International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics of Ultrasound-Driven Barium Titanate Nanoparticles and the Mechanism of Action on Solid Tumors.","authors":"Shuao Li, Ningning He, Xiaoyu Wu, Fang Chen, Qingwen Xue, Shangyong Li, Cheng Zhao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S491816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S491816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) utilizes specific sound waves to activate sonosensitizers, generating localized biological effects to eliminate tumor cells. With advancements in nanomedicine, the application of nano-acoustic sensitizers has significantly advanced the development of SDT. BaTiO₃ (BTO), an inorganic nano-acoustic sensitizer, possesses light refraction characteristics and a high dielectric constant, and can generate an electric field under ultrasound (US) stimulation. With continuous progress in multidisciplinary fields of US research, scientists have developed various types of barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) to further advance SDT research and applications in tumor therapy. In this review, we present recently proposed and representative BTNPs, including their pathways of action, such as the induction of tumor cell senescence, ferroptosis, and glutathione depletion to reshape the tumor microenvironment, as well as their surface modifications. Research indicates that the mechanisms of action of ultrasound-driven BTNPs in tumor therapy are multifaceted. These mechanisms, whether utilized individually or synergistically, offer a potent and targeted strategy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the application of BTNPs in various tumor types. Finally, we summarize the current challenges and future prospects for the clinical translation of BTNPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12769-12791"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11610387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional Indomethacin Conjugates for the Development of Nanosystems Targeting Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Vaikunthavasan Thiruchenthooran, Marta Świtalska, Gabriela Maciejewska, Anna Palko-Łabuz, Lorena Bonilla-Vidal, Joanna Wietrzyk, Eliana B Souto, Elena Sánchez-López, Anna Gliszczyńska","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S477512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S477512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>It is well known that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin (IND) exhibits significant anticancer potential reported not only by in vitro and in vivo studies, but also in clinical trials. Despite promising results, IND is not widely used as an adjunctive agent in cancer therapy due to the occurrence of several gastrointestinal side effects, primarily after oral administration. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a nanosystem with reduced toxicity and risk of side effects for the delivery of IND for cancer treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>IND was encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in the form of a phospholipid conjugate, where a covalent bond exists between the drug and phosphatidylcholine skeleton. For this purpose, seven new hybrid molecules were synthesized, and subsequently evaluated as anticancer agents in an in vitro model against selected cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Biological studies demonstrated that the synthesized conjugates possessed excellent antiproliferative effects, exhibiting a 2.7-fold to even 100-fold higher activity against selected cancer cells, while remaining non-toxic to healthy cells. Based on biological studies and molecular calculations, heterosubstituted phosphatidylcholine containing IND and oleic acid (IND-OA-PC) in the <i>sn</i>-1 and <i>sn</i>-2 positions, respectively, was identified as the most potent molecule. Subsequently, IND-OA-PC was encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (IND-OA-PC-NLC). The results revealed that IND-OA-PC-NLC has a spherical shape with an average diameter of 155 nm and a negatively charged surface (-17.4 ± 0.49 mV). In this study, it was proven that the encapsulated conjugate of indomethacin with PC exhibits high activity against triple-negative (TNBC, Her2-, PR-, and ER-) breast cancer cells MDA-MB-468. While free IND was active at a concentration of 270.5 μM, in the form of the phospholipid conjugate (IND-OA-PC), it inhibited the growth of cancer cells at 67.5 μM and after conjugate encapsulation (IND-OA-PC-NLC) it was effective at only 10.3 μM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that the conjugation of NSAID with phosphatidylcholine and its combination with nanotechnology techniques create opportunities to repurpose well-known drugs from this group for new therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12695-12718"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Strategies and Application Potential of Multifunctional Hydrogels for Promoting Angiogenesis.","authors":"Menglei Wang, Jiawen Chen, Yawen Luo, Meixin Feng, Qianwen Yang, Yingmei Tang, Ziyi Tang, Wantong Xiao, Yue Zheng, Li Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S495971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S495971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels can be rationally designed as multifunctional platforms with structures and functions for various biomedical applications. Because of their excellent biochemical and mechanical properties, hydrogels have shown great potential for promoting angiogenesis, and an increasing amount of research has been devoted to designing and developing new hydrogels. However, a systematic and detailed review of hydrogels that promote angiogenesis is lacking. This paper comprehensively summarizes the design strategies of different kinds of functional hydrogels that promote angiogenesis, with anti-oxidant, substance-delivery, stimulus-responsive, self-healing, conductive, and wound-monitoring properties. The applications of hydrogels in wound healing, bone regeneration, and treatment of myocardial ischemia are discussed. Finally, future development directions of functional hydrogels promoting angiogenesis are proposed along with new strategies for the treatment of related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12719-12742"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pretreatment of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes with Quercetin Enhances the Healing of Diabetic Skin Wounds by Modulating Host-Microbiota Interactions.","authors":"Shuhui Wu, Zhongsheng Zhou, Yang Li, Ronghui Wu, Jinlan Jiang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S491471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S491471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Owing to the distinctive advantages of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-exo), these vesicles have emerged as a pivotal research focus in regenerative medicine, surpassing their MSC counterparts. Quercetin (Qr), widely recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, demonstrates substantial potential in enhancing tissue repair processes. This study delves into the role of quercetin-pretreated MSC-derived exosomes (MSCs^Qr-exo) in accelerating the healing of diabetic wounds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MSCs^Qr-exo were isolated from quercetin-pretreated MSCs and applied to fibroblasts to evaluate changes in cell function. An in vitro DSW rat model was also developed, and the rats were treated with MSCs^Qr-exo to assess wound healing progression. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to analyze changes in gut microbiota and metabolic profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MSCs^Qr-exo significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration while improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs-exo in DSW treatment. Gut microbiota and metabolomic analyses revealed marked changes in DSW rats, with MSCs^Qr-exo effectively alleviating dysbiosis. MSCs^Qr-exo upregulated Faecalibacterium abundance and regulated arachidonic acid metabolism in both the arachidonic and linoleic acid pathways. Firmicutes and Enterobacteriaceae influenced the arachidonic acid pathway by modulating 14.15-EET expression levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MSCs^Qr-exo facilitate DSW wound healing through modulation of dysbiotic gut microbiota linked to DSW pathology. This discovery offers novel therapeutic avenues and research trajectories for enhancing DSW recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12557-12581"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Phosphorus Nanosheets-Loaded Single-Atom Gold Nanoenzymes for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.","authors":"Jianmeng Zhu, Hongqin Wang, Kaiqiang Li, Xiuze Yuan, Wenzhong Hong","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S414938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S414938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Conventional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lack efficacy and targeting abilities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative for targeted and minimally invasive tumor treatments. However, many biomaterials used in PDT pose biosafety concerns and insufficient enzyme activity often leads to limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in poor PDT efficacy. Single-atom nanoenzymes have attracted much research attention as a novel type of high-performance nanoenzymes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we prepared black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) with good biocompatibility as a platform and loaded single-atom gold nanoenzymes onto BP nanosheets to treat HCC. To enhance the stability and targeting ability of the nanohybrid, it was PEGylated and modified with folate (FA) targeting molecules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The designed BP/single-atom nanoenzyme platform can target tumor tissues and generate substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), demonstrating biocompatibility and improved catalytic activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The nanoplatform effectively targets HCC and enhances PDT efficacy by increasing ROS production, offering a promising approach for HCC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12583-12592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on Cyclic-Peptide Functionalized Nanoparticles for Tumor-Penetrating Delivery.","authors":"Chenkai Wang, Zefan Shen, Yiyang Chen, Yifan Wang, Xuanyi Zhou, Xinyi Chen, Yuhang Li, Pu Zhang, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S487303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S487303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A key challenge in cancer treatment is the effective delivery of drugs into deep regions of tumor tissues, which are impermeable due to abnormal vascular network, increased interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), abundant extra cellular matrix (ECM), and heterogeneity of tumor cells. Cyclic peptides have been used for the surface engineering of nanoparticles to enhance the tumor-penetrating efficacy of drugs. Compared with other surface ligands, cyclic peptides are more easily produced by automated chemical synthesis, and they are featured by their higher binding affinity with their targets, tumor selectivity, stability against degradation, and low toxicity. In this review, different types of cyclic peptides, their physicochemical properties and their in vivo pharmacokinetics are introduced. Next, the progress of cyclic peptide-functionalized drug delivery nanodevices is updated, and the mechanism underlying the tumor-penetrating properties of cyclic peptide-functionalized drug delivery nanodevices is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12633-12652"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11609414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic Effects of Synthesized Bismuth Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (Bi₂O₃/RGO) Nanocomposites in Two Distinct Mammalian Cell Lines: Role Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis.","authors":"Rashid Lateef, Israr Ahmad, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Neha Lohia, Hisham A Alhadlaq, Mohd Javed Akhtar, Maqusood Ahamed","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S489874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S489874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Researchers have shown substantial interest in bismuth oxide/reduced graphene oxide (Bi₂O₃/RGO) nanocomposites due to their superior features that are not achievable by each material alone. The growing applications and manufacturing of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites have raised concerns regarding their potential human health risks. This work was designed to explore the possible toxicity mechanisms of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites in two distinct mammalian cell lines, normal rat kidney cells (NRK52E) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites were prepared by a simple hydrothermal technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the synthesized nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites in NRK52E and HepG2 cells was examined by MTT cell viability assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were measured as the biomarkers of oxidative stress. The apoptosis study was carried out by measuring several parameters, including cell cycle and caspase-3.