International Journal of Endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Empagliflozin in the Absence of Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Its Anthropometric and Metabolic Effects in Humans and Animals.","authors":"Farima Farsi, Dorsa Ghorban Sarvi, Mohammadmahdi Abbasi, Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar","doi":"10.1155/ije/5558442","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/5558442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Obesity raises metabolic and cardiovascular risk and represents a major public health challenge. The sodium-glucose cotransport-2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) may improve metabolic parameters beyond glycemic control. This systematic review critically evaluated the effects of EMPA on anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in overweight or obese subjects without diabetes and identified key areas for future research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review included studies identified through searches of five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library) from January 2023 to May 2026. Following duplicate removal and PRISMA-guided screening, 27 studies were included (7 randomized controlled trials and 20 animal studies). Studies were excluded if they involved diabetic populations, lacked appropriate comparator groups, or did not meet predefined eligibility criteria. The Cochrane and SYRCLE tools were used to assess the quality of human and animal evidence, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Animal studies primarily used EMPA doses of 8-30 mg/kg/day, whereas human trials employed fixed clinical doses of 10-12.5 mg daily. In human investigations, EMPA significantly lowered body weight with notable improvements in fasting glucose. Preclinical studies largely supported these findings and additionally demonstrated improvements in hepatic steatosis, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory markers. Proposed mechanisms included modulation of FGF21 signaling, hepatic PDK4 expression, hypothalamic neuropeptides, NF-κB activity, mitochondrial function, and gut microbiome composition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even in the absence of diabetes, EMPA shows potential for improving anthropometric and metabolic indices. However, clinical evidence remains limited and further human trials are needed to confirm its long-term safety, efficacy, and underlying molecular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5558442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Stages of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Associated With the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Insights From Two Prospective Cohort Studies.","authors":"Xiangyu Wang, Mengge Yang, Qunwei Ma, Xiaona Chang, Guang Wang, Jia Liu, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1155/ije/1409909","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/1409909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Stage 3 in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, defined as subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), diagnosis often relies on risk equivalents (very high-risk CKD or high 10-year CVD risk) due to the limited accessibility of diagnostic tools. A critical unanswered question is whether these two risk-equivalent subgroups exhibit comparable mortality risks. This study compares mortality risks between these subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 344,515 participants from the UK Biobank and 24,545 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants were stratified according to AHA diagnostic criteria into Stage 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Stage 3 was further subclassified as 3a (10-year high risk of CVD) and 3b (very high-risk CKD). Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to assess the risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, renal, and cancer mortality across different stages.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the UK Biobank, compared with Stage 0, Stage 3b was associated with the second-highest multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality (4.95; 95% CI: 4.41-5.55), cardiovascular mortality (18.75; 95% CI: 14.70-23.91), renal mortality (59.73; 95% CI: 21.53-165.68), and cancer mortality (2.88; 95% CI: 2.33-3.56), second only to Stage 4b. These risks were significantly higher than those observed in Stage 3a and even exceeded those in Stage 4a. The analysis of the NHANES cohort also validated the results for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality risks described above.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The patients in Stage 3b with very high-risk CKD, even in the absence of clinical CVD, face a very high risk of mortality and should be given significant attention and early intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"1409909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between C-Reactive Protein-Triglyceride Glucose Index and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Across Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages 0-4.","authors":"Siqi Yi, Weida Qiu, Yanchen Zhu, Shiping Wu, He Zheng, Qiujin Huang, Yingqing Feng, Ying Wu","doi":"10.1155/ije/6690501","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/6690501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome corresponds to an elevated risk of mortality. The C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) reflects both insulin resistance and inflammation, processes that are crucial to CKM progression. However, it remains uncertain whether CTI is linked to mortality risk and how this relationship may vary across different CKM progression stages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 8314 participants were drawn from American adults. Participants were then grouped by