds, with potential advantages in bioavailability and multi-target engagement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We demonstrated that SEV exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, we assessed the therapeutic effects of SEV on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD in a murine model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In inflamed RAW264.7, SEV modulated the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis to exert anti-inflammatory effects. They scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, SEV also repaired intestinal barrier function by restoring expression of the tight junction proteins Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), Claudin-1, and Occludin (OCLN), alongside reduced TNF-α levels. In vivo, SEV accumulated at colonic inflammatory loci to effectively alleviate IBD, as evidenced by improved body weight and increased colon length. This protective effect was mediated through inhibition of the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis in colon tissues, which subsequently restored intestinal barrier integrity by increasing goblet cell numbers, upregulating OCLN proteins, and enhancing Mucin2 (MUC2) secretion, while simultaneously rebalancing inflammatory cytokines through suppression of TNF-α/IL-1β and promotion of IL-10 production.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SEV have the potential to protect the colon against DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, providing a promising therapeutic candidate for IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"586382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13135100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Application of Multiscale Systems and Scaffolds Based on Functional Polymeric Materials in Treating Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis.","authors":"Chuan Pi, Guoling Qin, Fuzhong Zhang, Yiwen Ren, Mengyu Luo, Daoyong Wang, Guohui Bai, Qixiong Zhang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S602864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S602864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) is prevalent and complication in patients with head and neck cancers, characterized by mucosal erythema, erosion, and ulceration. OM not only causes severe pain, significantly impairs patients' quality of life, but may also disrupt the overall cancer treatment regimen. The complex and dynamic oral microenvironment presents a major challenge for effective OM management, while current clinical strategies remain limited in lack efficient drug delivery systems. In this context, functional polymeric materials have emerged as promising platforms for OM prevention and treatment due to their biocompatibility and adaptability to the oral microenvironment. This review systematically outlines the pathological changes in the oral microenvironment following radiotherapy or chemotherapy and discusses how these alterations impede conventional therapies. We then highlight recent advances in functional polymeric materials-based devices designed to target the pathological microenvironment for enhanced drug delivery and mucosal regeneration. Finally, we discuss the translational challenges and future directions of material-based strategies for OM, aiming to inform the development of more precise and effective approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"602864"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Nanocarriers to Improve Psychiatric Treatment: Progress, Limitations, and Future Directions.","authors":"Xiaoyan Ge, Lei Zhao, Xiaoyan Xing, Yanyun Hao, Zhiyue Zhang, Guoping Sun","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S600278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S600278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address clinical bottlenecks of traditional antipsychotic drugs, including delayed onset of action, significant peripheral side effects, and poor patient compliance, nanodelivery systems offer a feasible approach through their unique physicochemical properties to improve drug solubility, optimize in vivo transport, and enhance blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration efficiency. This review focuses on the application potential and translational value of nanodelivery systems in psychiatric disorders. We systematically summarize recent advances in the construction strategies of mainstream nanocarriers, including lipid‑based, polymer‑based, inorganic nanomaterials, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), as well as commonly used nanoparticle preparation and characterization techniques. We briefly discuss key challenges facing nanoformulations, such as long‑term safety, large‑scale production, and batch‑to‑batch consistency, and highlight future directions driven by artificial intelligence and precision medicine. This review aims to provide insights for the rational design of nanodelivery systems for psychiatric disorders and to advance the development of precision psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"600278"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13127456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147814838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Metastasis by Graphene Oxide Suppresses the Translation of the Snail mRNA.","authors":"Xinyu Wei, Can Luo, Xiaohong Ming, Xianbo Jia, Ping Long, Lei Feng, Ming Zhu, Xiaolin Hu, Ming Li, Hui Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S590745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S590745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor worldwide and often presents with advanced metastasis. This study explores the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on lung cancer cell motility, investigates underlying mechanisms, and identifies potential therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The effects of GO on the viability and motility of lung cancer cells A549 and H226, and normal bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B, were assessed using cytotoxicity, scratch, and Transwell assays. Mechanisms were explored by measuring intracellular ROS, EMT-related and TGF-β pathway protein expression, cellular TGF-β release, and Snail mRNA levels, suggesting potential new targets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cytotoxicity, scratch, and Transwell experiments indicated that GO had cytotoxic effects on A549, H226, and BEAS-2B, and the effects increased with increasing GO concentration and culture time. A specific concentration of GO could significantly inhibit the cell motility of A549 and H226 within a specific time window. The results of the molecular mechanism experiment showed that within the selected GO concentration and time window, there was no significant change in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); the epithelial-associated protein E-cadherin increased, the EMT regulatory protein Snail decreased, the level of TGF-β secreted by cells did not change, and the expression level of Snail mRNA increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GO increases Snail mRNA but suppresses its translation, reducing EMT protein Snail and increasing E-cadherin, which further decreases tumor cell motility, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for addressing distant metastasis in lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"590745"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147770917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}