International Journal of Energy Research最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing Electrical Efficiency and Levelized Cost of Energy in Photovoltaic Systems Through Thermal Management Using Microchannel Heat Sinks","authors":"Muhammad Hanzla Tahir,&nbsp;Muhammad Wajid Saleem,&nbsp;Yusuf Bicer,&nbsp;Mohammad Ikram,&nbsp;Shahzaib Iqbal","doi":"10.1155/er/2433429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2433429","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Solar energy is a ubiquitous renewable resource for photovoltaic (PV) power generation; however, higher operating temperatures significantly reduce the efficiency of PV modules, impacting their electrical output and increasing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). This study aims to enhance conventional PV systems’ electrical efficiency and annual energy recovery while reducing the LCOE through thermal management using microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) under forced convection. A 600 W monocrystalline PV module was analyzed, recognizing an efficiency reduction of ~20% under actual operating conditions due to thermal effects, with the surface temperature reaching up to 63.76°C without cooling. In addition, analytical calculations were used to determine an incident solar irradiance of 957.33 W/m² for an industrial location in Lahore, Pakistan. Similarly, computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulations were conducted using single and dual-layer MCHSs configurations with water as the coolant at inlet velocities ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 m/s. The dual-layer MCHSs significantly reduced the PV module’s surface temperature from 63.76 to ~25.65°C at an inlet velocity of 1.0 m/s, achieving a temperature reduction of 38.11°C. This thermal management increased the electrical efficiency from 18.33% (without cooling) to 22.27%, an efficiency gain of ~4%. The annual energy recovery improved substantially; at 1.0 m/s, the dual-layer configuration increased the annual energy output by 227,954 kWh/year (about 21.89%) compared to the no-cooling scenario, reaching 1,269,131 kWh/year. Furthermore, the LCOE was reduced to as low as 6.27 PKR/kWh over a 30-year operational lifespan at lower velocities, demonstrating improved cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, optimal velocity was identified between 0.2 and 0.5 m/s, balancing thermal performance and economic viability. Finally, this study concludes that thermal management using dual-layer MCHSs effectively enhances PV module efficiency, increases annual energy recovery, and reduces LCOE, contributing to sustainable and economical solar energy integration in industrial applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/2433429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remarkable Conductivity and Durability of Anion Exchange Membrane With Poly(Fluorene-Terphenyl Piperidinium) Incorporating Graphene Oxide","authors":"Kyu Ha Lee,&nbsp;Ji Young Chu","doi":"10.1155/er/4352185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4352185","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>We present a series of organic–inorganic composite membranes containing graphene oxide (GO) and quaternized poly(fluorene-terphenyl piperidinium) (QPFTP) polymer to enhance ion conductivity and physicochemical properties. Utilizing the hydrophilic functional groups and robust support of GO, the composite membrane accomplishes improved ion exchange capacity (IEC), swelling ratio, water uptake, and electrochemical performance. The interaction between polymer chains and GO, facilitated by the interface between quaternized ammonium groups on the polymer and oxygen functional groups on the filler support, promotes hydrogen bond formation. Based on our experiments and results, it was proven that the introduction of GO improves the alkaline stability of the membrane, and the optimal GO content was confirmed to be 0.7 wt%. Consequently, the ion conductivity of QPFTP-GO-0.7 reaches 198.2 mS cm⁻¹, demonstrating superior performance compared to the pristine membrane (126.5 mS cm⁻¹). Furthermore, the single cell performance of QPFTP-GO-0.7 achieves a power density of 347.6 mW cm⁻² in an H₂/O₂ environment at 60°C. The findings from this research are expected to contribute to the advancement of anion exchange membrane (AEM) technology, offering insights into the design and development of next-generation membranes for sustainable energy applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4352185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STATCOM and DFIG Reactive Power Management Strategy for LVRT Capability Enhancement Under Asymmetrical Grid Faults","authors":"Kamel Sayahi,&nbsp;Belgacem Bouallegue,&nbsp;Mansour Baazouzi,&nbsp;Faouzi Bacha","doi":"10.1155/er/7613713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/7613713","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>In the trajectory of carbon dioxide (CO₂) neutrality, wind and solar energies will be the key for the energy transition in the electricity sector; however, a massive integration of solar and wind farms into the electricity grid by 2050 will be