advanced CKM stages. CTI was calculated as 0.412 × Ln (CRP [mg/L]) + Ln (TG [mg/dl] × FBG [mg/dl])/2. The endpoints focused on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Associations of CTI with advanced CKM stages and mortality were examined using logistic and Cox regression models, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest CTI quartile (Q4) exhibited a markedly greater prevalence of advanced CKM stages relative to Q1 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 152 months, 1606 participants died, including 475 cardiovascular deaths. Each SD increase in CTI was associated with a 35% higher risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI: 1.24-1.48) and a 40% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (95% CI: 1.20-1.62). Similarly, compared with Q1, participants in Q4 of CTI had higher risks of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.46-2.27) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.56-3.34), with homogeneous associations across different CKM stages (interaction <i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher CTI levels were accompanied by a greater prevalence of advanced CKM stages and were associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality across CKM stages. CTI may provide complementary information for mortality-risk assessment although further validation is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6690501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on the Relationship Between TyG Index and CVD Incidence in Patients With T2DM With NAFLD.","authors":"Yuxin Zhu, Bin Yu, Haipeng Huang, Zhen Zhong","doi":"10.1155/ije/6707256","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/6707256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder with rapidly rising prevalence and incidence rates, and it predisposes affected individuals to multiple complications. Insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathogenic factor in patients with T2DM and concomitant NAFLD, and it is closely associated with the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a novel indicator for assessing IR, has gained growing attention for its potential value in predicting CVD risk among patients with T2DM and NAFLD. Furthermore, CVD, as a common complication of T2DM with NAFLD, significantly impairs patients' quality of life. This review aims to explore the association between the TyG index and CVD risk prediction in patients with T2DM and NAFLD and further elaborate on the underlying mechanisms. Although the exact biological mechanism linking the TyG index to CVD remains incompletely clarified, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that elevated TyG index levels are positively correlated with higher CVD prevalence. This review deepens the understanding of CVD pathogenesis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD and provides a theoretical basis for developing more effective prevention and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6707256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With Predialysis Plasma Glucose Variability in Patients With Diabetes on Hemodialysis.","authors":"Cheng-Chieh Yen, Chiung-Pei Huang, Hung-Pin Tu, Szu-Chia Chen","doi":"10.1155/ije/5465408","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/5465408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with diabetes on hemodialysis (HD) have higher mortality and poorer health-related quality of life than those without diabetes. In this setting, glycated hemoglobin is of limited value, whereas glycemic variability (GV) may better guide diabetes management and therapeutic monitoring. We aimed to identify factors associated with GV among our cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively collected patient characteristics, dialysis parameters, and laboratory data of patients with diabetes on HD in 2024. GV was assessed by coefficient of variation (Glucose_cv) and variability independent of the mean (Glucose_VIM), derived from monthly predialysis random plasma glucose measurements. Associations between variables and GV were analyzed using regression and correlation methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After adjustment for confounders, age remained significantly and inversely associated with both Glucose_cv (<i>β</i> < -0.01, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and Glucose_VIM (<i>β</i> < -0.01, <i>p</i> = 0.02). In age-stratified analyses, mean Glucose_cv differed significantly across quartiles (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and showed a significant decreasing trend (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Glucose_VIM likewise declined progressively across age quartiles with a confirmed downward trend (<i>p</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Age showed an independent inverse relationship with GV in patients with diabetes on HD. These findings underscore the need for age-tailored glycemic strategies in this patient population and support further studies to determine their impact on clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5465408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13420735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical Predictors and Clinical Characteristics for the Development of Cytopenia and Bone Marrow Involvement Among Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism.","authors":"Omer Abdelfadiel, Mohamed Abdalla, Ian Louis Ross","doi":"10.1155/ije/4158433","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/4158433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical features associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) giving rise to bone marrow fibrosis are poorly documented. We hypothesised that the severity of PHPT may contribute to the development of this complication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified two clinical cases managed within