Rifat Sarker Apu, Nazmul Hasan, M. Hussayeen Khan Anik, Mohammed Mehedi Hasan, M. Arifuzzaman, M. Harunur Rashid, Alamgir Kabir
{"title":"Pressure-Induced Physical and Optoelectronic Properties of Noble Cs2HfInBr6 for Enhanced Solar Energy Harvesting","authors":"Rifat Sarker Apu, Nazmul Hasan, M. Hussayeen Khan Anik, Mohammed Mehedi Hasan, M. Arifuzzaman, M. Harunur Rashid, Alamgir Kabir","doi":"10.1155/er/9913604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9913604","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Exploring advanced materials for energy device applications is paramount for efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Here, density functional theory (DFT)-based simulations are carried out to systematically investigate the physical properties of a noble hafnium (Hf)–indium (In)-based Cs<sub>2</sub>HfInBr<sub>6</sub> halide double perovskite (HDP). We demonstrate that pressure-induced lattice confinement leads to significant changes in structural and electronic properties, resulting in transitions from semiconductor to metallic phases simultaneously direct to indirect band gap transition. Tunable electronic properties of the proposed Cs<sub>2</sub>HfInBr<sub>6</sub> perovskite portray advantageous light–matter interaction behavior, which suits this material for advanced optoelectronic devices and biomedical applications. DFT-simulated physical behavior modeled with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) theoretical device modeling the Cs<sub>2</sub>HfInBr<sub>6</sub> solar cell demonstrates excellent power conversion efficiency of up to 27.5% with a single crystal in the planar cell under 7 GPa external pressure. This study advances energy and device engineering research by setting Cs<sub>2</sub>HfInBr<sub>6</sub> double perovskite as a promising contender for future renewable energy technology. Moreover, its unique electronic properties of multiferroic Hf─In combinations in perovskites research would pave the exciting opportunities for advancing the next generation of electronics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9913604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suhyun Park, Seunghyun Kim, Samuel Park, Gidong Kim, Chaewon Jeong, Changheui Jang, Jung Han Kim, Minsu Gu
{"title":"In-Situ Electrochemical Investigation of Pitting and Interphase Galvanic Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steels via Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Dry Storage Canisters of Spent Nuclear Fuels","authors":"Suhyun Park, Seunghyun Kim, Samuel Park, Gidong Kim, Chaewon Jeong, Changheui Jang, Jung Han Kim, Minsu Gu","doi":"10.1155/er/2069514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2069514","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Duplex stainless steel (DSS) has garnered significant attention as a potential material for dry storage canisters used in nuclear power plants due to its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, localized corrosion, such as pitting and galvanic corrosion, remains a critical challenge in ensuring the long-term structural integrity of DSS in these applications. Of particular concern is chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC), which poses a significant threat to the safe and reliable storage of spent nuclear fuel in dry storage canisters. In this study, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed to investigate the pitting corrosion behavior of DSS. Selective etching of DSS phases allowed for the exposure of individual phases to the electrolyte, facilitating the analysis of galvanic interactions between constituent phases. The results provide insights into the fundamental electrochemical properties of DSS and its corrosion mechanisms, with a focus on the roles of phase composition and distribution. Additionally, this research highlights the applicability of SECM in real-time corrosion analysis and its potential for advancing the understanding of corrosion processes in metals and alloys. These findings contribute to the development of more robust DSS-based dry storage systems by addressing the mitigation of CISCC, thereby enhancing the safety and durability of nuclear fuel storage solutions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/2069514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pablo Martínez-Albertos, Patrick Sauvan, Juan Pablo Catalán, Mario Belotti, François Javier, Joffrey Germa, Yannick Le Tonqueze, Alexis Dammann, Rafael Juárez
{"title":"Optimizing Radiation Shielding for Fusion Maintenance Facilities: Insights From a Comprehensive Analysis of ITER Hot Cell","authors":"Pablo Martínez-Albertos, Patrick Sauvan, Juan Pablo Catalán, Mario Belotti, François Javier, Joffrey Germa, Yannick Le Tonqueze, Alexis Dammann, Rafael Juárez","doi":"10.1155/er/9222155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9222155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>One of the primary goals of the ITER project is to demonstrate the safety characteristics of a fusion device, particularly in terms of radiation management. Radiation protection during maintenance periods is of special concern, as personnel performing maintenance-like activities will be exposed to delayed gamma fields from numerous and complex radioactive components. Ensuring a safe and