carried out. For this end, powers control and powers management of these two renewable energies have taken the attention of several researchers since the last decades. This article presents a reactive energy management strategy for a power grid linked to a wind farm utilizing doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and enhanced by a static reactive power compensator (STATCOM). This management strategy improves an electrical grid capability in the event of a low-voltage ride through (LVRT) and aims to optimize the sizing of the STATCOM to be installed alongside the wind farm. The proposed oriented voltage control strategy (VOC) for the grid-side converter and STATCOM facilitates effective reactive current injection into the grid during symmetrical faults with significant voltage sags. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach combined with stator flux-oriented control (FOC) applied to the rotor side converter enables effective control of the DFIG during an asymmetrical fault. Breaking down currents and voltages into positive and negative sequences expressed in the synchronous frame enhances DFIG and STATCOM control during grid voltage asymmetrical faults. The control algorithms are validated by simulation results using MATLAB-SIMULINK.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/7613713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Heat Recovery From Electric Arc Furnaces: Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Steam and Organic Rankine Cycles","authors":"Mahdi Mehrpour,&nbsp;Ehsan Houshfar,&nbsp;Mehdi Ashjaee","doi":"10.1155/er/6689904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/6689904","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>In this study, two distinct approaches were proposed for recovering heat from the exhaust gases of electric arc furnaces (EAFs)—the steam cycle and the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). These methods were evaluated based on various criteria, including energy and exergy efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts. To identify optimal performance parameters, the effects of different working fluids in the ORC were examined, revealing significant variations in cycle behavior depending on the fluid used. Consequently, the most effective operational conditions for each specific fluid were identified and recorded based on temperature and pressure fluctuations. The analysis led to the selection of acetone as the optimal working fluid due to its favorable performance despite its high flammability, characterized by its isentropic nature. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the cycle using this fluid reached 21% and 61%, respectively, with a power output of 597.4 kW under maximum conditions. Additionally, the study demonstrated that, given the high temperature of the heat source, the steam cycle is more justifiable than the combined steam and ORC with the proposed configuration. The exergy efficiency of the steam cycle reached a maximum of 57%, with a net power output of 2897 kW and a total cost rate of $0.041/s under these conditions. Finally, by optimizing the steam cycle using a genetic algorithm, the ideal values for exergy efficiency were slightly reduced to 53%, with a significant decrease in the total cost rate to $0.036/s.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/6689904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Approach to Extend Deterministic Models for the Quantification of Uncertainty and Comprehensive Evaluation of the Probabilistic Forecasting","authors":"Ajay Upadhaya,&nbsp;Jan-Simon Telle,&nbsp;Sunke Schlüters,&nbsp;Mohammad Saber,&nbsp;Karsten von Maydell","doi":"10.1155/er/4460462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4460462","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Forecasting generation and demand forms the foundation of power system planning, operation, and a multitude of decision-making processes. However, traditional deterministic forecasts lack crucial information about uncertainty. With the increasing decentralization of power systems, understanding, and quantifying uncertainty are vital for maintaining resilience. This paper introduces the uncertainty binning method (UBM), a novel approach that extends deterministic models to provide comprehensive probabilistic forecasting and thereby support informed decision-making in energy management. The UBM offers advantages such as simplicity, low data requirements, minimal feature engineering, computational efficiency, adaptability, and ease of implementation. It addresses the demand for reliable and cost-effective energy management system (EMS) solutions in distributed integrated local energy systems, particularly in commercial facilities. To validate its practical applicability, a case study was conducted on an integrated energy system at a logistics facility in northern Germany, focusing on the probabilistic forecasting of electricity demand, heat demand, and PV generation. The results demonstrate the UBM’s high reliability across sectors. However, low sharpness was observed in probabilistic PV generation forecasts, attributed to the low accuracy obtained by the deterministic