International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Tecar Therapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy Separately and Simultaneously on Clinical Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A 3-Month Follow-up Study","authors":"Mitra Javan Amoli, K. Khademi Kalantari, Zeinab Ahmadpour Emshi, Aliyeh Daryabor, Sedigeh Sadat Naimi","doi":"10.5812/ijem-143135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-143135","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Distal peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent issue among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the widespread use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and limited use of Tecar therapy in physiotherapy for diabetics, the synergistic effect of these two interventions in a long-term follow-up has not yet been determined. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of Tecar therapy and LLLT separately and simultaneously over a 3-month follow-up period on clinical symptoms and health-related quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes and DPN. Methods: In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, forty-five individuals with type 2 diabetes (30 women and 15 men) with DPN were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 people: Tecar-on + laser-sham, Tecar-on + laser-on, and laser-on + Tecar-sham. The patients received ten treatment sessions and were followed up for 3-months after the last session. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire, while clinical symptoms, including pain (measured with a Visual Analog Scale), functional balance (evaluated with the timed-up and go test), and neuropathy symptoms (assessed with the Michigan Questionnaire) were also recorded. Results: Inter-group comparison after ten sessions revealed that the Tecar-on + laser-sham and Tecar-on + laser-on groups exhibited significant improvement in neuropathy symptoms compared to the laser-on + Tecar-sham group. Even after the 3-month follow-up, these two groups showed lasting improvement in all variables compared to the laser-on + Tecar-sham group (P < 0.05). The Tecar-on + laser-on group demonstrated a more enduring significant effect on pain scores (P = 0.035) compared to the Tecar-on + laser-sham group after the 3-month follow-up. In intra-group comparison, all three groups showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms and health-related quality of life after ten treatment sessions compared to before treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, after the 3-month follow-up, both the Tecar-on + laser-sham group and the Tecar-on + laser-on group demonstrated a more lasting significant effect in all variables compared to before treatment (P < 0.05). For the laser-on + Tecar-sham group, a more durable improvement in health-related quality of life (P = 0.000) and neuropathy symptoms (P = 0.011) was reported after the 3-month follow-up compared to before treatment. Conclusions: Although all three groups exhibited significant improvement in clinical symptoms and health-related quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes and DPN after ten treatment sessions, the synergistic use of Tecar therapy and LLLT after a long-term follow-up period could lead to more durable therapeutic effects in improving these outcomes for individuals with diabetes.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘’Wait and See’’ as a Treatment Option for a Rathke’s Cleft Cyst Apoplexy in Pediatric Population: A Case Report","authors":"S. Rouf, Latifa Yaqoubi, H. Latrech","doi":"10.5812/ijem-143939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-143939","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rathke cleft cyst apoplexy is exceedingly rare, particularly in infants. The most prevalent clinical manifestations include headaches, visual field defects, and endocrine dysfunction. Treatment options range from surgery to conservative methods, taking into consideration the balance of benefits and risks, especially during critical life stages such as childhood. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 12-year-old boy admitted due to the recent onset of headaches and diabetes insipidus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Rathke cleft cyst apoplexy. Given the absence of compressive symptoms in a child at the early stages of puberty and without abnormalities in basic endocrine tests, a conservative strategy was employed, involving regular clinical, biological, and radiological follow-ups. The child experienced normal puberty without any endocrine deficiencies except for a partial growth hormone deficiency. Conclusions: For clinically asymptomatic children diagnosed with Rathke's cleft cyst apoplexy, adopting a conservative management approach is recommended, provided there is thorough clinical, biological, and radiological surveillance.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Incorporating Long-Acting Subcutaneous Insulin Into the Standard Treatment Protocol for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children","authors":"F. Saffari, A. Homaei, Venus Chegini, Amir Javadi, Victoria Chegini","doi":"10.5812/ijem-139684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-139684","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite the progress made in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children is still increasing, and its management requires hospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). It is important to find a new and low-risk treatment method to shorten the recovery time from DKA. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of integrating two different types of long-acting subcutaneous insulin into the standard treatment for DKA in children. Methods: The study was conducted in the PICU, and comprehensive monitoring was performed throughout the process. Patients aged between 2 and 15 years were divided into three groups: two intervention groups receiving the addition of two types of long-acting insulin, Detemir and Glargine, to the standard treatment, and a control group. Each group consisted of 36 individuals. The impact of the intervention on the recovery time from DKA and the potential complications were investigated in all three groups. Results: The analysis of the results revealed a significant difference in the duration of exiting the acute phase among the groups. Additionally, the post-hoc test demonstrated that the recovery time for ketoacidosis in the Detemir arm was significantly shorter than in the standard arm (P = 0.008). However, it is important to note that there were no significant differences in the occurrence of common complications among the three study groups. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it appears that incorporating specific types of long-acting subcutaneous insulin into the standard treatment of DKA in children leads to a reduction in the resolution time of the acute phase of ketoacidosis. Importantly, this approach does not introduce additional complications. Consequently, it has the potential to optimize resource allocation and enhance patient care by freeing up beds in the PICU.