equipped environment for such activities is the objective of the ITER hot cell. This facility requires extensive design optimization, balancing spatial and temporal availability constraints, radiation protection, and cost-effectiveness. In this paper, we present a comprehensive assessment of ITER hot cell’s radiation environment to support its efficient design and safe operation. The study evaluates the shielding efficiency of the conceptual design layout from 2021, providing meaningful insights for layout improvement. We show that substantial amounts of concrete (~2900 m<sup>3</sup>) could be saved from the currently evolving design while respecting radiological requirements. The evaluation of the occupational radiation exposure (ORE) associated with hot cell maintenance activities resulted in 179 man·mSv·year<sup>−1</sup>, which represents a significant fraction (36%) of the project’s annual budget. This highlights the importance of integrating shielding analysis, accounting for personnel radiation exposure, even in early design phases, to support the optimization of the maintenance plan according to safety requirements.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9222155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Hai, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, G. Bharath, Hamad AlMohamdi, Mansoor Ul Hassan Shah, Muhammad Daud, Fawzi Banat, Md. Shahinoor Islam, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
{"title":"Single-Step Synthesis of Porous Activated Carbon by CO2 Activation: Process Optimization With Response Surface Methodology and Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Abdul Hai, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, G. Bharath, Hamad AlMohamdi, Mansoor Ul Hassan Shah, Muhammad Daud, Fawzi Banat, Md. Shahinoor Islam, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud","doi":"10.1155/er/1659655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/1659655","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This study presents an innovative, single-step synthesis approach for producing porous activated carbon (AC) from palm kernel shells (PKS). A high-quality AC was produced by integrating CO<sub>2</sub> and ZnCl<sub>2</sub> into the carbonization process as activating agents. The pyrolysis parameters, including activation temperature, residence time, activating agent ratio, and heating rate, were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to assess the yields and specific surface area (SSA) of the resultant AC. The experimental design was based on a central composite design (CCD), and the process variables were analyzed to understand their interactions and combined effect on the properties of the AC. Further, the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and random forest (RF) machine learning regressor models predicted the pyrolysis performance and aligned well with the experimental data. The results revealed that optimal conditions were achieved at an activation temperature of 800°C, a heating rate of 10°C/min, and a residence time of 2.75 h with the activating agent to biomass ratio of 1.25, yielding 33% AC with a surface area of 1420 m<sup>2</sup>/g and significant pore development. This study provides a scalable and environmentally friendly approach to valorizing agricultural waste into value-added products by supporting the goals of the circular economy and net-zero initiatives.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/1659655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Band Gap Prediction/Classification and Feature Importance Analysis of Inorganic Perovskites","authors":"Alireza Sabagh Moeini, Fatemeh Shariatmadar Tehrani, Alireza Naeimi-Sadigh","doi":"10.1155/er/9974355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/9974355","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Perovskites are a class of materials, known for their diverse structural, electronic, and optical properties. Band gap in perovskites is crucial in determining their suitability for applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. By tuning the band gap through composition and structural modifications, perovskites can be optimized for specific optoelectronic and energy-related applications, making them a versatile material in modern technology. Machine learning (ML) provides an efficient approach to predicting material band gaps by analyzing atomic and structural features, facilitating the discovery of materials with tailored electronic properties. This study employs adaptive boosting regression (ABR), random forest regression (RFR), and gradient boosting regression (GBR) for band gap prediction, alongside support vector machine (SVM), random forest classifier (RFC), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) for classifying compounds with zero and nonzero band gaps. Regression models are assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup>, while classification performance is evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. ABR excels in predicting band gaps of inorganic perovskites, while RFC is the most effective model for classification. Feature analysis identifies the standard deviation of valence charges as the key predictor. This study underscores ML’s potential to accelerate perovskite discovery through accurate band gap predictions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/9974355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anupama Ganguly, Pabitra Kumar Biswas, Suraj Gupta, Furkan Ahmad
