International Journal of Endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Bone Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Xin Li, Yang Li, Chen Lei","doi":"10.1155/2024/1785321","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/1785321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are an intriguing class of antihyperglycemic drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Such drugs not only play a primary role in regulating blood glucose levels but also exhibit additional pleiotropic effects, including potential impacts on bone metabolism and fracture risk. However, the mechanism of such drugs is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of GLP-1 RAs on bone metabolism in T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From database inception to May 1, 2023, the searches were conducted on multiple databases such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, CNKI, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and VIP. We systematically collected all randomized controlled trials of bone metabolism in patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1 RAs. The quality evaluation was performed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data extraction was analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 software, and funnel plots were drawn to evaluate publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were included, involving a total of 2268 participants. In this study, compared to other antidiabetic drugs or placebo, GLP-1 RAs were found to significantly increase serum calcium (mean difference (MD) = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01, 0.09), <i>P</i> = 0.002], bone alkaline phosphatase [standardized MD (SMD) = 0.76, 95% CI (0.29, 1.24), and <i>P</i> = 0.001), and osteocalcin (SMD = 2.04, 95% CI (0.99, 3.08), and <i>P</i> = 0.0001) in T2DM. Specifically, liraglutide increased procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (SMD = 0.45, 95% CI (0.01, 0.89), and <i>P</i> = 0.04). GLP-1 RAs were also associated with a reduction in cross-linked C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (SMD = -0.36, 95% CI (-0.70, -0.03), and <i>P</i> = 0.03). In additionally, GLP-1 RAs increased lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI (0.60, 1.48), and <i>P</i> < 0.00001) and femoral neck BMD (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI (0.36, 2.23), and <i>P</i> = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GLP-1 RAs can not only improve BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck of patients with T2DM but also protect bone health by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation. <i>Systematic Review Registration</i>. PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023418166.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"1785321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11416174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Management of Hypercalcemic Crisis in 155 Patients: A Single Center Retrospective Study.","authors":"Yuqing Qu, Yang Liu, Xianling Wang, Qinghua Guo, Jin Du, Yu Pei, Jianming Ba, Weijun Gu, Jingtao Dou, Zhaohui Lv, Yiming Mu","doi":"10.1155/2024/4689745","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/4689745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to analyse the etiology and clinical characteristics of hypercalcemic crisis in a large cohort of Chinese patients and summarised our clinical experience in the management of this serious endocrinological emergency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients with hypercalcemic crisis hospitalized in the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2009 and March 2024. The general data, clinical manifestations, etiology, photographic examination, emergency treatment, etiological treatment, and prognosis were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 155 patients with hypercalcemic crisis (91 males and 64 females) with a mean age of 54.60 ± 16.99 years old were enrolled. The most frequent disease-causing hypercalcemic crisis was hyperparathyroidism (41.94%), followed by solid malignancy (41.29%) and multiple myeloma (9.03%), et al. Patients mainly presented with symptoms of the digestive system (78.10%), nervous system (63.30%), skeletal system (59.60%), urinary system (59.50%), and cardiovascular system (34.90%). These 155 patients with hypercalcemic crisis got effective therapies that included simultaneous administration of intravenous injection (IV) isotonic saline, subcutaneous calcitonin, bisphosphonate, or hemodialysis in serious cases. After emergency treatment, all the symptoms in the patients were relieved obviously. The cure rate of hypercalcemic with etiological treatments was 84.50% (131/155).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypercalcemic crisis is a serious endocrinological emergency with a variety of etiologies and a high risk of mortality. A prompt diagnosis and the implementation of a comprehensive and effective treatment can efficiently alleviate this endocrinological emergency. Etiological treatment targeting different causes can improve prognosis significantly.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4689745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11379506/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and Management of Aggressive/Refractory Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.","authors":"Xiaojuan Zhang, Yu Chen, Yerong Yu, Jianwei Li","doi":"10.1155/2024/5085905","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5085905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The majority of acromegaly and gigantism are caused by growth hormone-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). Most cases can be cured or controlled by surgery, medical therapy, and/or radiotherapy. However, a few of these tumors are resistant to traditional therapy and always have a poor prognosis. The title aggressive/refractory is used to differentiate them from pituitary carcinomas. To date, there is no definitive conclusion on how to diagnose aggressive/refractory growth hormone-secreting PitNETs, which may have slowed the process of exploring new therapeutical strategies. We summarized the literature described diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Potential disease markers and prospective therapies were also included.