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism in a Normotensive Patient: A Case Report","authors":"Amir Hossein Ghanooni, Mitra KazemiJahromi, F. Hosseinpanah","doi":"10.5812/ijem-138703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-138703","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by hypertension, suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA), elevated plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and spontaneous hypokalemia. Case Presentation: We present a 37-year-old normotensive female with hypokalemia, high plasma aldosterone level, and suppressed renin. The patient was treated with eplerenone and potassium chloride supplement. Further investigation with a computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a mass in the left adrenal. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy led to the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma. Conclusions: Primary aldosteronism should be among the differential diagnoses in normotensive patients presenting with severe hypokalemia.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What About My Weight? Insufficient Weight Loss or Weight Regain After Bariatric Metabolic Surgery","authors":"Hamidreza Zefreh, Reza Amani-Beni, Erfan Sheikhbahaei, Farnaz Farsi, Shahrzad Ahmadkaraji, Maryam Barzin, Bahar Darouei, Alireza Khalaj, Shahab Shahabi","doi":"10.5812/ijem-136329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-136329","url":null,"abstract":"Context: This review study aimed to investigate the definition, etiology, risk factors (RFs), management strategy, and prevention of insufficient weight loss (IWL) and weight regain (WR) following bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS). Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases were searched to retrieve relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were English articles with adult participants assessing the definition, prevalence, etiology, RFs, management strategy, and prevention of IWL/WR. Results: Definition: The preferred definition for post-BMS IWL/WR are the terms \"Lack of maintenance of total weight loss (TWL)&gt;20%\" and \"weight change in percentage compared to nadir weight or weight loss\". Prevalence: The exact prevalence of IWL/WR is still being determined due to the type of BMS and various definitions. Etiology: Several mechanisms, including hormonal/metabolic, dietary non-adherence, physical inactivity, mental health, and anatomic surgical failure, are possible etiologies of post-BMS IWL/WR. RFs: Preoperative body mass index (BMI), male gender, psychiatric conditions, comorbidities, age, poor diet, eating disorders, poor follow-ups, insufficient physical activity, micronutrients, and genetic-epigenetic factors are the most important RFs. Management Strategy: The basis of treatment is lifestyle interventions, including dietary, physical activity, psychological, and behavioral therapy. Pharmacotherapy can be added. In the last treatment line, different techniques of endoscopic surgery and revisional surgery can be used. Prevention: Behavioral and psychotherapeutic interventions, dietary therapy, and physical activity therapy are the essential components of prevention. Conclusions: Many definitions exist for WR, less so for IWL. Etiologies and RFs are complex and multifactorial; therefore, the management and prevention strategy is multidisciplinary. Some knowledge gaps, especially for IWL, exist, and these gaps must be filled to strengthen the evidence used to guide patient counseling, selection, and improved outcomes.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatic Identification of Hub Genes Related to Menopause-Obesity Paradox in Breast Cancer","authors":"Zahra Hosseinpour, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari","doi":"10.5812/ijem-140835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-140835","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women, significantly contributing to cancer-related death in the modern world. Obesity, as a worldwide epidemic besides the menopausal status, has a paradoxical association with BC. Objectives: To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the paradoxical effects of obesity on BC, a comprehensive systems biology analysis was performed. Methods: Data retrieval, data preprocessing, and differential expression analysis were conducted. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified the gene modules associated with clinical traits. Network analysis and hub gene identification techniques revealed key regulatory genes, and functional enrichment analysis uncovered biological pathways related to hub genes. A logistic regression model was developed to predict menopausal status based on hub genes. Additionally, gene expression analysis of two important genes was performed by qPCR. Results: The study identified the hub genes and molecular pathways (the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, proteoglycans in cancer, and lipid metabolic and atherosclerosis pathways) associated with the obesity paradox in BC based on menopausal statutes. Conclusions: These results may improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the effects of body mass on BC and assist in identifying biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for treating obese postmenopausal women with BC.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135679361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Bone Mineral Density in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","authors":"Fariba Karimi, Parisa Mardani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-137594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-137594","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Whether the endocrine aberrations caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) might influence bone density in women of reproductive age is controversial. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare PCOS women to a control group matched in age and body mass index (BMI) regarding bone indices and to clarify the potential relationship between their hormonal changes and bone density. Methods: This case-control study consisted of 61 PCOS patients, and 35 women with normal ovulatory function served as controls. Bone parameters, including bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in addition to T- and Z-scores, were measured at the lumbar vertebrae, neck of the left femur, hip, and distal part of the radial bone, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were taken to be tested for biochemical parameters and serum concentrations of insulin, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estradiol were measured. Insulin resistance was evaluated through the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: The results revealed greater levels of HOMA-IR and total testosterone in PCOS women than in controls. Nevertheless, the two groups were comparable in terms of bone parameters. In the control group, BMI was the only determinant of bone density at most of the skeletal sites. Nonetheless, BMI and HOMA-IR were independently and positively associated with bone indices at the femoral neck (FN) and total hip in the PCOS group. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D concentrations were not different in the two groups. However, phosphate levels were higher in PCOS patients (P = 0.025). Osteocalcin was inversely correlated to BMI, and both groups had a negative correlation between DHEAS and PTH. Serum phosphate was inversely and independently associated with estrogen in the PCOS group (r = -0.377, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Body mass index and HOMA-IR were independent and positive determinants of FN and total hip bone density in the PCOS subjects. Nonetheless, in the non-PCOS women, BMI was the only independent determinant of bone density at most of the skeletal sites. Additionally, osteocalcin was inversely correlated with BMI in both groups.