International Journal of Energy Research最新文献

{"title":"Effective Waste Heat Recovery of Boiler Flue Gas Using a Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger: A Performance Comparison With Finned-Tube Economizer","authors":"Sukkyung Kang,&nbsp;JinHyeuk Seo,&nbsp;Jeong-Bin Lim,&nbsp;Jungho Lee","doi":"10.1155/er/8781810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8781810","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates the potential of a heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHX) as a boiler economizer, which recovers waste heat from exhaust flue gas for preheating feedwater, compared to the conventional one, finned-tube heat exchanger (FTHX), focusing on their waste heat recovery (WHR) capabilities. Experiments were conducted on the original economizer of an experimental liquefied natural gas (LNG) steam boiler (FTHX) and HPHX we fabricated, under actual boiler operating environments, measuring their heat transfer rate and effectiveness. The results showed that both heat exchangers exhibited comparable thermal performance. However, the HPHX achieved significantly higher performance considering heat exchanger dimensions, with a heat transfer rate per unit volume 3.24 times higher than FTHX, thanks to its working mechanism utilizing latent heat. To further evaluate HPHX’s potential, the performance of HPHX with the same dimensions as FTHX was examined based on an empirical model for HPHX. Our analysis revealed that, compared to the FTHX, the HPHX could improve heat recovery rate by up to 11.0%, increase feedwater temperature by 6.9°C, and enhance boiler efficiency by approximately 1.28%. Moreover, additional investigation based on design modifications showed that the superior thermal performance of the HPHX enables a more compact heat exchanger design, allowing a 36% reduction in length without compromising WHR performance. These findings demonstrate the HPHX’s capability to increase boiler efficiency and/or enable system compactness, suggesting that it is a promising alternative to the conventional finned-tube economizer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/8781810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsynchronous Osculation Suppression Strategy for Wind Farm DC Grid Integration Considering Delay Compensation","authors":"Chenzhi Fang,&nbsp;Yongfeng Ren,&nbsp;Yang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhe Meng,&nbsp;Caiqiao Yue,&nbsp;Fengwei Zhao","doi":"10.1155/er/1310270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1310270","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interaction between direct-drive wind farms and flexible DC transmission systems during grid integration is prone to inducing subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs), and control delays can exacerbate such oscillations, potentially leading to severe grid incidents. To address this issue, this study proposes a SSO suppression strategy based on a delay-compensated linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) supplementary damping controller. First, impedance models for the modular multilevel converter (MMC) and virtual synchronous generator (VSG)–based direct-drive wind turbines were established using harmonic state space (HSS) theory, with frequency-scanning validation confirming the consistency between the theoretical models and practical dynamics. Subsequently, a delay compensation module was integrated into the LADRC framework, and its impact on system stability was thoroughly analyzed. During oscillations, the enhanced disturbance observer estimates system disturbances in real time, enabling the controller to compute voltage compensation values that are injected into the modulation waveform to suppress SSO. Finally, a simulation model was developed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform and the time-domain simulations demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy, showing significant reductions in oscillation amplitude and accelerated transient recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/1310270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Differences in Heat and Mass Transfer Within Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolytic Cell Under Microgravity and Terrestrial Conditions","authors":"Hongzhe Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanhang Wu,&nbsp;Tiankun Huang,&nbsp;Ningfei Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwen Wu","doi":"10.1155/er/6645740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/6645740","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The absence of gravity in microgravity environments leads to a unique gas-liquid flow behavior in water electrolytic cells compared to terrestrial conditions, which in turn affects the electrochemical performance of the system. In this study, a two-dimensional nonisothermal two-phase flow stationary model was developed to examine the distribution of gas-liquid phases and temperature variations in proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolytic cells under microgravity conditions. The effects of microgravity and terrestrial gravity on the cell performance were directly compared. Results indicate