our clinical service and reviewed case reports and cohort studies using search terms, <i>inter alia,</i> 'primary hyperparathyroidism,' 'pancytopenia,' 'myelofibrosis' and 'bone marrow fibrosis,' utilising PubMed, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search and Web of Science. We excluded patients with chronic renal failure and/or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Studies lacking a histological assessment of bone marrow were also excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified a total of 41 reports that satisfied our search criteria, comprising individual cases and three previously reported cohorts. Of these, 27 cases were excluded as they had secondary hyperparathyroidism from renal failure, or because an alternative aetiology for bone marrow fibrosis, such as toxin exposure, was identified. In addition, one large cohort of patients with PHPT and cytopenia was excluded due to the absence of a bone marrow biopsy and missing key biochemical and skeletal data. The included reports consisted of 11 individual cases of bone marrow fibrosis associated with PHPT, along with 2 small cohorts of 17 and 8 patients, respectively. Common clinical features across the 11 case reports included markedly elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (mean ± SD: 130 ± 95.8 pmol/L; normal range: 1.1-6.9 pmol/L), low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (median [IQR]: 20.0 [17.0-30.0] nmol/L; normal range: 75-150 nmol/L) and significantly elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (median [IQR]: 361 [293-1372]) U/L; normal range: 30-120 U/L). Bone marrow fibrosis in this instance is reversible following excision of the culprit parathyroid lesion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bone marrow fibrosis associated with PHPT occurs predominantly in the setting of severe biochemical disease, characterised by markedly elevated PTH and ALP levels and may present with variable patterns of cytopenia. While symptom duration varies widely, disease severity rather than chronicity appears to be the principal determinant for bone marrow involvement. Haematological abnormalities are reversible following parathyroidectomy, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"4158433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13403217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148601969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Prediabetes: A Population-Based Study.","authors":"You-Fan Peng, Zihao Shi, Renjie Yin, Tian Xia, Qunyan Zhou, Jiayue Yang, Chunhua Wu","doi":"10.1155/ije/8722312","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/8722312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Different dietary nutrients are associated with the risk of prediabetes. However, the association between dietary cholesterol intake and prediabetes is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to explore the association between dietary cholesterol intake and prediabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were extracted and analyzed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2011 and 2016. Self-reported 24-hour dietary recalls were used to evaluate dietary nutrient intake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with prediabetes exhibited a significantly higher dietary cholesterol intake compared with those with normoglycemia (241 [156, 367] vs. 263 [168, 381] mg, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Dietary cholesterol intake was significantly positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (<i>r</i> = 0.0607, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and hemoglobin A1c (<i>r</i> = 0.0486, <i>p</i> = 0.007) in all participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher dietary cholesterol intake was independently associated with prediabetes (OR = 1.241, 95% CI: 1.010-1.525, <i>p</i> = 0.040; OR = 1.288, 95% CI: 1.011-1.640, <i>p</i> = 0.040).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher dietary cholesterol intake is independently associated with prediabetes, suggesting that dietary cholesterol intake restriction may be beneficial to prevent prediabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8722312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Fast Blood Glucose to Albumin Ratio in Predicting Gout Relief Among Patients With Acute Gout Attack.","authors":"Wen Dai, Zebo Hu, Wenjian Mao, Jia Wu, Jun Hong","doi":"10.1155/ije/2656529","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/2656529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early identification of patients with a high probability of gout relief is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Thus, we aim to investigate the performance of some inflammatory and metabolic related indices and their combination in predicting gout relief.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective analysis using data extracted from a single-center database. The predictive performance of fast blood glucose to albumin ratio (FAR), fasting blood glucose to prealbumin ratio (FPR), C-reactive protein to prealbumin ratio (CAR), and conventional indices were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Multivariable logistic regression analysis (MLRA) was used to define the relationship between the best-performing index and gout relief within 28 days of admission. The generalized additive model (GAM) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model were used to verify the conclusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From January 2022 to April 2023, 260 patients with acute gout attack were enrolled for further analysis. Patients were divided into training cohort (<i>n</i> = 182) and internal validation cohort (<i>n</i> = 78). FAR was chosen to be enrolled in the final model during Lasso regression variables' selection procedure. In the MLRA model, FAR (OR [95 CI%]: 0.59 [0.36-0.96], <i>p</i> = 0.035) was found to be independently associated with gout relief. The GAM and XGBoost model yielded similar result. The predictive performance of the model with FAR was significantly better than that without FAR, as reflected by a higher C index (DeLong test <i>p</i> = 0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FAR at admission could be a novel and effective predictor for gout relief. The integration of FAR into a comprehensive prediction model represents a significant step forward in gout prognostication.