International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Research on Obesity: A Quarter-Century Experience from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.","authors":"Sara Sadeghi, Behnaz Abiri, Farhad Hosseinpanah, Majid Valizadeh, Fereidoun Azizi, Maryam Mahdavi, Maryam Barzin","doi":"10.5812/ijem-168110","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-168110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>This paper aims to synthesize a quarter-century of research on obesity from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), a large prospective population-based cohort.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A comprehensive literature search identified original studies from the TLGS investigating obesity indices, body composition, obesity phenotypes, and their associations with cardiometabolic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study findings demonstrate alarming increases in the prevalence and incidence of general and abdominal obesity among Tehranian adults and children. The studies have established population-specific anthropometric cut-offs, revealed the complex associations of various obesity phenotypes with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease, and highlighted the critical role of metabolic health over weight status alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This substantial body of evidence provides crucial insights for crafting effective public health strategies and future research in transitioning populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 2","pages":"e168110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12933979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Health Across Generation: Insights from 25 Years of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).","authors":"Mahsa Noroozzadeh, Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz, Maryam Mousavi, Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar, Maryam Farahmand, Shabahang Amirshekari, Fereidoun Azizi, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-167151","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-167151","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context: &lt;/strong&gt;Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects an increasing number of reproductive-aged women and has been progressively associated with a spectrum of metabolic disturbances. Understanding its long-term cardiometabolic consequences, both in affected women and in their offspring, is critical for informing early prevention and targeted intervention strategies. This study provides a comprehensive synthesis of published data from the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) on women with PCOS, offering insights into epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and potential intergenerational impacts in this population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence acquisition: &lt;/strong&gt;This narrative review provides a comprehensive summary of TLGS-based publications addressing cardiometabolic disorders associated with PCOS. Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed (including Medline), Web of Science, and Scopus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Data from the TLGS indicate a rising prevalence of PCOS over approximately a decade, increasing from 8.5% based on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria to 13.6% (NIH), 17.8% (androgen excess (AE)-PCOS Society), and 19.4% (Rotterdam criteria). Women with PCOS in early adulthood demonstrated elevated levels of insulin resistance (IR) as reflected by higher HOMA-IR and fasting insulin values, and subsequently experienced a heightened likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and obesity, with adjusted hazard ratios ranging from approximately 0.58 to 2.08 across multiple publications. Notably, the prevalence of certain cardiometabolic disorders appeared to decline after the age of 40 years. Longitudinal data showed that trajectories of HOMA-IR and fasting insulin differed depending on obesity status in women with PCOS, and that cardiometabolic risk burden varied across diagnostic phenotypes. Interestingly, PCOS was not associated with an increased risk of silent coronary artery disease. Nevertheless, the Framingham risk score (FRS) showed good predictive performance for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the PCOS population, with a 38% increase in CVD risk per 1-unit increment in FRS among affected women. Intergenerational analyses further highlighted that the offspring of women with PCOS carry a higher predisposition to metabolic disorders. Daughters of affected women were found to have increased risks of T2DM, overweight, and MetS. At the same time, sons exhibited significantly elevated risk of pre-diabetes mellitus, with adjusted hazard ratios ranging from approximately 1.3 to 2.4. These findings underscore both the individual and transgenerational cardiometabolic disorders of PCOS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Publications from the TLGS provide consistent evidence that PCOS is associated with a spectrum of early cardiometabolic disturbances in affected women with potential adverse impacts extending to their offspr","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e167151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13187691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal Glycemic Status in Infants of Diabetic Mothers in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq.","authors":"Basta Jalil Abdalla, Adnan Muhammad Hasan, Jamal Mohammed Hussein Lateef","doi":"10.5812/ijem-164575","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-164575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common and serious condition in infants born to diabetic mothers (IDMs), particularly those with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to explore neonatal glycemic status and its associated maternal and neonatal factors in babies born to diabetic mothers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Jamal Ahmad Rashid Pediatrics Teaching Hospital and Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital on 105 neonates born to mothers with type 1, type 2, or GDM. Neonatal blood glucose levels were measured at multiple time intervals (0, 1, 3, and 6 hours). Maternal and neonatal characteristics, including sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and delivery outcomes, were analyzed and correlated to neonatal glycemic status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most pregnant women (61%) were aged 30 - 39 years, Kurdish (92.4%), had completed high school (33.3%), lived in urban areas (69.5%), had > 3 children (58.1%), were diagnosed with GDM (87.6%), used oral medications (54.3%), had well-controlled blood sugar levels (64.8%), and experienced cesarean section (81.9%). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was significantly associated with neonatal blood glucose levels over time (P = 0.003). Glycemic control demonstrated a non-significant rise in blood glucose from birth to 6 hours in all patterns. Fetal weight was inversely and significantly correlated with blood glucose at birth and at 1 hour, but not at 3 or 6 hours. Gestational age showed no significant correlation with blood glucose at birth, 1, or 3 hours, but exhibited a significant correlation at 6 hours (P = 0.030).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maternal T1DM, more specifically, and fetal weight with gestational age were directly correlated to neonatal glycemic status in infants of diabetic mothers, but in different time periods. Thus, early monitoring and intervention for neonatal hypoglycemia are crucial, especially for neonates with poor maternal glycemic control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e164575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12933967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Motion Graphic-Based Education on Knowledge, Practice and Recurrence of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Quasi-Experimental Study.","authors":"Reyhaneh Azizi, Zohre Foroozanfar, Akram Mehrabbeik, Nasim Namiranian","doi":"10.5812/ijem-166802","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-166802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypoglycemia is a common and serious complication in type 2 diabetes management, often leading to adverse health and social consequences. Education aimed at improving patient knowledge and self-care behaviors may prevent recurrence of hypoglycemic episodes.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated the effect of a motion graphics-based educational intervention on knowledge, practice, and recurrence of hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes in Yazd, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this quasi-experimental study, 122 patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Diabetes Center and had at least one hypoglycemic episode in the previous three months were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 60) or a control group (n = 62). The intervention group received standard care plus an educational video clip covering hypoglycemia definition, causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. Knowledge and practices (as primary outcomes) were assessed by validated questionnaires before and three months after the intervention, and the recurrence of hypoglycemia (as secondary outcome) was determined by patient self-report. Statistical analyses included McNemar's test and logistic regression to compare within- and between-group differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-intervention, the intervention group showed significant improvements in knowledge about testing (from 76.7% to 91.7%, P = 0.022), treatment (61.7% to 90.0%, P = 0.001), and prevention (46.7% to 85.0%, P = 0.001) of hypoglycemia. Practice improvements included increased consultation with doctors (53.3% to 68.3%, P = 0.035) and implementation of preventive measures (41.7% to 66.7%, P = 0.001). Hypoglycemia recurrence decreased markedly from 100% to 35.0% (P = 0.001). Between-group comparisons confirmed statistically significant differences in key knowledge, practice, and hypoglycemia recurrence outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Motion graphics educational content effectively enhanced hypoglycemia-related knowledge and preventive practices, leading to a significant reduction in hypoglycemic episodes among type 2 diabetic patients. Incorporating such interventions into diabetes care programs is recommended. It is worth noting that this study is limited by its reliance on self-reported hypoglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e166802"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13187686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Amenorrhea: Gonadal Dysgenesis and Primary Ovarian Insufficiency-Distinct Entities or a Continuum?","authors":"Kyana Jafarabady, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-172709","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-172709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e172709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13401102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained Control of Hyperthyroidism in Graves' Disease: Comparison of Thyroidectomy and Long-Term Antithyroid Treatment.","authors":"Hengameh Abdi, Miralireza Takyar, Ladan Mehran, Safdar Masoumi, Atieh Amouzegar, Fereidoun Azizi","doi":"10.5812/ijem-164940","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-164940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The achievement of sustained euthyroidism in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism may reduce the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We compared the time to euthyroidism and the time remaining in euthyroidism following total thyroidectomy and long-term methimazole (LT-MMI) treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, two hundred and eight patients with diffuse toxic goiter, 104 (84 women) with total thyroidectomy, and 104 (84 women) on LT-MMI were compared. All patients received adequate levothyroxine treatment after thyroidectomy. Data on serum free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrotropin (TSH) every 6 months until the end of follow-up were analyzed. The time to normalization of serum thyroid hormones