International Journal of Energy Research最新文献

{"title":"Performance Improvement of Solar Desalination Utilizing Carbon-Based Absorber Coatings, Nanofluids, and Interfacial Evaporators: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Swellam W. Sharshir,&nbsp;Ahmed Sowayan,&nbsp;Hamdy A. Ismail,&nbsp;Abanob Joseph,&nbsp;Wissam H. Alawee,&nbsp;Sabbah Ataya,&nbsp;Mohamed Abdelgaied,&nbsp;Ahmed El-Harairy","doi":"10.1155/er/1711623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1711623","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review critically synthesizes research on carbon-based materials, including both nanomaterials and bulk forms, for enhancing solar still (SS) desalination. It is structured into four key application areas: carbon-based absorber coatings and plates; carbon-enhanced thermal energy storage in phase change materials (PCMs) and sensible media; carbon-based nanofluids (NFs); and carbon-based interfacial solar evaporators and wick structures. Significant performance improvements are documented, such as using a graphite absorber with glass-cover cooling to achieve ~9.19 L/m²/day (107.7% enhancement), integrating 20 wt% graphite into paraffin PCM to achieve 8.52 L/m²/day with a daily energy efficiency of 65.13%, and employing carbon black NF in hybrid systems yielding 9.28 L/m²/day. Interfacial designs, like floating carbon nanotube (CNT) evaporators, further boost evaporation rates up to 4.64 kg/m²·h. The review consolidates these advances, highlighting carbon’s role in improving productivity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness for sustainable solar-powered desalination.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/1711623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of the Technoeconomic Feasibility of Wave Energy Harvesting for Coastal Power Generation in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Hasnain Ahmad,&nbsp;Muhammad Ahmad,&nbsp;Muhammad Majid Gulzar,&nbsp;Md. Shafiullah,&nbsp;M. M. R. Ahmed","doi":"10.1155/er/9140862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9140862","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Saudi Arabia’s substantial reliance on fossil fuel-based electrical power generation, combined with rapid growth in population and rising expectations for improved living standards, has led to significant greenhouse gas emissions. Saudi Arabia’s energy consumption is anticipated to escalate to 133 GW by 2030, an increase from 84 GW in 2020. The nation intends to produce 50% of its power from green energy by 2030, therefore diminishing its dependence on petroleum and coal. The Saudi government has launched initiatives such as the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (KACARE) to promote renewable and nuclear energy, but their effectiveness is hindered by factors such as high temperatures, dust storms, and the management of nuclear waste. Wave energy represents a promising renewable energy resource for environmentally sustainable electricity generation; however, its practical deployment in Saudi Arabia depends on site-specific resource conditions, technology maturity, technoeconomic performance, and supportive policy frameworks. Exploring the Saudi clean energy potential from wave energy along the Red Sea coast (Jeddah, Rabigh, and Yanbu) and the Arabian Gulf coast (Dammam, Jubail, and Khafji) is the main goal of this work. The Red Sea exhibits significant wave heights reaching approximately 3 m under energetic sea states, indicating favorable wave resource conditions for future wave energy development. By reducing reliance on fossil fuel sources and creating a more varied and robust energy infrastructure wave energy may be incorporated into the energy mix to help achieve the objectives of Vision 2030. This study provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of wave energy research relevant to Saudi Arabia by integrating resource assessment, technology evaluation, technoeconomic analysis, environmental considerations, and deployment strategies within a unified review framework. The findings identify critical research gaps and provide practical recommendations to support future pilot-scale demonstrations, technology development, and policy planning for marine renewable energy deployment in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature on wave energy technologies, technoeconomic assessment, environmental considerations, and deployment opportunities relevant to Saudi Arabia coastal areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9140862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DFIG Low-Voltage Ride-Through in Weak Grids: Rotor Overcurrent, PLL Effects, and Crowbar Boundaries","authors":"Abdullah Alassaf,&nbsp;Ibrahim Alsaleh","doi":"10.1155/er/1335207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1335207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines can experience severe rotor overcurrent during low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) in weak grids because voltage magnitude and angle disturbances interact with converter and phase-locked-loop (PLL) dynamics. Using a 20-state nonlinear DFIG model and a prescribed short-circuit-ratio (SCR)-dependent point of common coupling (PCC)-voltage profile, this paper shows that the weak-grid disturbance separates into two distinct forcing channels: a magnitude channel, into which sag depth, grid strength, and the profile-current term collapse through a single scalar, and an angle channel, carried by a phase offset that depends on grid strength