International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: A Literature Review and Possible Management","authors":"Kebria Kashfi, Narges Anbardar, Artin Asadipooya, Kamyar Asadipooya","doi":"10.5812/ijem-139768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-139768","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection normally damages the respiratory system but might likewise impair endocrine organs’ function. Thyroid dysfunction and hyperglycemia are common endocrine complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and associated complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hospitalization, and death, are thought to have increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to review the available data about the incidence rate of T1D and accompanying complications since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: A literature review was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords “T1D, T1DM, Type 1 DM or Type 1 Diabetes”, “Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19” were used to search these databases. Titles and abstracts were screened for selection, and then relevant studies were reviewed in full text. Results: A total of 25 manuscripts out of 304 identified studies were selected. There were 15 (60%) multicenter or nationwide studies. The data about the incidence rate of T1D, hospitalization, and death are not consistent across countries; however, DKA incidence and severity seem to be higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study’s data collection demonstrated that COVID-19 might or might not increase the incidence of T1D. Nevertheless, it is associated with the higher incidence and severity of DKA in T1D patients. This finding might indicate that antivirals are not fully protective against the endocrine complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which promotes the application of an alternative approach. Conclusions: Combining medications that reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells and modulate the immune response to infection is an alternative practical approach to treating COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"6 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135368677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Ketoacidosis After COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Fahad Bedaiwi Albedaiwi, Manar Alshammari, Metab Algeffari, Abdulmajeed Alfouzan, Yasmeen Alfouzan, Hassan Siddiq, Omaima Hussein","doi":"10.5812/ijem-135866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-135866","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is one of the few vaccines that obtained emergency authorization to combat the fatal pandemic. Despite the fact that some available literature addressed its short-term side effects, there are still limitations on its effects on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between COVID-19 vaccination and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among individuals with T1DM. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the effects of the vaccine on glucose control, variability, and risk of hypoglycemia. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Diabetic ketoacidosis cases admitted to the hospital within February 2020 and August 2022 were included in the study based on specific inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 49 patients were included in statistical analyses. Results: Out of the 62 patients admitted to the hospital, 49 met the diagnostic criteria for DKA and agreed to participate in the study. The majority of the remaining patients (n = 13) refused to participate, and only a few of them lacked complete documentation. Of the 49 patients who were included in the study, 46 cases had a history of T1DM; nevertheless, 3 patients were newly diagnosed with T1DM. Additionally, among these participants, 16 (32.7%), 19 (38.8%), and 14 (28.6%) patients had mild, moderate, and severe DKA, respectively. There were 27 male (55.1%) and 22 female (44.9%) patients. About 91% of the patients were vaccinated against COVID-19, 30.6% of whom were vaccinated within 29 days of being diagnosed with DKA. The pH and bicarbonate levels were observed to be significantly high among those who were diagnosed with DKA within 29 days of vaccination, with p-values of 0.031 and 0.037, respectively. Similarly, pH and random blood sugar (RBS) were observed to be significantly higher among the vaccinated patients than in the non-vaccinated subjects (P = 0.044 and P = 0.032, respectively). Conclusions: The study findings revealed that some of the DKA indicators were evident among the vaccinated patients. However, larger-scale and multi-center studies are recommended in order to have more conclusive evidence and generalize the findings.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as an Adverse Effect of Lenvatinib in a Patient with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case Report.","authors":"Daisy Carolina Buenaventura, Hernando Vargas-Sierra, Natalia Aristizabal-Henao, Jose Luis Torres-Grajales, Carolina Aguilar-Londono, Johnayro Gutierrez-Restrepo","doi":"10.5812/ijem-136900","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-136900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon transient neuroradiological phenomenon that develops vasogenic cerebral edema and could be caused by some pharmacological agents, such as molecular-specific target agents. Lenvatinib belongs to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors and was approved in 2015 for progressive locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine (I-131) treatment. Herein, we present the case of a 65-year-old woman who, while receiving treatment with lenvatinib for radioiodine-refractory metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma, developed PRES without hypertension at the initial evaluation. Her clinical and radiological findings improved after withdrawing from the mentioned therapy, and later it was possible to re-incorporate lower doses of the medication, as described in the other three case reports found in the worldwide medical literature. The recognition of this entity is essential to timely suspend the drug and avoid greater comorbidity. This is the first paper reporting this kind of adverse event using lenvatinib in a Hispanic population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"1 1","pages":"e136900"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10676670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71265597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Mahtab Ordooei,&nbsp;Mehran Karimi,&nbsp;Elahe Akbarian,&nbsp;Zahra Rasoulizadeh","doi":"10.5812/ijem-132809","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijem-132809","url":null,"abstract":"Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread quickly. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, have been determined as critical risk factors for COVID-19. Objectives This study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This retrospective study examined children aged less than 18 years diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from February 20, 2020, to November 21, 2021. The collected information was compared to those obtained during the same period in 2019 (pre-pandemic). According to the inclusion criteria, only children with suspected symptoms of COVID-19 or an infected family member underwent PCR. Results The study included 70 children with confirmed DKA during the COVID-19 pandemic and 33 children hospitalized during the pre-pandemic period. The findings showed that the rate of DKA was higher during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period. In the DKA subgroups (during the COVID-19 pandemic vs. pre-pandemic), 35.7% vs. 21.2% were severe, 37.1% vs. 36.4% were moderate, and 27.1% vs. 42.4% were mild. Of 70 children, 30 underwent PCR tests for COVID-19, showing six positive cases. Among positive cases, five had mild symptoms, while one was hospitalized with signs of respiratory distress, polyuria, and polydipsia. All physical examinations of this patient were normal, except for the chest exam. Conclusions A remarkable increase was observed in the frequency and severity of DKA in children during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e132809"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c3/8b/ijem-21-2-132809.PMC10474797.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10524568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes Ketoacidosis and COVID-19: An Insight into the Pathophysiology.","authors":"Seyed Amirabbas Ahadiat,&nbsp;Zeinab Hosseinian","doi":"10.5812/ijem-133631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-133631","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e133631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e1/8d/ijem-21-2-133631.PMC10467579.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10659944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin in COVID-19: Is There a Role Beyond Glycemic Control?","authors":"Lakshmi Nagendra,&nbsp;Saptarshi Bhattacharya,&nbsp;Sanjay Kalra,&nbsp;Nitin Kapoor","doi":"10.5812/ijem-132965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-132965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still a cause of worldwide health concern. Diabetes and its associated comorbidities are risk factors for mortality and morbidity in COVID-19. Selecting the right antidiabetic drug to achieve optimal glycemic control might mitigate some of the negative impacts of diabetes. Metformin continues to be the most widely administered antidiabetic agent. There is evidence of its beneficial outcome in COVID-19 independent of its glucose-lowering effect.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A thorough literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies investigating metformin in COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Several overlapping mechanisms have been proposed to explain its antiviral properties. It could bring about conformational changes in the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor and decrease viral entry. The effects on the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway and cellular pH have been proposed to reduce viral protein synthesis and replication. The immunomodulatory effects of metformin might counter the detrimental effects of hyperinflammation associated with COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings call for broader metformin usage to manage hyperglycemia in COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e132965"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d6/a7/ijem-21-2-132965.PMC10467582.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10127539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported Male Infertility and Metabolic Disturbance: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar,&nbsp;Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz,&nbsp;Mehrdad Ghahremani,&nbsp;Maryam Mousavi,&nbsp;Fereidoun Azizi,&nbsp;Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.5812/ijem-134895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-134895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Male infertility is a growing health problem. It is proposed that infertility is associated with some metabolic abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to examine the prevalence of self-reported male infertility and related metabolic disturbances.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional analysis of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). A total of 1526 males participated in the study. Logistic regression was used to examine metabolic factors associated with self-reported male infertility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total prevalence of self-reported male infertility was 6.42%. The mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) of participants among fertile and infertile males was 26.80 (3.93) and 26.92 (4.36), respectively. The majority of participants in both groups were in the age group of 40-50 years old. In the fully adjusted model, the odds of infertility were significantly increased by each unit increase in total cholesterol [TC; odds ratio (OR), 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01 - 1.01; P = 0.03] and hip circumference (HC; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00 - 1.12; P = 0.02), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of self-reported male infertility was 6.42%. Male infertility was positively associated with TC and HC, indicating that knowledge about these risks might assist health care professionals and governments in developing and executing measures to change the status quo.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e134895"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/de/ijem-21-2-134895.PMC10467580.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10136682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neck Ganglioneuroma Mimicking a Thyroid Nodule in a Four-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Stefania Corrado,&nbsp;Cesare Morgante,&nbsp;Sauro Tassi,&nbsp;Francesco Maccarrone,&nbsp;Gianluca Di Massa,&nbsp;Alfredo Pontecorvi,&nbsp;Giampaolo Papi","doi":"10.5812/ijem-126486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-126486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ganglioneuromas are tumors of neurogenic origin usually located in the abdomen, the adrenal glands, and the mediastinum but infrequently found in the neck region.