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2656529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Drugs and Surgery: Superselective Adrenal Artery Embolization Redefines Primary Aldosteronism Management-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Kimia Darmiani, Mehrad Zare, Alisa Mohebbi, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad Ghasemi Rad, Afshin Mohammadi","doi":"10.1155/ije/7534774","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/7534774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a leading cause of secondary hypertension associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. Superselective adrenal artery embolization (SAAE) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to adrenalectomy and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of SAAE in PA management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library through June 2026 for studies enrolling patients with PA treated by SAAE. Outcomes of interest were changes in blood pressure (BP), biochemical markers (serum potassium, aldosterone, renin activity, and aldosterone-to-renin ratio), clinical and biochemical response rates, daily defined dose change, and adverse events. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen studies comprising 1242 patients undergoing SAAE met inclusion criteria. SAAE achieved substantial BP reductions: office systolic BP -19.71 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001), office diastolic BP -10.91 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001), home systolic BP -18.58 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and 24-h ambulatory systolic BP -14.57 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Serum potassium increased +0.34 mmol/L (<i>p</i> < 0.001), aldosterone declined -46.72 ng/dL (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and ARR decreased -32.64 (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Complete clinical response occurred in 27% and partial response in 43%; complete biochemical success was achieved in 48% with partial success in 16%. Antihypertensive burden decreased (-0.52 daily defined dose; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Adverse events were predominantly minor (postprocedural pain 37.17%, low-grade fever 8.55%); serious complications were uncommon (< 1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SAAE is an effective and somewhat safe treatment for PA that achieves meaningful BP control, biochemical normalization, and reduced medication burden. It represents a valuable option for patients ineligible for or intolerant of surgery or MRAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7534774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13389810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148561766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Associations of Heparin-Binding Growth and Differentiation Factors With Thyroid Cancer: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Xiwei Zhang, Dongqiang Yang, Yan Liu, Yanzhao Wu, Ping Shi","doi":"10.1155/ije/6165618","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ije/6165618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heparin-binding growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) play roles in various cellular processes and are potential contributors to thyroid cancer. Although population-based studies have documented associations between heparin-binding GDFs and thyroid cancer, their causal relationships remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) data. The primary method for estimating causal effects was the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach, supplemented by multiple sensitivity analyses including weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO. Heterogeneity and outlier effects were systematically evaluated. Additionally, key MR findings were validated at the transcriptomic level using differential expression analysis of data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IVW method revealed significant causal relationships between midkine levels (OR = 1.2099, 95% CI: 1.013-1.445, <i>p</i> = 0.0355) and IGF2 (OR = 0.7496, 95% CI: 0.6056-0.9279, <i>p</i> = 0.0081) with thyroid cancer and between heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and malignant thyroid neoplasms (OR = 0.8821, 95% CI: 0.7873-0.9882, <i>p</i> = 0.0304). Heterogeneity was identified in the association between FGF1 and malignant thyroid neoplasms (<i>Q</i> = 20.725, <i>p</i> = 0.036). Neither MR-Egger analysis nor the MR-PRESSO global test found evidence of horizontal pleiotropy in the association between heparin-binding GDFs and thyroid cancer. The robustness of these findings was supported by sensitivity analyses, and transcriptomic analysis of TCGA data further revealed that midkine (<i>MDK</i> was significantly upregulated in thyroid tumor tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genetically predicted midkine levels and IGF2 were associated with thyroid cancer, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor was associated with malignant thyroid neoplasms. Future studies are needed to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrinology","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6165618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148470317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}