independently of the retained magnitude. A first-order dq-frame relation gives the route by which reference-frame angle error propagates into rotor current. The decomposition predicts that two operating points with equal retained magnitude but different grid strength must give different rotor-current peaks, and a magnitude-matched pair confirms this: at retained voltages of 0.540 and 0.533 pu, a 57% larger PLL-angle excursion raises the peak from 1.884 to 1.948 pu. Grid strength, sag depth, and prefault wind speed are then examined within a common simulation framework, with protection-boundary cases checked for time-step convergence. The results show that weaker grids and deeper sags increase rotor-current stress, while higher prefault wind speed reduces crowbar headroom. Under the settings studied, a 30% sag at 11 m/s stays below the 2.0 pu crowbar threshold at SCR = 5 (1.884 pu) but exceeds it at SCR = 3 (2.524 pu), and at SCR = 3 the sag-depth transition lies between 20% and 30%. Consistent case-study implementation yields matching protection decisions at common operating points, 2.524 against 2.528 pu at the shared point. A Monte Carlo propagation over wind-speed variability and machine, controller and profile tolerances shows that the transition is probabilistic rather than sharp: the nominally safe SCR = 5 case still activates the crowbar in 18% of samples. Targeted sensitivity tests also show that the prescribed weak-grid profile term, PLL bandwidth, and rotor-side-converter (RSC) current-controller tuning can shift a near-boundary case, confirming that network representation and controller dynamics jointly affect protection behavior. Rotor-speed, electromagnetic-torque, stator-current, and DC-link responses are included to broaden the dynamic assessment. Voltage-profile recovery and active-power recovery are reported as separate metrics throughout. The two-channel structure explains why grid strength cannot be reduced to an equivalent sag depth, and it gives a fully parameterized, reproducible basis for DFIG protection screening in weak grids.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/1335207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IGDT-Based Optimal Configuration Method for Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Capacity in Small Hydropower Distribution Networks","authors":"Fan Wang,&nbsp;Wei Pan,&nbsp;Wei Jia,&nbsp;Xiaojie Lv","doi":"10.1155/er/4885047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/4885047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the impact of unscheduled integration of small hydropower on the power quality of distribution networks, this article proposes an optimal photovoltaic (PV)-storage allocation method based on information gap decision theory (IGDT). First, a node stability evaluation model based on the entropy weight method is established to select the node with the highest voltage stability score as the access point for the PV-storage system, thereby ensuring voltage stability and reliable power supply at critical nodes. Second, a deterministic optimization model is developed with the objective of minimizing the total life-cycle cost of the PV-storage system and the penalty cost associated with voltage deviations. On this basis, a robust optimization model based on IGDT is constructed to account for the uncertainties in PV and small hydropower generation. Finally, simulation studies are carried out on a modified IEEE 33-node distribution network. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method increases the voltage at the most stability-critical nodes to 0.97 p.u., enables the complementary operation of hydropower, PV, and energy storage systems (ESSs), and reduces the daily average squared voltage deviation by 16% and the peak-to-valley difference ratio by 5.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/4885047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-Aware Probabilistic Numerical Framework for Solar PV Grid Stability Under Extreme Weather Conditions","authors":"Devesh Shrivastava,&nbsp;Pravin Khope,&nbsp;Manisha Lande,&nbsp;Shashi Bahl,&nbsp;Sameer S. Gajghate,&nbsp;Sagar D. Shelare,&nbsp;Muhamad M. Noor,&nbsp;Mahendran Samykano","doi":"10.1155/er/5218772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5218772","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Increased extreme weather occurrences are destabilizing solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems by causing voltage and frequency variations in current grids. Deterministic and numerical models fail to reflect nonlinear and stochastic transients, excluding context from weather dynamics. To address this gap, our context-aware probabilistic numerical framework for solar grid stability prediction combines five distinct analytical methods in a stochastic pipeline. Contextual radiance shock encoder (CRSE) learns weather-induced irradiance shock precursors for stochastic forcing. The context-steered adaptive meshing CoSTA–Mesh SPDE Solver anticipates and improves computation near expected irradiance shocks. The Bayes–Galerkin grid propagator (BGGP) propagates voltage and frequency dynamics risk-awarely using Bayesian Petrov–Galerkin from its output. TAILOR uses differentiable CVaR-based optimization to calibrate and control severe tail behaviors. Finally, context-hardware in-the-loop validation (C-HIL VERTEX) validates C-HIL tests’ whole probabilistic loop during real-time playback, retaining posterior distributions. These phases cut irradiance prediction errors by 30%–40%, voltage/frequency changes by 25%–30%, and tail-risk calibration by 1%. This system uses data-driven context learning and physically grounded stochastic solvers for real-time grid dependability to establish a probabilistic foundation for adaptive, robust PV-grid operation under climate variability in process.