model. Notably, the accuracy of the deterministic model significantly influences the accuracy of the UBM. Additionally, this paper addresses various challenges in popular evaluation scores for probabilistic forecasting with implementing new ones, namely a graphical calibration score, quantile calibration score (QCS), and percentage quantile calibration score (PQCS). The findings presented in this work contribute significantly to enhancing decision-making capabilities within distributed integrated local energy systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4460462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CFD Approach to Thermal Analysis of Soiled Fixed Roof Mount and Tracking Solar Photovoltaic Arrays","authors":"Kudzanayi Chiteka,&nbsp;Christopher Enweremadu","doi":"10.1155/er/4225728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4225728","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion is significantly impacted by temperature, and soiling remains a critical factor influencing module performance. Alternative solutions, including cleaning, antisoiling coatings, the use of tracking systems, and the implementation of thermal mitigation strategies, have been explored to minimize the effects of soiling and thermal impacts on solar cell performance. This study approached the problem from a different perspective by employing a three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to analyze the correlation between soiling and PV module temperature. The simulations incorporated varying dust thermophysical properties, installation geometries, and environmental conditions using user-defined functions (UDFs). Key findings revealed strong relationships between dust density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and cell temperature, mediated by thermal density. Maximum temperature rises were observed with low thermal density dust, elevating cell temperatures by up to 3.15%. Fixed configurations maintained lower temperatures by up to 1.7% compared to tracking systems. Dust temperature averaged 1.15% higher than the underlying cell, while directly soiled cells exhibited a 1.93% temperature increase compared to clean modules. Higher tilt angles experienced enhanced wind turbulence, reducing solar cell temperatures, whereas collectors oriented to prevailing winds showed lower temperatures, with minimal effects when winds aligned parallel to the installation azimuth. The study highlighted the dual role of dust thermal conductivity in heat transfer, where low values acted as insulators, elevating cell temperatures, and high values facilitated efficient heat dissipation. Soiling-induced thermal impacts contributed to a maximum 12% energy reduction, emphasizing the importance of mitigating these effects. Tracking systems, although susceptible to higher temperatures, demonstrated potential to reduce soiling impacts and improve overall module efficiency. These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing solar PV performance under diverse environmental and operational conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4225728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Li-Coated NiO Catalyst for Enhanced Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction","authors":"Hyeongwon Jeong,&nbsp;Dohun Kim,&nbsp;Bo-Ram Won,&nbsp;Yo Han Kim,&nbsp;Hyejin Jeon,&nbsp;Yeeun Kim,&nbsp;Somi Lee,&nbsp;Dayoung Park,&nbsp;Jae-ha Myung","doi":"10.1155/er/4906357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4906357","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) properties of nickel oxide electrodes are improved by the transition of its oxidation state due to lithium incorporation. The high solubility of Li into the NiO electrode lattice structure synergistically enhances the average oxidation state of Ni^3+/2+ ions, improving the reaction kinetics on active sites. The optimal incorporation level of Li into NiO is found to be 10 wt.%. The cobalt and lanthanum coating catalysts exhibited inherent properties without synergistic improvement. The electrochemical analysis results using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) system indicated the lowest OER overpotential for 10 wt.% Li-incorporated catalyst (480 mV), compared with Co-coated (534 mV) and bard NiO (696 mV) catalysts. The obtained results are expected to improve the reaction kinetics of oxygen evolution catalysis using nickel oxide-based catalysts, specifically for clean and sustainable hydrogen production via alkaline electrolysis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4906357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Adaptive Multimode Equalization Circuit Based on Analysis of Inconsistency Parameters of Lithium Battery Packs","authors":"Chuanxu Yue,&nbsp;Hua Guo,&nbsp;Lu Liu,&nbsp;Da Li,&nbsp;Yunhai Zhu","doi":"10.1155/er/3684125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/3684125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>In order to reduce the inconsistency of lithium battery packs and ensure the safety of battery charging and discharging, this paper presents an equalization topology structure with three working modes: direct cell to cell (DC2C), cell to pack (C2P), and pack to cell (P2C), which uses a flyback converter as the energy transmission element, and an adaptive three-threshold equalization strategy based on parameter analysis. To prevent overcharging and overdischarging, this equalization strategy defines the priority of each mode under different working states. By analyzing the real-time state of charge (SOC) parameters of the battery pack, the equalization circuit can adaptively select the current equalization mode to reduce the inconsistency of the current battery pack. Verified by simulation experiments, compared with the equalization circuit of the traditional flyback converter, the equalization circuit has increased the equalization speed by 26.96%, 38.25%, and 14.07%, respectively, under the three working states of standing, charging, and discharging, and the equalization efficiencies have reached 86.63%, 88.84%, and 90.91%, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/3684125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amorphous Vanadium Oxide Nanoparticle-Impregnated Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Composite Microspheres as Functional Interlayers for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries","authors":"Kun Woo Baek,&nbsp;Sang-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Jung Sang Cho,&nbsp;Gi Dae Park","doi":"10.1155/er/9740805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9740805","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Herein, amorphous vanadium oxide (a-VO_<i>x</i>) nanoparticle-impregnated three-dimensional (3D) microspheres comprising highly conductive and porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) framework (a-VO_<i>x</i>@rGO-N-CNTs) were designed as functional interlayers for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). N-CNTs were successfully formed on the rGO sheet surfaces, uniformly distributed between rGO and mesopores, via the catalytic effect of metallic Co–Fe. The rGO and N-CNTs framework not only provided an additional pathway for electron transport but also improved structural durability of the electrode materials. Moreover, polar a-VO_<i>x</i> nanoparticles involved within the conduction pathway offered numerous chemisorption sites for anchoring polysulfides, thereby improving the utilization of active materials. The cell employing a-VO_<i>x</i>@rGO-N-CNTs-coated separator as a functional interlayer exhibited excellent rate capabilities (473 mA h g⁻¹ at 1.5 C) and cycling performance (800 cycles at 1.0 C and an average decay rate of 0.09% per cycle) at high C-rate. This outstanding performance was mainly ascribed to the synergistic effects of rGO, N-CNTs framework, and polar a-VO_<i>x</i> nanoparticles. The design strategy proposed in this study offers insights into the development of porous and conductive nanostructures for extensive energy storage applications including LSBs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9740805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Cooling of Photovoltaic Panels Using Hybrid Nanofluids Incorporating Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"Mahyar Kargaran,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Goshayeshi,&nbsp;Saeed Azarberahman,&nbsp;Issa Chaer","doi":"10.1155/er/4345236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4345236","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Photovoltaic (PV) panels play a pivotal role in advancing renewable energy adoption by offering a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. However, elevated operating temperatures diminish PV cell performance, reducing energy output and accelerating material wear. This research evaluates the cooling efficiency of a PV panel equipped with a three-dimensional oscillating heat pipe (3D-OHP) integrated with hybrid nanofluids consisting of graphene oxide–copper oxide (GO–CuO), carbon nanotube–CuO (CNT–CuO), and multiwalled CNT–CuO (MWCNT–CuO). The OHP is charged with two concentrations of each nanofluid, specifically 0.1 and 0.2 g/L, to evaluate their impact on the thermal management of the PV panel. The study involved experimental tests using two PV panels: one equipped with a 3D-OHP as the cooled panel and the other as a reference panel under identical environmental conditions. Hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing nanoparticles in a base fluid, and their thermal properties were characterized prior to use. Energy and exergy analyses quantify the enhancements in thermal efficiency and the reduction in entropy generation. Experimental results reveal that CNT–CuO with a concentration of 0.2 g/L remarkably improves the electrical power output by 12.07%, outperforming other studied systems with the maximum exergy efficiency of 31.2%. The findings also highlight notable gains in first-law efficiency. Furthermore, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and levelized cost of storage (LCOS) are analyzed, demonstrating the economic feasibility of hybrid nanofluid-based cooling for PV systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4345236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143490014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}