that under terrestrial conditions, gravity enhances gas velocity and promotes faster vertical gas movement. However, as voltage increases, the disparity in average velocity and hydrogen concentration distribution between microgravity and terrestrial conditions diminishes, while the difference in temperature distribution becomes more pronounced. The observed performance differences under microgravity are primarily due to the reduced hydrogen flow rate within the cathode catalyst layer. A significant difference in electrical performance at low voltages is observed, whereas only a minor difference is noted at high voltages. Furthermore, as the operating temperature increases, the difference in electrical performance between microgravity and terrestrial conditions becomes more pronounced.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/6645740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodel Simulations of Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Stock Levels, Infrastructure, and Performance Evaluation Under Stochastic Vehicle Inflows in the Gulf–Europe Corridor","authors":"Md. Habibur Rahman,&nbsp;Roberto Baldacci","doi":"10.1155/er/5525251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5525251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study employs multimodel simulations, including road traffic, process, and system dynamics modeling, to analyze hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) in the Gulf–Europe corridor, also known as the Iraq’s development road project (DRP). It focuses on operational requirements, which consist of stock levels and infrastructure needs, along with refueling performance under stochastic vehicle inflows (SVIs) from the Gulf, European countries, and Iraq’s side roads (SRs). The research aims to identify key operational requirements and evaluate the refueling performance of an HRS for various stochastic vehicle inflow (SVI) scenarios, facilitating the efficient integration of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) into freight networks. The study introduces novel multimodel simulations developed in the AnyLogic software environment to replicate real-world variability in vehicle inflows. Key findings reveal that SVIs significantly impact hydrogen stock level (HSL), infrastructure requirements (IRs), and refueling performance metrics (RPMs). For example, for a daily transportation demand of 30,000 tons of goods with 10%–20% side road (SR) vehicle entries, an HRS requires an IR-1 of 3, an IR-2 of 2, and an HSL of 44,391.6 kg, with performance reflected in refueling performance metric (RPM)-1 values of 73%, 72%, and 45%, and an RPM-2 range of 1.32–6.12 min. This proves that the HRS requirements and performance vary with SVIs for different transportation demands. Hence, we enhance the theoretical framework of refueling station design by integrating multimodel simulations to address stochastic inflows. It offers actionable insights for policymakers on optimizing HRS operations, improving scalability, and achieving United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs).</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5525251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Investigating Natural Disaster-Related External Events at Nuclear Power Plants: Towards Climate Change Resilience”","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/er/9863926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9863926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>D. Kim, S. Kwag, D. Hahm, J. Kim, and S. Eem, “Investigating Natural Disaster-Related External Events at Nuclear Power Plants: Towards Climate Change Resilience,” <i>International Journal of Energy Research</i> 2024 (2024): 3921093, https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3921093.</p><p>In the article titled “Investigating Natural Disaster-Related External Events at Nuclear Power Plants: Towards Climate Change Resilience,” there was an error in the Acknowledgments section, where the grant number “RS-2022-0015457” was incorrect, and this grant number should have read as “RS-2022-00154571.” The corrected section appears below:</p><p><b>Acknowledgments</b></p><p>This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT) (No. RS-2022-00154571). And also, this work was supported by the Nuclear Safety Research Program through the Korea Foundation of Nuclear Safety (KoFONS), granted financial resources from the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC), Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00404119).