International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanomedicine for Sepsis Therapy: From Microenvironment Regulation to Precision Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Yesen Shou, Yukun Liu, Xuan Zhao, Zhikai Xu, Xiangjun Bai, Fangli Gao, Zhanfei Li, Yuchang Wang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S639374","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S639374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis is a complex and life-threatening syndrome driven by a dysregulated host response to infection, involving persistent oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, immune paralysis, metabolic disturbance, and progressive organ dysfunction. Although substantial advances have been achieved in supportive therapies, effective treatments capable of modifying the underlying pathological processes remain lacking. The major challenge lies in the highly interconnected nature of the septic microenvironment, where oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and immune imbalance form a dynamic pathological network that conventional single-target strategies cannot effectively correct. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials assembled from metal nodes (eg, Fe, Cu, Ce, Mn, and Zn) and organic ligands; owing to their highly tunable structures, catalytic properties, and versatile cargo-loading capabilities, have recently emerged as promising nanoplatforms for addressing complex biological disorders. In sepsis therapy, MOFs provide unique opportunities not only for reactive oxygen species regulation and anti-inflammatory intervention but also for targeted drug delivery, immune modulation, pathogen/endotoxin neutralization, and integrated diagnosis and treatment. Key functionalization strategies reviewed here include enzyme-mimetic (nanozyme) catalysis, biomimetic membrane coating and active targeting, stimuli-responsive (pH/ROS) delivery, genetic cargo delivery, and theranostic integration. However, a systematic understanding of how MOF-based nanomedicine reshapes the multifaceted septic microenvironment remains insufficient. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MOF-based strategies for sepsis management, focusing on their roles in regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immune dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. We discuss the design principles of MOF nanoplatforms, including enzyme-mimetic catalysis, stimuli-responsive delivery, immune regulation, and theranostic applications. Furthermore, we highlight current challenges associated with biosafety (including the fate of released metal ions), pharmacokinetics, scalable fabrication, and clinical translation, and propose future perspectives involving precision nanomedicine and intelligent MOF design. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of MOF-enabled regulation of septic pathological networks and to inspire the development of next-generation nanotherapeutic approaches for sepsis treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"639374"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Agonist-Loaded Copper-Based Nanoparticles for B7-H3 Blockade-Enhanced Chemodynamic-Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer.","authors":"Yuemei Jin, Jing Li, Qi Li, Shunqing Zhou","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S640431","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S640431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ovarian cancer remains difficult to treat because of limited tumor immunogenicity, poor cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, and a strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Characterization, in vitro cell experiments, and tumor mouse model was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we developed an anti-B7-H3 antibody-modified, STING agonist-loaded copper-based nanoplatform for tumor-targeted chemodynamic-immunotherapy. The copper-containing nanoparticles enabled efficient loading of the non-nucleotide STING agonist MSA-2 and exhibited acid-responsive release of both MSA-2 and copper ions. Reactive oxygen species generation and intracellular glutathione depletion amplify oxidative stress, induce tumor-selective cytotoxicity, and trigger immunogenic cell death, as evidenced by increased release of ATP and HMGB1. Surface conjugation with anti-B7-H3 antibody preserved B7-H3-blocking activity and enhanced nanoparticle uptake, intracellular copper delivery, tumor accumulation in ovarian cancer cells. In vivo, the nanoplatform produced the strongest tumor-growth inhibition and significantly prolonged survival compared with non-targeted or single-component formulations. MSA-2 delivery was associated with enhanced STING pathway activation, increased inflammatory cytokine production, and improved antitumor immune responses, while anti-B7-H3 antibody modification promoted tumor accumulation. Importantly, the nanoplatform showed favorable biocompatibility, with no evident body-weight loss, major-organ injury, hematological abnormalities, or hepatic and renal dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This multifunctional nanoplatform integrates B7-H3-mediated tumor targeting and immune blockade, copper-based chemodynamic therapy, immunogenic cell death, and STING activation, providing a promising strategy for remodeling the ovarian tumor immune microenvironment and enhancing systemic antitumor immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"640431"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149193437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocarrier-Integrated Topical Dosage Forms for Biofilm-Infected Wounds: Balancing Wound Retention, Biofilm Matrix Penetration, and Translational Feasibility.","authors":"Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S643386","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S643386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilm-infected wounds are difficult to treat because extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrices, wound exudate, polymicrobial spatial organization, impaired antimicrobial