{"title":"Metaheuristic Optimization-Based Sliding Mode Control With Modified Perturb and Observe for Controlling MPPT of a PV Interfaced Grid Connected System","authors":"Anupama Ganguly, Pabitra Kumar Biswas, Suraj Gupta, Furkan Ahmad","doi":"10.1155/er/3604772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/3604772","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Energy is always needed more and more as civilization advances. Since the supply of traditional fuels is gradually depleting, renewable energy sources are essential for meeting energy needs. The goal of the research is to maximize the electricity that can be produced from renewable resources. Solar energy performed better than any resource regarding efficiency, cleanliness, and pollution-free nature. However, the primary drawback of the resource is its erratic nature. The system must integrate the maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) method to overcome intermittency and produce continuous optimal power. The novelty of this article is the development of a sliding mode MPPT controller for photovoltaic (PV) systems working in sunny and shaded. Also, this article introduces the meta-heuristic algorithm mountain gazelle optimization (MGO), which is incorporated to optimize the parameters of the sliding mode controller (SMC) to ensure the solar PV (SPV) MPP extraction. The stability of the mentioned control topology is assessed in terms of error parameters. The modified perturb and observe (MPb&O) method is incorporated with MGO, called (MGO-MPb&O) for performing a better tracking ability and to overcome the inability of conventional Pb&O tracking during the shaded conditions. The suggested approach looks for every maximum point across a lengthy number of cycles to find the global maximum point after introducing (MGO-MPb&O), and the results of the MATLAB/Simulink show that the algorithm performs well under the arbitrary changes of the physical parameters of the proposed system and ambient scenario. Also, the proposed hybrid (MGO-MPb&O) is compared with two other hybrid control topologies that are (PSO-MPb&O) and (cuckoo search algorithm [CSA]-MPb&O) in terms of maximum power extracted, efficiency, and convergence time of the objective function. Results depict that the proposed algorithm outperforms in every aspect and also justify the robustness of SMC. The proposed algorithm was also tested in various shading fashion (SF) in partial shading conditions for analyzing the transient response. These two performance figures for various transition instances demonstrate that the suggested MPPT algorithm can determine the global MPP for the new shading pattern (SP) when it shifts from a uniform state to a partially shaded condition at 4s (middle of the <i>x</i>-axis).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/3604772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing Solar Drying Chamber Performance: Taguchi Analysis of Uniformity Enhancement Methods","authors":"Halefom Kidane, Istvan Farkas, Janos Buzás","doi":"10.1155/er/5061778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5061778","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Solar drying is an ancient yet sustainable method for preserving agricultural products. However, a key challenge in this process is achieving uniform airflow distribution, as uneven airflow can result in inconsistent drying and reduced product quality. To address this issue, the study incorporates flow enhancement tools such as baffles and swirlers to the plenum of the drying chamber. The result revealed that the presence of baffles and a swirler significantly enhances drying uniformity and temperature distribution in solar dryers. Thus, the rectangular baffles significantly enhance drying rate and uniformity, reducing temperature gradients from 4.2–8.7°C to 1.2–6.8°C. Triangular baffles also improved moisture removal and thermal distribution, with temperature differences narrowing to 1.0–3.3°C. Swirlers optimized drying uniformity across trays and enhanced heat distribution, lowering temperature gradients from 5.0–7.3°C to 2.0–4.8°C. The study also employed Taguchi analysis to determine the optimal enhancement method and identify the ideal operational parameters. Solar intensity and the temperature entering the drying chamber are the primary factors influencing drying process. Furthermore, the implementation of enhancement methods showed a notable improvement in drying uniformity, as confirmed by the Taguchi analysis results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5061778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mim Mashrur Ahmed, Mahadi Hasan Masud, Md. Hasibul Hasan Himel, Mhia Md. Zaglul Shahadat