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5085905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Waist Circumference and Sex Steroid Hormones in US Adult Men: Cross-Sectional Findings from the NHANES 2013-2016.","authors":"Zhisheng Zhu, Xingong Lin, Chaoyang Wang, Shize Zhu, Xianying Zhou","doi":"10.1155/2024/4306797","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/4306797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is recognized as a major public health issue worldwide, characterized by a growing prevalence among adult males. Several studies have identified an association between obesity and sex steroid hormone levels but only a few have considered the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and sex hormone levels in adult males. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the relationships between waist circumference (WC) and various sex steroid hormone levels in adult males in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed data from 3,359 adult males aged 20 years and above, who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013-2016 in the United States. We collected demographic data, including WC, and serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, FAI, and T/E₂ ratio. We adjusted the variables using multiple linear regression models with R 4.2.2 and EmpowerStats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjusting for confounders, WC was found to be negatively associated with testosterone (<i>β</i> = -0.117, <i>P</i> < 0.001) but positively correlated with estradiol (<i>β</i> = 0.002, <i>P</i>=0.002), especially beyond a WC of 104.5 cm (<i>β</i> = 0.004, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Underweight individuals showed a contrasting positive correlation between WC and testosterone (<i>β</i> = 0.351, <i>P</i>=0.016). WC was inversely related to SHBG, particularly when WC was ≤99.1 cm (<i>β</i> = -0.036, <i>P</i> < 0.001). The FAI initially increased and then decreased with WC, peaking at 98.6 cm. The T/E₂ ratio negatively correlated with WC (<i>β</i> = -0.074, <i>P</i> < 0.001). These relationships varied among subgroups but remained unaffected by age or physical activity time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Waist circumference is inversely correlated with testosterone, SHBG, and T/E₂ ratio but positively correlated with estradiol, except for a positive correlation with testosterone in underweight males. Waist circumference serves as a crucial anthropometric measurement indicator for predicting sex steroid hormone levels in adult males.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4306797"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the Phenotype of Congenital Glucocorticoid Deficiency: An Iranian Patient with Cholestasis due to Pathogenic Variants in the <i>MC2R</i> Gene.","authors":"Shohreh Maleknejad, Setila Dalili, Ameneh Sharifi, Afagh Hassanzadeh Rad, Reza Bayat, Bahareh Rabbani, Nejat Mahdieh","doi":"10.1155/2024/3201949","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3201949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Familial glucocorticoid deficiency is caused by variants in the <i>MC2R</i> and <i>MRAP</i> genes. We report an Iranian patient with congenital glucocorticoid deficiency and cholestasis due to pathogenic variants in the <i>MC2R</i> gene. This is the first documented case of a patient with conditions. Clinical evaluations and lab assessments were conducted on a six-month-old male infant. Next-generation sequencing identified the genetic causes of the disease, and Sanger sequencing confirmed the variants through segregation analysis. The clinical presentation included prolonged jaundice, progressive skin hyperpigmentation, seizures, fever, and a large umbilical hernia. Two variants in the <i>MC2R</i> gene, c.560delT and c.676G > <i>C</i>, were detected and classified as pathogenic and likely pathogenic, respectively. The cooccurrence of cholestasis and glucocorticoid deficiency illustrates the clinical heterogeneity caused by <i>MC2R</i> variants. The prevalence of c.560delT and c.676G > <i>C</i> between Iranian populations suggests these variants may be common. The high frequency of c.560delT could be attributed to a founder effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3201949"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11319056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Diabetic Neuropathy in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Machine Learning Methods.","authors":"Lijie Zhu, Yang Liu, Bingyan Zheng, Danmeng Dong, Xiaoyun Xie, Liumei Hu","doi":"10.1155/2024/7044644","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7044644","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;One of the most frequent consequences of diabetes mellitus has been identified as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and numerous inflammatory disorders, including diabetes, have been documented to be reflected by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). This study aimed to explore the correlation between peripheral blood NLR and DPN, and to evaluate whether NLR could be utilized as a novel marker for early diagnosis of DPN among those with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We reviewed the medical records of 1154 diabetic patients treated at Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University from January 2022 to March 2023. These patients did not have evidence of acute infections, chronic inflammatory status within the past three months. The information included the clinical, laboratory, and demographic characteristics of the patient. Finally, a total of 442 T2DM individuals with reliable, complete, and accessible medical records were recruited, including 216 T2DM patients without complications (DM group) and 226 T2DM patients with complications of DPN (DPN group). One-way ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze data from the two groups, including peripheral blood NLR values and other biomedical indices. The cohort was divided in a 7 : 3 ratio into training and internal validation datasets following feature selection and data balancing. Based on machine learning, training was conducted using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. K-fold cross-validation was applied for model assessment, and accuracy, precision, recall, &lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;1-score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to validate the models' discrimination and clinical applicability. Using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), the top-performing model was interpreted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The values of 24-hour urine volume (24H UV), lower limb arterial plaque thickness (LLAB thickness), carotid plaque thickness (CP thickness), D-dimer and onset time were significantly higher in the DPN group compared to the DM group, whereas the values of urine creatinine (UCr), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), fasting c-peptide (FCP), and nerve conduction velocity and wave magnitude of motor and sensory nerve shown in electromyogram (EMG) were considerably lower than those in the DM group (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05, respectively). NLR values were significantly higher in the DPN group compared to the DM group (2.60 ± 4.82 versus 1.85 ± 0.98, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that NLR (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008, &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003) was a risk factor for DPN. The multivariate logistic regression model scores were 0.6241 for accuracy, 0.6111 for precision, 0.6667 for recall, 0.6377 for &lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;1, and 0.6379 for AUC. Machine learning methods, XGBoost and SVM, built predictio","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"7044644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemerin Enhances Migration and Invasion of OC Cells via CMKLR1/RhoA/ROCK-Mediated EMT.","authors":"Xiaojing Sun, Yi Guo","doi":"10.1155/2024/7957018","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/7957018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemerin is a newly described adipokine with significant effects on obesity, metabolic disorders, and immune trafficking. Recently, chemerin has gained prominence for its potential roles in cancer and tumorigenesis with pro- or antitumor effects. To date, most referenced multifunctions of chemerin are attributed to the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), distributing broadly in many tissues. This study investigates the <i>in vitro</i> roles of chemerin treatment on migration and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells (OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3) and potential underlying mechanisms. Herein, exogenous chemerin treatment promotes growth and invasion of SK-OV-3 cells but has no significant effects on OVCAR-3 cells. SK-OV-3 cells undergo morphological elongation characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Ras homologous genome members A (RhoA)/Rho protein-related curl spiral kinase-1 (ROCK1) activation. Furthermore, chemerin-enhanced invasion and EMT of SK-OV-3 cells are effectively blocked by C3 transferase (C3T) and Y27632 and RhoA and ROCK1 inhibitor, respectively. More importantly, RhoA/ROCK1-EMT-mediated SK-OV-3 cell invasion is orchestrated by CMKLR1 upregulation after chemerin treatment (50 ng/mL). The silencing of CMKLR1 significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) reverses the chemerin-enhanced invasion, EMT, and RhoA/ROCK1 activation of SK-OV-3 cells. Our study indicates that chemerin promotes invasion of OC cells via CMKLR1-RhoA/ROCK1-mediated EMT, offering a novel potential target for metastasis of OC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"7957018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141893367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Dietary Potassium Intake and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis in U.S. Adults.","authors":"Hao-Kai Chen, Qi-Wen Lan, Yu-Jia Li, Qing Xin, Run-Qi Luo, Jun-Jie Wang","doi":"10.1155/2024/5588104","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5588104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The correlation between potassium and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently still poorly understood. We conducted this study to explore the correlation between dietary potassium intake and NAFLD, as well as advanced hepatic fibrosis (AHF). The study also sought to identify any potential interactions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data employed in this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program, encompassing a period from 2007 to 2018. Employing the multiple logistic regression analysis, we evaluated the association of dietary potassium intake with NAFLD and AHF. Subsequently, stratification analysis, based on demographic variables, was constructed so as to assess the stability of the results. In addition, potential interaction effects were assessed by interaction tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 