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5218772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Ejectors as an Energy-Saving Alternative to Vacuum-Based Suction in Aluminum Foundries: Experimental Characterization and Techno-Economic Assessment","authors":"Mohamed Hefny Salim,&nbsp;Ahmed Hassan,&nbsp;Waleed A. Abdel-Fadeel,&nbsp;Mohamed F. C. Esmail","doi":"10.1155/er/7319249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/7319249","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aluminum foundries rely heavily on centralized vacuum units and electrically driven fans for crucible filling, making suction generation one of the most energy-intensive and maintenance-demanding auxiliary operations in the production process. This study investigates compressed-air ejectors as an energy-saving, low-maintenance alternative that generates localized vacuum through momentum transfer, without moving parts or continuous electrical power draw. An experimental campaign was conducted under real operating conditions at the Misr Aluminum facility (Nagaa Hammadi, Egypt) to characterize steady ejector performance and transient suction capability across foundry-relevant compressed-air supply envelopes. The primary converging nozzle operated predominantly in a choked regime throughout the tested range. Steady performance maps were obtained in terms of entrainment ratio, pressure ratio, and ejector efficiency under suction throttling, and key operating optima were identified. Vacuum pull-down tests quantified practical suction performance through response-time metrics and first-order decay parameters that directly support energy-aware prototype sizing and control strategy development. A factory-data–based techno-economic assessment demonstrates that the ejector concept reduces capital expenditure (CAPEX) by nearly 75% and annual operating expenditure by ~86% relative to the conventional vacuum solution, driven primarily by the elimination of continuous electrical power consumption and clogging-related downtime. These results establish the energy and economic feasibility of ejector-based suction for foundry crucible filling and provide a quantitative, replicable framework for industrial deployment and further energy-performance optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/7319249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty-Aware State Perception and Multistate Energy Management for Active Distribution Networks via Deeply Coupled UKF–DS Fusion","authors":"Xiao Xu,&nbsp;Jingxuan Gong,&nbsp;Mengwen Liu,&nbsp;Shihu Zhang,&nbsp;Tianao Zheng,&nbsp;Hui Gao","doi":"10.1155/er/2372028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2372028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High renewable penetration makes active distribution networks (ADNs) much harder to operate in real time because power injections change quickly and the quality of available observations is often uneven across sensing channels. This paper develops an uncertainty-aware energy-management framework that tightly couples unscented Kalman filtering with Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence reasoning. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is used to estimate the nonlinear electrical states of the ADN, while heterogeneous information from electrical measurements, meteorological data, photovoltaic (PV) outputs, and historical operating patterns is fused to identify the current operating condition. Measurement-dependent basic probability assignment (BPA), source-state relevance discounting, conflict-aware evidence combination, and Bayesian reliability updating are used to reduce the influence of poorly consistent observations. Based on the fused perception results, a multistate energy-management strategy coordinates PV units and energy storage systems (ESSs), while a smooth switching mechanism limits abrupt transitions between adjacent operating modes. The principal benchmark is conducted on a modified IEEE 33-bus ADN under sunny, cloudy, and rainy conditions. Compared with uncoordinated autonomous operation (UAO) and single-state centralized control (SSCC), the proposed framework achieves better voltage regulation, lower network losses, and higher renewable utilization. The maximum reductions in average voltage variation and network power loss reach 14.1% and 13.5%, respectively, while renewable utilization rises to 99.8% under high-PV output. Additional ablation and sensitivity studies, comparisons with alternative fusion methods, and an IEEE 69-bus larger-feeder study further examine the coupling mechanism, parameter robustness, and computational performance under the tested conditions. These results indicate that linking uncertainty-aware state perception with multistate energy management can improve the secure, flexible, and efficient operation of renewable-rich ADNs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/2372028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust State of Charge Estimation of a Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Module Using a Dual-UKF Under Various Operational Temperatures","authors":"Jun-Hyeong Kim,&nbsp;Eunji Kwak,&nbsp;Jinho Jeong,&nbsp;Ki-Yong