penetration, persistent inflammation, and antimicrobial tolerance limit the efficacy of conventional topical therapy. Nanocarriers can protect antimicrobial payloads, enable controlled and stimuli-responsive release, and improve interactions with biofilm matrices; however, their clinical performance also depends on the final topical dosage form that governs wound residence, local exposure, usability, and translation. This review critically examines nanocarrier-integrated topical dosage forms for biofilm-infected wounds by linking nanoscale carrier design with macroscale platform performance. Hydrogels and in situ gels, films, membranes, wound dressings, nanofibers, sprays, foams, and multifunctional systems are discussed in relation to wound retention, exudate management, EPS access, and controlled antimicrobial release. Key strategies, including pH-, enzyme-, ROS-, and light-responsive delivery, EPS disruption, matrix penetration, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, ion-mediated killing, quorum-sensing interference, and wound-adaptive regenerative support, are integrated with translational considerations such as polymicrobial biofilm models, cytocompatibility, recurrence prevention, sterilization, storage stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory classification, and patient-centered usability. By bridging nanocarrier engineering with topical dosage-form design, this review provides a formulation-oriented roadmap for clinically feasible antibiofilm nanomedicine for chronic and infected wounds, supporting control of infectious diseases, healthcare innovation, and sustainable manufacturing considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"643386"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149193364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradable ROS-Responsive TPCD Nanoparticles Mitigate Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury via Synergistic Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Actions.","authors":"Qin Wang, Wenrui Zhen, Zhouke Tan, Xiaoyong Yan, Bo Wang, Tao Pu, Zheng Cai, Yingsong Mu, Yu Ni, Xue Zhou, Juan Xu, Qi Liu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S625338","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S625338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious condition with high incidence and mortality rates, yet effective clinical treatment options remain limited. The therapeutic efficacy of small-molecule antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is limited by their difficulty in targeting the kidneys and their rapid clearance. Nanomedicine platforms capable of simultaneously scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating inflammation offer new hope for the treatment of AKI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed a previously reported TPCD conjugate (β-cyclodextrin co-functionalized with Tempol and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester), which self-assembles into nanoparticles (TPCD NPs). Its ROS-scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities were evaluated in vitro. In a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model, TPCD NPs were administered intravenously, and their efficacy was compared with that of NAC. Renal function (serum creatinine, BUN), histopathology, tubular apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and macrophage polarization were assessed. In vivo fluorescence imaging was used to monitor their biodistribution and assess short-term safety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TPCD NPs effectively scavenged ROS, reduced apoptosis, and suppressed inflammatory responses in vitro. In vivo, TPCD NPs significantly lowered serum creatinine and BUN levels, attenuated tubular injury and apoptosis, and decreased renal TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the model group and, in several endpoints, with NAC. The nanoparticles promoted macrophage polarization toward the reparative M2 phenotype. Fluorescence imaging revealed increased accumulation in injured kidneys, although renal retention was relatively short. Biocompatibility studies indicated acceptable short-term tolerability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TPCD NPs demonstrate renoprotective effects in cisplatin-induced AKI, likely via combined antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory actions. However, the observed renal accumulation requires further quantitative pharmacokinetic validation, and long-term safety and efficacy in other AKI models remain to be established. This study suggests that TPCD NPs are a promising preclinical candidate for AKI, but clinical translation claims should be made with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"625338"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149193373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Protease-Responsive and Protein-Gated Gold Nanocluster Platform for Non-Invasive Urinary Colorimetric Diagnosis of Glioblastoma.","authors":"Ji Yang, Xianxian Liu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S615554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S615554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) diagnosis remains challenging because conventional imaging may have limited ability to distinguish tumor progression or recurrence from treatment-related changes, and robust non-invasive biomarkers are still lacking. This study developed a protease-responsive gold nanocluster platform for urinary colorimetric detection of GBM via a synthetic biomarker strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We synthesized glutathione-capped AuNCs (GSH-AuNCs) and conjugated them with a substrate-responsive peptide (SRP) and a bulky NeutrAvidin (NAv) protein to form the AuNC-SRP-NAv complex. The NAv acts as a steric shield to lock the peroxidase-like activity of the AuNCs. The complex's physicochemical properties, stability, and protease-triggered activation (MMP-9) were characterized. In vivo biodistribution, renal clearance, and diagnostic performance were evaluated in orthotopic GBM-bearing mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AuNC-SRP-NAv complex (diameter ~18.6 nm) exhibited robust stability and a signal-off state in systemic circulation. Upon encountering GBM-overexpressed MMP-9, the SRP was cleaved, releasing ultra-small AuNC fragments (<6 nm) that rapidly translocated to the urine. In tumor-bearing mice, these urinary AuNCs catalyzed the oxidation of TMB, producing a distinct blue color change within 20 minutes, while healthy controls showed no significant signal. Long-term safety assays (35 days) confirmed excellent biocompatibility with no systemic toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The AuNC-SRP-NAv platform provides a simple, rapid, and non-invasive liquid biopsy approach for GBM. By integrating nanozyme catalysis with protease-responsive renal clearance, this system offers a promising alternative for early-stage tumor monitoring at the point of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"615554"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired Natural Product Nanoplatforms for Precision Cancer Theranostics from Nature to Nanomedicine.","authors":"Neeraj Choudhary, Dinesh Kumar, Sahil Sharma, Md Faiyazuddin, Thomas J Webster","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S615597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S615597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is one of the leading health problems in the world because of tumor heterogeneity, resistance to therapy, and the fact that traditional interventions are relatively non-specific. Plant, marine, and microbial natural products exhibit varied anticancer properties, including regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and multiple signaling pathways. Nevertheless, despite excellent mechanistic data, their clinical application remains constrained by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and instability, as well as by limited targeted delivery and biomarker-directed applications. In response to these issues, bioinspired nanoplatforms have emerged as a promising approach to improve the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of natural products. These systems involve biomimetic carrier systems, lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, and stimuli-based nanomaterials, which can efficiently target the tumor, deliver the drugs in a controlled way, and improve pharmacokinetics. Moreover, they facilitate the combination of diagnostic imaging and therapy, which are the pillars of precision cancer theranostics. The present review introduces a comprehensive model that links natural product pharmacology, nanoplatform engineering, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. It shows the importance of nano-bio interactions in drug uptake, distribution, and therapeutic response. Simultaneously, it critically addresses some of the most important translational challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, variability in delivery efficiency, lack of clinical validation, scaling issues, and regulatory complexity. Altogether, this review offers a balanced and integrated outlook, stating that biomarker-based approaches, standard design, and clinical relevance validation should be considered to develop natural product-based nanomedicine into an effective precision cancer theranostic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"615597"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aptamers in Osteoimmune Regulation: Scientific Rationale, Emerging Evidence and Translational Challenges.","authors":"Jian Chen, Siming Zhao, Xijie Tang, Yi Yang, Zhanghua Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S647338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S647338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoimmune disorders are difficult to treat because pathogenic signals are spatially restricted, temporally dynamic, and distributed across immune, skeletal, vascular, and microbial compartments. Aptamers provide a programmable recognition platform that may address these limitations, although their application in osteoimmune systems remains largely exploratory. This critical narrative review defines the scientific rationale for aptamer-based osteoimmune regulation, maps the current state of aptamer research across biological axes closely associated with osteoimmune regulation, and highlights potential targets for future therapeutic intervention. Aptamer contributions are classified into three distinct functional modes: direct molecular regulation, targeted navigation and niche reconditioning. We further analyze challenges imposed by acidic, nuclease-rich, and oxidizing skeletal environments, modification-dependent pharmacokinetics, and innate nucleic-acid sensing. Current evidence remains dominated by indirect and multicomponent systems, whereas direct aptamer-mediated osteoimmune pharmacology is supported by a comparatively limited number of studies. Future studies must establish aptamer-specific target engagement, causal immune-to-bone mechanisms, disease-relevant stability, and functional skeletal outcomes before clinical translation can be credibly pursued.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"647338"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Mitochondria-Targeted Delivery Strategies for Ischemic Stroke Therapy.","authors":"Ye Ding, Xiufei Teng, Tingyi Guo, Xinyue Chen, Jun Chen, Yang Yu, Lanbo Wang, Lulu Liu, Nana Li, Qiong Wu","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S641356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S641356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability, and mitochondrial dysfunction links bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury, and cell death. Despite extensive preclinical neuroprotection research, translation has often failed because candidate interventions show inadequate brain exposure and mitochondrial target engagement, are tested under pretreatment or simplified experimental conditions, emphasize short-term infarct reduction rather than durable functional recovery, and are difficult to integrate with time-critical reperfusion care. This Review analyzes