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: A Literature Review and Possible Management","authors":"Kebria Kashfi, Narges Anbardar, Artin Asadipooya, Kamyar Asadipooya","doi":"10.5812/ijem-139768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-139768","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection normally damages the respiratory system but might likewise impair endocrine organs’ function. Thyroid dysfunction and hyperglycemia are common endocrine complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and associated complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hospitalization, and death, are thought to have increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to review the available data about the incidence rate of T1D and accompanying complications since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: A literature review was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords “T1D, T1DM, Type 1 DM or Type 1 Diabetes”, “Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19” were used to search these databases. Titles and abstracts were screened for selection, and then relevant studies were reviewed in full text. Results: A total of 25 manuscripts out of 304 identified studies were selected. There were 15 (60%) multicenter or nationwide studies. The data about the incidence rate of T1D, hospitalization, and death are not consistent across countries; however, DKA incidence and severity seem to be higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study’s data collection demonstrated that COVID-19 might or might not increase the incidence of T1D. Nevertheless, it is associated with the higher incidence and severity of DKA in T1D patients. This finding might indicate that antivirals are not fully protective against the endocrine complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which promotes the application of an alternative approach. Conclusions: Combining medications that reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells and modulate the immune response to infection is an alternative practical approach to treating COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135368677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Ketoacidosis After COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Fahad Bedaiwi Albedaiwi, Manar Alshammari, Metab Algeffari, Abdulmajeed Alfouzan, Yasmeen Alfouzan, Hassan Siddiq, Omaima Hussein","doi":"10.5812/ijem-135866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-135866","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is one of the few vaccines that obtained emergency authorization to combat the fatal pandemic. Despite the fact that some available literature addressed its short-term side effects, there are still limitations on its effects on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccination and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among individuals with T1DM. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the effects of the vaccine on glucose control, variability, and risk of hypoglycemia. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Diabetic ketoacidosis cases admitted to the hospital within February 2020 and August 2022 were included in the study based on specific inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 49 patients were included in statistical analyses. Results: Out of the 62 patients admitted to the hospital, 49 met the diagnostic criteria for DKA and agreed to participate in the study. The majority of the remaining patients (n = 13) refused to participate, and only a few of them lacked complete documentation. Of the 49 patients who were included in the study, 46 cases had a history of T1DM; nevertheless, 3 patients were newly diagnosed with T1DM. Additionally, among these participants, 16 (32.7%), 19 (38.8%), and 14 (28.6%) patients had mild, moderate, and severe DKA, respectively. There were 27 male (55.1%) and 22 female (44.9%) patients. About 91% of the patients were vaccinated against COVID-19, 30.6% of whom were vaccinated within 29 days of being diagnosed with DKA. The pH and bicarbonate levels were observed to be significantly high among those who were diagnosed with DKA within 29 days of vaccination, with p-values of 0.031 and 0.037, respectively. Similarly, pH and random blood sugar (RBS) were observed to be significantly higher among the vaccinated patients than in the non-vaccinated subjects (P = 0.044 and P = 0.032, respectively). Conclusions: The study findings revealed that some of the DKA indicators were evident among the vaccinated patients. However, larger-scale and multi-center studies are recommended in order to have more conclusive evidence and generalize the findings.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complications and Treatment of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Fahimeh Soheilipour, Naghmeh Abbasi Kasbi, Mahshid Imankhan, Delaram Eskandari","doi":"10.5812/ijem-135004","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-135004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Global reports have revealed a dramatic rise in the number of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) over the past three decades in all age groups, even in children and adolescents. The physiologic phenomenon of insulin resistance during puberty, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, are implicated in this phenomenon. It seems that patients with early-onset T2DM experience a more aggressive clinical course; however, limited treatments available for these patients pose a challenge. This narrative review intends to scrutinize the micro- and macrovascular complications and treatments of patients with early-onset T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature search was conducted in the PubMed database to identify all relevant original English articles published from the beginning of 2018 until January 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vascular complications, such as albuminuria, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and retinopathy, were seen to be more common in early-onset T2DM compared to type 1 diabetes. The odds ratio of vascular complications was higher in early-onset compared to late-onset T2DM. In children and adolescents with T2DM, the only approved medications included metformin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. Treatment of early-onset T2DM with metformin monotherapy cannot yield durable glycemic control, and most patients need early combination therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>During the past years, the frequency of early-onset T2DM has been growing at an alarming rate. Vascular complications in these patients seem more aggressive and more challenging to control. Hence, further clinical trials should be conducted to develop novel therapeutic approaches and evaluate their long-term benefits in terms of glycemic control and preventing future complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10676662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45670853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}