Oh","doi":"10.1155/er/7985949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/7985949","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a robust framework to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery module operating under diverse temperature conditions. The proposed framework integrates an enhanced equivalent circuit model (EECM) with a dual unscented Kalman filter (dual-UKF) to address SOC inconsistency and temperature-dependent nonlinearity in LFP modules. Bayesian optimization (BO) is employed to identify both model parameters and filter hyperparameters systematically, ensuring high fidelity and adaptability without manual tuning. The dual-loop UKF architecture simultaneously estimates SOC and updates time-varying parameters, effectively compensating for initialization errors of up to 10%. The proposed framework maintains an SOC root-mean-square error (RMSE) below 1% across a wide temperature range from −15 to 45°C, with a faster convergence observed at low temperatures caused by enhanced observability from increased potential variations. Comprehensive experimental validation using standard dynamic driving cycles and real-world stochastic battery energy storage system (BESS) data confirms the accuracy, robustness, and applicability of the proposed framework. Thus, the proposed framework offers a practical solution for battery management systems (BMSs) in LFP-based battery applications, as it provides accurate monitoring capabilities under diverse environmental and operational uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/7985949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-Economic, Life Cycle, and Decision Analyses of Carbon Capture and Utilization–Hydrogen Power Systems for Sustainable Energy Generation","authors":"Ting-Chia Ou,&nbsp;Ting-Yi Hsieh","doi":"10.1155/er/3725889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/3725889","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents an integrated framework to evaluate carbon capture and utilization (CCU)-hydrogen power systems for sustainable development. Techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (Fuzzy-MCDM) are integrated to systematically assess the environmental performance, economic feasibility, and overall sustainability of the proposed system. Results show that the system reduces life cycle environmental impacts by 43.33%–43.46% compared with conventional natural gas combined-cycle plants, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 24%–25% and a payback period (PP) of approximately 4 years. The analysis demonstrates that integrating CCU with renewable hydrogen shifts carbon emissions from a linear pathway toward a more circular carbon-utilization pathway, supporting climate mitigation and resource efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of integrated low-carbon energy systems to guide policy, improve environmental management, and promote long-term socio-economic sustainability. Overall, the proposed framework provides a practical decision-support tool for comparing alternative energy-system configurations and supporting carbon-neutral energy transitions aligned with global sustainability goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/3725889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Fuzzy Long Short-Term Memory Framework-Based Accurate State-Of-Charge Estimation for Future-Oriented Battery Management in Vehicle-To-Grid System","authors":"Dania Batool,&nbsp;Faiz Majeed,&nbsp;Sein Oh,&nbsp;Jimin Oh,&nbsp;Jonghoon Kim","doi":"10.1155/er/5529603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5529603","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is critical for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, where bidirectional power flow and dynamic operational transitions impose severe challenges on conventional estimation methods. While long short-term memory (LSTM) networks have shown promise in capturing temporal dependencies, their fixed activation functions limit adaptability under rapidly varying V2G conditions, particularly during charging/discharging mode transitions and irregular load profiles. This paper presents a fuzzy-modulated LSTM (FM-LSTM) framework that dynamically adjusts LSTM sigmoid activation functions in real-time using a fuzzy inference system driven by battery current and voltage measurements. Unlike black-box LSTM implementations, this approach integrates domain knowledge through linguistic rule formulation, enabling the network to adaptively recalibrate its temporal processing based on instantaneous operating conditions. Validated on standardized drive cycles—Urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and Highway fuel economy test cycle (HWFET)—and a comprehensive V2G dataset encompassing grid-charging, vehicle-discharging, and bidirectional transitions, the FM-LSTM demonstrates substantial performance improvements over conventional LSTM: 44.81% root mean squared error (RMSE) reduction for UDDS, 23.64% for composite V2G profiles, and 12.66% for HWFET. The proposed method achieves estimation accuracy consistently below 1.5% RMSE across all V2G test scenarios at nominal (25°C) operating conditions and remains below 3% RMSE in the evaluated temperature conditions between 0°C and 45°C, including testing at an unseen intermediate temperature, with the adaptive sigmoid modulation effectively addressing the nonlinear dynamics and operational mode transitions that challenge fixed-architecture networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5529603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}