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High-quality Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites of ≈33-38 nm size without impurities, where crystalline Bi₂O₃ particles are evenly attached to the RGO sheets. Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites exhibit cytotoxic effects on NRK52E and HepG2 cells, which were dose- and time-dependent. Interestingly, NRK52E exhibited marginally higher vulnerability to Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites compared to HepG2. Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites also cause a dose-dependent increase in ROS production and a decrease in GSH levels. Exposing NRK52E and HepG2 cells to Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites results in activation of the caspase-3 enzyme and chromosomal condensation. The apoptotic response of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites against both types of cells was further confirmed by AO-EB dual staining and altered cell cycle.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated that the toxicity of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites in both NRK52E and HepG2 cells is attributed to their ability to produce ROS, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest as a consequence of oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12655-12674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw by Inhibiting Macrophage M1 Polarization and Pyroptosis.","authors":"Yi Zheng, Xinyu Wang, Yang He, Shuo Chen, Linhai He, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S482849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S482849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Exosomes from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can prevent the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) by promoting tooth socket wound healing; however, the exact mechanism remains to be clarified. In this study, our aim was to explore the mechanisms of exosomes derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) in preventing MRONJ by focusing on macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The MRONJ model was established by the administration of zoledronate and tooth extraction. Exosomes isolated from the supernatant of ADSCs were mixed with hydrogel and locally injected into the extraction site after tooth extraction. Stereoscope observations, micro computed tomography (microCT), and histological analysis were used to assess tooth socket wound healing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that exosomes could effectively avoid MRONJ via accelerating gingival wound healing and tooth socket bone regeneration. Mechanistically, zoledronate triggered the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted p65 transferring into the nucleus in macrophages, resulting in macrophage M1 polarization and pyroptosis-mediated tissue inflammation, while exosomes could reduce macrophage pyroptosis and pro-inflammation cytokines release by suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β axis. Additionally, IL-1RA derived from exosomes plays a key role in preventing MRONJ. Pyroptosis-related and inflammatory-related processes were upregulated in MRONJ patients further confirmed by assessing MRONJ gingival samples and healthy gingival tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADSCs-derived exosomes could effectively promote tooth socket healing and prevent MRONJ by inhibiting M1 macrophage activation and pyroptosis by blocking the NF-κB/NLRP3/IL-1β axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12675-12693"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Article \"Ultrasensitive Hierarchical AuNRs@SiO₂@Ag SERS Probes for Enrichment and Detection of Insulin and C-Peptide in Serum\" [Response to Letter].","authors":"Tong Zhang, Han Wu, Chenling Qiu, Mingxin Wang, Haiting Wang, Shunhua Zhu, Yinhai Xu, Qingli Huang, Shibao Li","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S505627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S505627","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12653-12654"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies.","authors":"Yibao Yang, Mengen Lv, Qing Xu, Xiaojuan Wang, Zhujun Fang","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S491335","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S491335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible interstitial lung disease caused by aberrant deposition of extracellular matrix in the lungs with significant morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic choices for IPF remain limited. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as messengers for intercellular communication, are cell-secreted lipid bilayer nanoscale particles found in body fluids, and regulate the epithelial phenotype and profibrotic signaling pathways by transporting bioactive cargo to recipients in the pathogenesis of IPF. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies suggests that EVs derived from stem cells can be employed as a cell-free therapeutic approach for IPF, given their intrinsic tissue-homing capabilities and regeneration characteristics. This review highlights new sights of EVs in the pathogenesis of IPF, their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and prospects as novel drug delivery systems and next-generation therapeutics against IPF. Notably, bringing engineering strategies to EVs holds great promise for enhancing the therapeutic effect of anti-pulmonary fibrosis and promoting clinical transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"19 ","pages":"12593-12614"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11606342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}