and TSH concentrations and the percentage of time that thyroid hormones and TSH levels remained within the normal range during a mean follow-up of 11 years were compared between the two study groups using t-test, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square, and Fisher exact tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean time to euthyroidism was 4.74 ± 2.42 and 4.48 ± 2.54 months in the thyroidectomy and LT-MMI groups, respectively. During follow-up, the percentage of time spent in euthyroidism was 82.67 ± 7.33% vs 94.21 ± 6.98% in the thyroidectomy and LT-MMI groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients with thyroidectomy spent more time in subclinical and clinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism compared to LT-MMI patients. Permanent hypocalcemia and vocal cord paralysis occurred in 2 and 1 patients, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment of hypothyroidism after total thyroidectomy was accompanied by less sustained euthyroidism during long-term follow-up compared with LT-MMI therapy. This difference may be important for the risk of mortality and cardiovascular events, demanding long-term studies for comparison of these outcomes in patients treated with total thyroidectomy and LT-MMI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e164940"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13181957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Evidence of Association Between Human 24-Hour Urinary Dopamine and Weight, BMI or Glucose Homeostasis in a Retrospective Analysis.","authors":"Nele Mattelaer, Silke David, Nele Steenackers, Bart Van der Schueren, Nathalie Weltens, Roman Vangoitsenhoven","doi":"10.5812/ijem-166881","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-166881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter involved in motivation and reward. In obesity, altered dopaminergic responses to food may drive excess energy intake, implicating dopamine in the pathophysiology of obesity. Additionally, dopamine may act as an anti-incretin, potentially facilitating the development of type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This retrospective study investigated associations between urinary dopamine, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four-hour urinary dopamine concentrations measured with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry between January 2000 and October 2020 were retrieved from the University Hospitals Leuven clinical database. Records with dopamine disruption disorders or medications, psychiatric conditions, prior bariatric surgery, active malignancies, diabetes mellitus other than type 2 diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, or urinary creatinine concentration outside the reference range were excluded, yielding 178 records. Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression models were performed; statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four-hour urinary dopamine concentrations positively correlated with body weight and negatively with HbA1c, but these correlations became non-significant when corrected for age, sex, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The only remaining significant correlation was between age and twenty-four-hour urinary dopamine (β = -1.2, P = 0.030).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No significant correlations were found between twenty-four-hour urinary dopamine and weight, BMI, or glucose homeostasis, potentially due to the absence of dietary control. As dopamine measurements came from a clinical database, generalizability is limited. Prospective dedicated studies are needed to disentangle the role of peripheral dopamine in the pathophysiology of obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e166881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13187684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; Evidence on Reproductive Lifespan and Cardiometabolic Health.","authors":"Maryam Farahmand, Maryam Mousavi, Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz, Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar, Mahsa Noroozzadeh, Fereidoun Azizi, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-167142","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-167142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Understanding the different reproductive factors and their link to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial in a community-based cohort study. The present study provides a comprehensive synthesis of published findings derived from the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) pertaining to women, offering insights into the epidemiological patterns of reproductive lifespan and its impact on cardiometabolic parameters.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>We conducted a thorough review of all studies on reproductive lifespan conducted within the TLGS framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the mean (SD) age at menarche among participants was 13.35 (1.5) years, whereas the mean (SD) age at menopause was 50.16 (5.7) years. Early menarche was identified as a significant factor associated with later metabolic impairments, including higher odds of prediabetes (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1 - 6.6), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.2 - 10.7), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1 - 5.4) in fully adjusted models. Comparisons between surgical and natural menopause revealed that the incidence of MetS was nearly tenfold higher among women who experienced surgical menopause, accompanied by elevated mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2‑hour post‑load glucose concentrations. Furthermore, each additional year in age at natural menopause was associated with a 10% increase in the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), whereas prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogen appeared to confer protective effects, reducing the incidence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), CKD, and osteoporotic fractures. In addition, lactation was found to markedly lower the risk of MetS among women with a prior history