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We describe the case of a four-year-old Albanian girl presenting with an anterior neck mass initially suspected to be a thyroid nodule. From a clinical point of view, there was no evidence of compression on vital cervical structures. Lab tests detected normal serum thyrotropin, calcitonin, and parathormone concentrations. A neck ultrasound showed a huge mass apparently originating from the left thyroid lobe. Cytological examination of fine needle biopsy demonstrated a population of large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, regular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli and spindle cells without significant atypia, consistent with a benign lesion of neurogenic origin. Also, the neck MRI displayed a mass with well-defined margins, likely arising from the peripheral nervous system. The patient underwent surgical excision of the mass without complications. The histological exam was diagnostic for ganglioneuroma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We discuss the cytological and histological features peculiar to such a rare neck lesion and review the differential diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e126486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f4/eb/ijem-21-2-126486.PMC10474842.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10151319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a Reduced-Calorie Diet on Plasma Levels of Inflammatory and Metabolic Factors in Overweight/Obese Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors.","authors":"Javad Nasrollahzadeh,&nbsp;Nafiseh Khandouzi,&nbsp;Mahsa Maroofi","doi":"10.5812/ijem-135216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-135216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calorie restriction without malnutrition is likely to improve cardiovascular risk factors.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate calorie restriction on markers of cardiometabolic risk in overweight/obese adults with cardiovascular risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a parallel controlled trial, patients with overweight or obesity and one or more cardiovascular risk factor were randomized to a modest reduced-calorie diet (75% of the total calculated energy requirements) or control (no calorie restriction) groups and followed up for two months. Body weight, dietary intake, fasting plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), lipids, and glycemic factors were measured at baseline, and after two months. The differences were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-six participants (33 in each group) completed the study. Body weight changed in the reduced-calorie diet group (- 3.05 ± 2.65 kg), and blood pressure was improved (systolic -6.96 ± 12.04 and diastolic - 3.90 ± 8.97 mmHg). The reduced-calorie diet improved plasma ICAM-1 (change from baseline - 0.45 ± 1.99 ng/mL, P = 0.033, ANCOVA), MCP-1 (change from baseline - 0.50 pg/mL, P = 0.011, ANCOVA), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (change from baseline - 9.35 ± 19.61 mg/dL, P < 0.001, ANCOVA), and triglyceride (change from baseline -33.66 ± 49.08, P = 0.001, ANCOVA), but BDNF, NPY, and other cardiometabolic factors were not different.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In overweight/obese subjects with cardiovascular risk factors which have been under medical treatment with risk-reducing medications, a modest weight loss induced by a reduced-calorie diet improved lipid profile, blood pressure, and reduced ICAM-1 and MCP-1 levels but had no effect on plasma BDNF or glycemic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 2","pages":"e135216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2f/5d/ijem-21-2-135216.PMC10467581.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10136683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Methods to Improve Self-management in Those with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Tintin Sukartini,&nbsp;Nursalam Nursalam,&nbsp;Rifky Octavia Pradipta,&nbsp;Masunatul Ubudiyah","doi":"10.5812/ijem-119698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem-119698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The ability of self-manage was important for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and it was supported and depend on the method used. We aimed to summarize the potential method of self-management to improve self-empowerment.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>To obtain the related data, 5 databases, including Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, CINAHL, and SAGE, were comprehensively searched. The search was done in advance using the Boolean operator. The full texts of articles presenting data on self-management methods were screened and retrieved.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Various self-management techniques were covered with primary and secondary outcomes. Primary outcomes included blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Secondary outcomes included knowledge, self-efficacy, lifestyle habits, physical activity, diet, smoking, medical treatment, support, and health behavior. A goal-setting-oriented approach was effective in setting targets and gaining support from family members. A family-centered approach was effective in taking care of and taking good care of patients with T2DM. Strength training exercises provide patients with a choice of physical activity that can help them manage their blood sugar and blood pressure. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a stress-reduction technique. The patient's acceptance of the disease and treatment for diabetes is aided by education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A successful self-management method was one which balances and adapts to the patient's condition. Regardless of the age of the patients, the overall findings from the review suggest that self-management methods can help patients become healthier and improve their quality of life by controlling their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level.</p>","PeriodicalId":13969,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"21 1","pages":"e119698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1d/dd/ijem-21-1-119698.PMC10082325.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}