</p><p>The authors also identified a minor error in Figure 1. The correct Figure 1 is shown below:</p><p>Furthermore, there was an error in the “2. Forecast of Climate Change” section. This error is shown below:</p><p>“Figure 1 displays the geographical distribution of operational nuclear power plants worldwide as of 2023” should read “Figure 1 displays the geographical distribution of nuclear power plants reported as operational as of 2024”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9863926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Hosting Capacity of Distribution Networks for Power-To-Gas Technologies Considering Energy Storage Systems and Volt-Var Management: A Stochastic–IGDT Model","authors":"Yasin Pezhmani,&nbsp;Navid Rezaei","doi":"10.1155/er/8400855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/8400855","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Along with the fast proliferation of natural gas vehicles and compressed natural gas (CNG) stations, the increasing incorporation of power-to-gas (P2G) technologies into active distribution networks for natural gas production is witnessed. On the one hand, it is beneficial for distribution networks to increase the quantity of natural gas that could be produced by P2G technologies of grid-connected CNG stations. On the other hand, uncontrolled power injection to these stations from distribution network may cause technical challenges. Therefore, this work proposes a novel optimization model to determine the hosting capacity of active distribution networks for P2G technologies, while considering energy storage systems and volt-var control (VVC). The uncertainties of renewable wind-based sources and nodal load in the proposed model are handled by using a hybrid information gap decision theory (IGDT)-stochastic method. Accordingly, the distribution network operator can adopt a risk-averse strategy to deal with the undesirable deviations of nodal load, while considering various possible scenarios for wind power generation. A modified IEEE 33-bus test network is performed to validate the proposed model. The obtained results not only show that the simultaneous consideration of VVC and energy storage systems leads to more than 33.8% increase in the hosting capacity of the distribution network for P2G technologies, but also prove the applicability of the risk-averse stochastic model in dealing with the uncertain fluctuations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/8400855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial Engineering of Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Modified Hematite Electron Transport Layer for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance","authors":"Muhammad Umair Ahsan Khan,&nbsp;Abu Summama Sadavi Bilal,&nbsp;Akbar Ali Qureshi,&nbsp;Xudayberganov Islom Aniyozovich,&nbsp;Mamatha G. N.,&nbsp;Bekzod Madaminov,&nbsp;Krishan Kumar Sah,&nbsp;Qaiser Abbas,&nbsp;Muhammad Adnan","doi":"10.1155/er/5571442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5571442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), yet they encounter significant issues concerning interfacial defects and stability. This work mitigates these constraints by implementing a dual interfacial passivation approach utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) at the interfaces of the Fe₂O₃ electron transport layer (ETL)/CsFAMA perovskite (PVK) and PVK/hole transport layer (HTL). The Fe₂O₃ ETL, despite its chemical stability and cost-effectiveness, is hindered by surface roughness and trap states that impede efficient charge extraction. Through the incorporation of g-C₃N₄, a nitrogen-rich 2D semiconductor, we attained defect passivation through coordination with undercoordinated Pb²⁺ ions and halide vacancies, thereby inhibiting ion migration and improving interfacial energy alignment. Structural characterization (XRD, Raman, scanning electron microscope [SEM]) confirms the layered morphology of g-C₃N₄ and its compatibility with the PVK matrix, while optical analysis reveals enhanced light absorption (400–550 nm) and retained transparency (~80%). The dual-modified devices achieved a champion PCE of 15.97% (12.89% for the control) and a low hysteresis index (HI) of 0.01 (0.06 for the control) with a high <i>V</i>_OC = 1.12 V, <i>J</i>_SC = 19.49 mA cm⁻², and FF 73.19%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies demonstrate reduced charge recombination and improved carrier extraction. Critically, the modified devices retain approximately 87% of their initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination, highlighting exceptional operational stability. This work establishes dual interfacial engineering with g-C₃N₄ as a robust strategy for advancing efficient, hysteresis-free, and durable PVK photovoltaics, bridging the gap toward commercial viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5571442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Driven FEM Analysis of Marangoni Convection in Carreau Nanofluids","authors":"Kotike Jyothi,&nbsp;Leelavathi Rekapalli,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman,&nbsp;Balram Yelamasetti,&nbsp;Zubairuddin M.,&nbsp;S. K. Mohammad Shareef,&nbsp;Dhanesh G. Mohan","doi":"10.1155/er/2443590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2443590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation on Carreau nanofluid flow over a wedge under Marangoni boundary conditions. The model incorporates thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects, with governing partial differential equations reduced to ordinary differential form via similarity transformations. The analysis focuses on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions, alongside key transport parameters: Nusselt number (Nu_<i>x</i>), Sherwood number (Sh_<i>x</i>), and skin friction coefficient (Cf_<i>x</i>). To enhance predictive