{"title":"Comparative Analysis Among Different Performance Improvement Techniques for Wind Turbines in Terms of Energy and Economy for Small, Medium, and Large-Scale Applications","authors":"Mim Mashrur Ahmed, Mahadi Hasan Masud, Md. Hasibul Hasan Himel, Mhia Md. Zaglul Shahadat","doi":"10.1155/er/5963986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5963986","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>With a view to finding the best approach to maximize the wind energy harvesting from wind turbines, this research has focused towards assessing the effects of different innovative modifications to wind turbines at different wind speed conditions and comparing them in terms of aerodynamic performance, economy, and environmental impact. This study illustrates strategies like, active and passive flow control, incorporation of power augmentation devices (PADs) and biomimetic approaches, have huge potential to increase the output power of both the horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) and vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT). Literature survey reveals that boundary layer suction method from active flow control, diffusers as PADs and inspiration from flapping flight of insects from biomimetic approach can enhance the power coefficients of the turbine by 18.08%, 96%, and 35%, respectively. Furthermore, capacity factor (CF) and economic analysis showed that turbine modifications providing high-CFs and low cost of energy (COE) will have priorities over the others, while selecting suitable turbines in a particular region. Moreover, it is evident that combining the best modifications for each strategy (active control, passive control, PADs, and biomimetic approaches) can lead to the maximum improvement in the overall performance of the turbines in terms of energy and economy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5963986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sujata B. Patil, Ranjit P. Nikam, Pranav K. Katkar, Chandrakant D. Lokhande, Raghunath S. Patil
{"title":"Molybdenum Oxide Electrodes for Asymmetric Supercapacitor Application: Effect of MoO3 Concentration","authors":"Sujata B. Patil, Ranjit P. Nikam, Pranav K. Katkar, Chandrakant D. Lokhande, Raghunath S. Patil","doi":"10.1155/er/5626821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5626821","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The low-cost, binder-free chemical bath deposition (CBD) method was utilized to deposit molybdenum oxide (MoO<sub>3</sub>) thin films on stainless steel (SS) substrates at various concentrations of sodium molybdate (Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub>) precursor (0.025–0.1 M) and applied as an anode for supercapacitive charge storage. The effect of precursor concentration on the physicochemical properties of electrodes was studied. The MO<sub>3</sub> thin films (synthesized using a 0.075 M concentration of Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub> precursor) exhibited mass loading of 0.56 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>, a hexagonal crystal structure and microrod-like surface morphology. The formation of MoO<sub>3</sub> was proved by Raman and (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) EDAX studies. The MO3 thin film showed a specific capacitance (C<sub>s</sub>) of 958.9 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> current density. An aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was assembled using MoO<sub>3</sub> as an anode and polyaniline (PANI) as a cathode. The assembled MoO<sub>3</sub>//H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>//PANI device showed a C<sub>s</sub> of 53.7 F g<sup>−1</sup> with an energy density (ED) of 14.4 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density (PD) of 1.3 kW kg<sup>−1</sup> and 83.7% capacitive retention over 1500 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5626821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tian-Tian Feng, Yan Li, Cheng Zhong, Han-Qun Wang, Ning-Qian Zhang
{"title":"How Does Electricity Consumption in Blockchain Applications Impact Resource Consumption and Environmental Emissions?","authors":"Tian-Tian Feng, Yan Li, Cheng Zhong, Han-Qun Wang, Ning-Qian Zhang","doi":"10.1155/er/5772901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/er/5772901","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Blockchain technology, known for its decentralized, trustless, and immutable nature, is gaining traction across various industries. As Blockchain 3.0 is expected to see widespread adoption in the sharing economy and energy trading, its associated energy consumption could have significant environmental implications. This study introduces an environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) model to assess the environmental impacts—such as freshwater use, PM2.5 emissions, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, atmospheric Hg, and solid waste generation—linked to blockchain-driven electricity demand. By analyzing scenarios based on projected cryptocurrency hash rates and hardware efficiencies, the study evaluates how large-scale blockchain adoption affects resource consumption and environmental emissions across sectors. The results show that Monero’s design leads to higher resource consumption and environmental impact, with freshwater use being the most affected, followed by greenhouse gas emissions and PM2.5 levels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":14051,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy Research","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/er/5772901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}