9443 participants were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 50.4 years, and their daily mean dietary potassium and vitamin C intake was 2556.49 mg and 82.93 mg, respectively. Following comprehensive statistical analyses, the findings indicated a negative correlation between dietary potassium intake and both NAFLD and AHF. Participants in Q4 group with dietary potassium intake exhibited a 31% and 42% reduction in the odds of developing NAFLD and AHF, respectively, in comparison to Q1 group. An interaction effect of dietary vitamin C intake was observed in the association between dietary potassium intake and NAFLD. The results imply that high dietary vitamin C intake augment the inverse relationship between dietary potassium intake and NAFLD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary potassium intake was found to have an inverse association with the odds of both NAFLD and AHF. The association between dietary potassium intake and NAFLD was amplified by the presence of vitamin C in the diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5588104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11262871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141748148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intersection of Aging and Particulate Matter 2.5 Exposure in Real World: Effects on Inflammation and Endocrine Axis Activities in Rats.","authors":"Cuiying Liu, Jian Yang, Longfei Guan, Liwei Jing, Shuqin Xiao, Liu Sun, Baohui Xu, Heng Zhao","doi":"10.1155/2024/8501696","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/8501696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is detrimental to multiple organ systems. Given the factor that aging also alters the cellularity and response of immune system and dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, -gonad and -thyroid axes, it is imperative to investigate whether chronic exposure to PM2.5 interacts with aging in these aspects. In this study, two-months-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to real world PM2.5 for 16 months. PM2.5 exposure diminished the relative numbers of CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells and increased the relative number of B cells in the peripheral blood of male rats. Conversely, only reduced relative number of CD4⁺ T cells was seen in the blood of female rats. These shifts resulted in elevated levels of proinflammatory factors interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i> in the circulatory systems of both sex, with females also evidencing a rise in interleukin-1<i>β</i> levels. Moreover, heightened interleukin-6 was solely discernible in the hippocampus of female subjects, while increased tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i> concentrations were widespread in female brain regions but confined to the male hypothalamus. Notable hormonal decreases were observed following PM2.5 exposure in both sex. These comprised declines in biomolecules such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone and cortisol, generated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and thyroid-releasing hormone and triiodothyronine, produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hormonal elements such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, derived from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, were also diminished. Exclusive to male rats was a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, whereas a fall in thyroid-stimulating hormone was unique to female rats. Decreases in sex-specific hormones, including testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, were also noted. These findings significantly enrich our comprehension of the potential long-term health repercussions associated with PM2.5 interaction particularly among the aging populace.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8501696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11223905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Mohammad Dehghani Firouzabadi, Amirhossein Poopak, Ali Sheikhy, Fatemeh Dehghani Firouzabadi, Fatemeh Moosaie, Soghra Rabizadeh, Sara Momtazmanesh, Manouchehr Nakhjavani, Alireza Esteghamati","doi":"10.1155/2024/5328965","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5328965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, 1197 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were divided into two groups (360 patients with NAFLD and 847 without NAFLD) and were followed for a median of 5 years for the incidence of CVD. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the association between NAFLD, liver enzyme level, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), and the incidence risk of CVD and its subgroups (i.e., myocardial infarction, chronic heart disease, coronary artery bypass grafting, and percutaneous coronary intervention). There was a significant positive association between CVD incidence and NAFLD (HR = 1.488, 95% CI = 1.041-2.124, <i>p</i> value = 0.029). Although patients with NAFLD had higher levels of ALT and AST levels (<i>p</i> value = <0.001), there was no significant association between liver enzymes and the incidence risk of CVD when adjusted for different variables. Furthermore, NAFLD was associated with NAFLD APRI <i>Q</i> (2), APRI <i>Q</i> (3), and APRIQ (4) (1.365 (1.046-1.781), 1.623 (1.234-2.135), and 3.373 (2.509-4.536)), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NAFLD increased the incidence risk of CVD in T2D. However, there was no association between liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALK-P, and GGT) and a higher incidence risk of CVD in T2D when adjusted for confounding variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5328965"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11221952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}