capability, a supervised artificial neural network (ANN) based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. Trained on simulation data, the ANN demonstrates high regression accuracy with a mean squared error (MSE) below 0.001. Results indicate that Nu_<i>x</i> increases by 12% as the magnetic parameter rises from 0.5 to 2, while Sh_<i>x</i> decreases by 9% as thermophoresis increases from 0.1 to 0.6. This hybrid FEM–ANN framework offers new insights into Marangoni-driven nanofluid dynamics and provides a robust surrogate modeling approach for optimizing complex thermal transport systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/2443590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Energy Access in Developing Markets Through Business-Based Hybrid System Modeling","authors":"Khizer Aftab,&nbsp;Muhammad Waleed Asghar,&nbsp;Waqas Asghar,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Amy Fahy,&nbsp;Fabiano Pallonetto","doi":"10.1155/er/2692018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2692018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pakistan’s economic growth is being impacted by the energy crisis, because of nation’s reliance on expensive electricity, obtained from independent power producers (IPPs). To address this issue, herein, we report an analysis of various off-grid and grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES), for cheap electrification of area under municipal committee (MC) Jhelum, district Jhelum, Pakistan. Various HRES systems are designed, simulated, and optimized using HOMER Pro software, with a focus on techno-economic factors. The net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for the proposed designs are obtained and refined by adjusting the sensitive parameters, that is, components costs, nominal discount rate, inflation rate, and annual capacity shortage of components. The results reveal that the most economical system obtained is grid-connected system, which comprises of solar photovoltaic (PV), diesel generators (DGs), and batteries, with LCOE (0.03719 $/kWh) and NPC (1,797,396 $). Robustness analysis is carried out: (1) to confirm the technical reliability of proposed system, (2) comparing our system’s LCOE with government tariff and previous literature, which reveals that the proposed system provides cheaper electricity. Finally, we discussed potential barriers like technical, policy making, social awareness, social acceptance, and economic that affect implementation of such systems. We have provided recommendations to rectify these barriers for successfully deploying sustainable energy systems across the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/2692018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Low Illumination Response of SHJ Solar Cells for More Sustainable Systems: A Device Simulation Study","authors":"Rupendra Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Jakub Holovský","doi":"10.1155/er/9969335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9969335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, we used calibrated numerical simulation models to optimize silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, with a focus principally on higher efficiency at lower illumination. The low-light analysis is important because photovoltaic (PV) modules are exposed to varied illumination conditions depending on location, weather, and climate. Recently, we have established that for lower illumination, the SHJ configuration with thin and lower-doped front p-type emitter contact is a viable option for providing higher efficiency; however, that study was only performed for a low-doped (~10¹⁵ cm⁻³) c-Si(n) absorber. In this work, we comprehensively optimized the SHJ configuration for a wide variation of absorber doping/resistivity (5 × 10¹⁴–5 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³/9.05–0.032 Ω cm) and observed that for highly doped (~5 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³/0.141 Ω cm) absorbers, efficiency drops for thin and low-doped p-type emitters. On the contrary, a moderate to high doped (2 × 10¹⁶–5 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ /0.292–0.141 Ω cm) absorber with a standard p-type emitter enhances efficiency most effectively under low light illumination, where the generated carrier density is low. Additionally, a combination of a moderate to high doped absorber, together with a doped a-Si:H(p) contact layer for an optimized front electrode workfunction, further boosts efficiency irrespective of illumination. The other advantage of our optimization is the relaxed requirements of a higher work function (WF) of the front electrode necessary for a hole-selective contact in SHJ solar cells. We achieved a remarkable 3.2% absolute increase at low illumination (0.01 suns), and a 1.4% absolute increase at 0.1 and 1.0 suns compared to an STC-optimized cell (optimized experimentally for best efficiency at 1.0 sun). This analysis suggests designing PV modules providing energy production that is slightly better matched to the actual people’s energy needs throughout the day and year.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9969335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}