of gestational diabetes, emphasizing its potential long‑term cardiometabolic benefits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reproductive milestones significantly shape women's long‑term cardiometabolic health, supporting the integration of reproductive history into preventive care models and longitudinal risk assessment frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 1","pages":"e167142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Long-Term Risk of Chronic Diseases: Evidence from the Findings of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study During a Quarter of a Century.","authors":"Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz, Maryam Farahmand, Mahsa Noroozzadeh, Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar, Maryam Mousavi, Fereidoun Azizi, Shabahang Amirshekari, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-167128","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-167128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Evidence supports that adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) might affect women's health in later life. This review summarizes the findings of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) on the association between APOs and long-term chronic diseases over the past two decades.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>This narrative review was conducted on TLGS-published articles on the association between APOs and long-term chronic disease over the last decades. The search for articles was performed on PubMed from 1999 to September 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As of September 2025, nine peer-reviewed English-language articles have been published from the TLGS dataset. Studies showed that a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) was associated with a twofold increased risk of hypertension, a threefold risk of diabetes, and a 1.3 times risk of dyslipidemia. Moreover, women with a history of preeclampsia were 3.62 times more likely to experience hypertension progression. Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) had a 2.23 times risk of diabetes and a 1.85 times risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Having a history of preterm delivery increased the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 2.68 times more than that of women without such a history. The risk of metabolic syndrome (METS) was increased by 8% in women with a history of pregnancy loss. Moreover, a history of one, two, or three APOs was associated with an increased risk of developing CVD, with the risk rising progressively as the number of APOs increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Over the past two decades, the TLGS has published a number of peer-reviewed articles that collectively provide a unique perspective on the long-term health consequences of APOs. These studies indicate that pregnancy is not only an obstetric event but also a vital period for assessing women's long-term health. Women with a history of APOs require early preventive evaluations and ongoing monitoring to identify and treat chronic conditions linked to increased risks of premature mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"24 2","pages":"e167128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12933972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Influence of Health Education Programs on Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Raneem Salem, Ayesha Nuzhat, Ghadeer Hassonah, Fatimah Al Barqi, Asirvatham Alwin Robert","doi":"10.5812/ijem-167044","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-167044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia is steadily rising, resulting in multiple complications that negatively influence patients' quality of life (QOL) and further add to the worldwide burden of chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the QOL of individuals with diabetes and to determine the effect of structured health education programs on improving their QOL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quasi-experimental study was carried out after obtaining ethical approval. A total of 232 diabetic patients were recruited from King Fahad Medical city and Prince Sultan Military Medical city. During the initial phase, sociodemographic and baseline clinical data were collected. Each patient then participated in 20 - 30-minute health education sessions every two weeks for a period of three months. After the intervention, follow-up assessments were performed using the same World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire to measure changes in QOL. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel for descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, and cross-tabulations, while Student's <i>t</i>-test was applied to assess statistical significance, with P < 0.05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the participants, 117 (51%) were male and 115 (49%) were female; 25 (11%) were under 40 years old, while 207 (89%) were above 40 years. Most patients (198; 85%) had been receiving antidiabetic treatment for more than 10 years, whereas 44 (15%) had less than 10 years of treatment history. The average random blood sugar at baseline was 8.3 mmol/L. 206 (89%) patients were compliant to treatment and 216 (93%) had complications of diabetes. Post-intervention findings showed improvements across all four WHOQOL domains, with notable gains in the physical and psychological domains, and modest improvements in social and environmental aspects. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between baseline and post-intervention scores in all domains (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Structured health education significantly enhances the QOL of diabetic patients across multiple domains. Strengthening patient awareness and self-care not only helps prevent serious complications and premature mortality but also reduces the burden on families, healthcare institutions, and the broader healthcare system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"23 4","pages":"e167044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12915350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}