mitochondria-targeted delivery as a sequential cascade spanning systemic stability, BBB or nose-to-brain entry, lesion and cell selection, endosomal escape, mitochondrial access, and functional rescue. We compare brain-targeted, intranasal, biomimetic, and organelle-transplantation platforms; place recent examples alongside established mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and mitochondrial-transfer literature; and distinguish localization evidence from causal mitochondrial recovery. The most tractable next steps are a standardized, disease-relevant validation framework and simplified delivery designs compatible with acute stroke workflows. Translational success will require integrated systems that address the complete sequential delivery cascade with the minimum necessary complexity, reproducible manufacturing, clinically relevant treatment windows, and long-term functional and safety endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"641356"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of PDA‑PLL Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery and ROS Scavenging in Rat Osteoarthritis.","authors":"Hao Hu, Guiju Chen, Yang Hu, Nannan Ding, Guorui Jin, Hui Xing, Wenming Tao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S616259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S616259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease in which elevated TNF-α and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) play central roles. These two pathological factors mutually reinforce each other-TNF-α induces ROS production while ROS upregulates TNF-α expression-forming a vicious cycle that propels disease progression. However, current therapies offer only symptomatic relief without halting this process. To address this, we developed polydopamine-poly(L-lysine) (PDA-PLL) nanoparticles as a dual-functional platform that combines PDA-mediated ROS scavenging with PLL-facilitated TNF-α siRNA delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PDA-PLL nanoparticles were synthesized and systematically characterized, and then their gene transfection efficiency and ROS scavenging capacity were evaluated. Finally, their therapeutic efficacy against OA was assessed in chondrocytes and in animal models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biocompatibility was evidenced by low in-vitro cytotoxicity and the absence of systemic toxicity in rats by hematology, biochemistry, and histopathology. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated their strong nucleic acid loading capability, and fluorescence imaging further revealed that PDA-PLL nanoparticles enabled highly efficient gene transfection in OA chondrocytes. PDA-PLL nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent scavenging of O₂ ^{•-, •}OH, and H₂O₂ in cell-free assays and lowered intracellular ROS in OA chondrocytes; critically, co-delivery of TNF-α siRNA further reduced ROS versus PDA-PLL alone. Consistent with these findings, the PDA-PLL+TNF-α siRNA group showed stronger suppression of inflammatory genes, greater restoration of matrix-preserving genes, and enhanced cytoprotection compared with PDA-PLL alone. In rat OA, PDA-PLL+siRNA outperformed PDA-PLL alone, with macroscopic and histological outcomes approaching the sham group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work presents PDA-PLL nanoparticles as a multifunctional therapeutic system that unites efficient gene delivery with potent ROS scavenging. Their synergistic action resulted in significant protection of chondrocytes and potent therapeutic efficacy in OA models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"616259"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Pathological Axes and Translational Evidence.","authors":"Bozhi Zeng, Rujia Xie, Congcong Chen, Boyu Jin, Chengcheng Yi, Juqiao He, Jianguo Zeng, Xinhua Xia, Jing Yang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S646321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S646321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is heterogeneous, and lower urinary tract symptoms also depend on smooth-muscle tone, outlet mechanics and bladder function. Nanomedicine research spans formulation development, animal experiments and limited clinical exploration, but these stages do not establish a continuous chain from delivery to durable patient benefit. This critical narrative review combines a structured PubMed update search through September 7, 2026 with descriptive evidence mapping. Historical search strings were unavailable; the update queries and records are retained, and retrieved records are distinguished from the curated study inventory. We organize relevant biology into inflammatory, hormonal-metabolic and fibrotic/extracellular-matrix axes and propose a barrier-signal-payload-feedback framework. The evidence tiers and decision gates are proposed analytical tools, not validated clinical classifications or regulatory pathways. Source-checked reports predominantly assess formulation properties, systemic exposure, organ size, histology or molecular outcomes. Healthy-volunteer pharmacokinetics does not constitute BPH therapeutic evidence, and whole-prostate exposure does not establish delivery to nodules or specific cells. A small nanomicellar-curcumin trial provides an early symptom signal below its study-defined clinical-importance threshold. Animal saline-loaded urine measurements and short-term cystometry from an adjacent local hydrogel represent different functional outcomes and cannot be equated with durable clinical benefit. The three-axis framework also does not establish which process initiates early nodular formation. Progress requires reproducible disease-state stratification, quantitative lesion delivery with prespecified target engagement, and sustained functional benefit supported by chronic safety and manufacturability. Added formulation complexity is justified only by measurable incremental value over simpler formulations, free payloads or appropriate standard treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"21 ","pages":"646321"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}