International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Neurocognitive and Socio-Emotional Profile of Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Executive Functions, Social Processing Deficits and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Kalliopi Megari, Kremena D Genova","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70171","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current comprehensive literature review delves into the executive functioning and the significant social and emotional challenges of a specific group: children diagnosed with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS). In 22q11DS, deficits in executive functions are, at least in part, a result of the deletion on chromosome 22. Nonetheless, the manifestation of the EF phenotype in 22q11DS is diverse and may be affected by specific risk factors that are more prevalent in this group. Consequently, 22q11DS provides an opportunity to examine how these factors influence executive function within the framework of a singular genetic basis. This review also indicates that children with 22q11DS exhibit impairments in inhibition and shifting, whereas updating may remain intact during childhood. It is also important to highlight that deficits in executive functions are observed in this group even when accounting for cognitive abilities, reinforcing the idea that executive function and intelligence are distinct constructs. Recent findings indicate that risk factors commonly recognized in the general population, like congenital heart defects or low socioeconomic status, might not influence executive functioning in the same manner in 22q11DS. While illustrating how research on the 22q11DS population can enhance our comprehension of executive function development, we underscore the relevant practical implications, pinpoint the existing gaps in the literature and emphasize the potential avenues for future inquiry.</p>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":"e70171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13462335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148712482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haematological Inflammatory Indices in Preschoolers With Developmental Language Disorder: The Role of the Systemic Inflammation Response Index.","authors":"Orhan Kocaman, Tayfun Kara","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared peripheral haematological inflammation indices obtained from complete blood count (CBC) parameters between preschoolers with developmental language disorder (DLD) and typically developing peers (TD) and examined the role of peripheral inflammatory processes in preschoolers with DLD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred twenty-seven children (61 with DLD and 66 TD) aged 36-60 months were included in this hospital-based, retrospective, case-controlled study. Complete blood count parameters and the resulting indices were compared: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI). Statistical analyses included group comparisons, multivariable logistic regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DLD registered significantly lower lymphocyte, higher monocyte, and NLR, SII and SIRI values compared to the TD (p = 0.015, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.007, p < 0.001, respectively). Analysis of covariance revealed that the groups had a significant main effect on monocytes, NLR, SII and SIRI levels and that this effect was independent of age and gender. At multivariable logistic regression, SIRI emerged as a significant independent predictor of DLD, alongside male gender and a lower paternal education level ((p = 0.002, p = 0.007, p = 0.009, respectively). ROC analysis showed that SIRI had discriminative ability for DLD (AUC = 0.765, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that peripheral inflammatory processes, reflected by NLR, SII and particularly SIRI, may be associated with DLD in preschoolers. Although SIRI showed high specificity but low sensitivity, the present results provide preliminary evidence that it may represent a potential peripheral inflammation index associated with DLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":"e70170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13461268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148712490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexually Dimorphic Developmental Trajectories of Cortical and Subcortical Subfields in Early Childhood","authors":"Md Mamun Al-Amin,&nbsp;Mst. Shahnaj Pervin,&nbsp;A. H. M. Ruhul Quddus,&nbsp;Syed Zaheed Kamal","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70164","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70164","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic socio-economic adversity is associated with altered neurodevelopment. However, its relation to sex-specific brain structure during early childhood remains incompletely understood. We examined structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 79 children aged 6–7 years. These participants reside in conditions of socio-economic deprivation in Bangladesh. Using voxel-based morphometry, whole-brain parcellation and subfield segmentation, we quantified cortical, subcortical and cerebellar volumes. These measures characterize sex-dependent neuroanatomical variation within this cohort. Boys exhibited larger total intracranial volumes. Voxel-based analysis showed greater volumes across several subcortical regions in boys. These included the hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, caudate and hypothalamus. In contrast, girls demonstrated relatively greater brainstem volumes, including pons and medulla. These findings indicate sex-dependent variation in stress-sensitive limbic–thalamic and brainstem regions. This variation occurs during a critical developmental window in a socio-economically vulnerable cohort. Although the present design does not permit direct comparison across economic contexts, the results provide a detailed characterization of structural sexual dimorphism. This study provides valuable evidence from children exposed to chronic adversity. Furthermore, it contributes neuroimaging data from an under-represented population to models of early brain development.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Before Targeting Narcissistic Traits in Youth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Developmental Aggression Assessment","authors":"Yang-Chuan Fan,&nbsp;Lien-Chung Wei","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148617191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Macroglial Cell Organization and Proximity to Blood Vessels During Postnatal Development","authors":"Naomie Guille,&nbsp;Héloïse Monnet,&nbsp;Tristan Hourcade,&nbsp;Philippe Mailly,&nbsp;Martine Cohen-Salmon,&nbsp;Anne-Cécile Boulay","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70161","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brain cortical development results from the proliferation, differentiation, migration and maturation of many cell types. While neuronal development is well characterized, the mechanisms regulating macroglial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) development remain largely unknown. Recent works suggest that the vascular system plays a key, yet underevaluated role in this process. In this study, we investigated the spatial organization of macroglial cells within the parenchyma and relative to blood vessels. Using immunolabelling for Sry-box transcription factor (Sox) 9 (macroglial progenitors and astrocytes) and Sox10 (oligodendrocyte lineage), we determined macroglia density, distribution and proximity to blood vessels from postnatal day (P) 1 to P60 in the somatosensory cortex. We showed that Sox9+ cells were evenly distributed across cortical layers with regular intercellular spacing. In contrast, Sox10+ cells concentrated in deeper cortical layers and exhibited a random distribution. Vascular density and branching increased markedly between P5 and P15, and macroglial cells were closer to blood vessels from P15 onward. We investigated possible alteration of astrocyte distribution in the cortex of MLC1-deficient mice, a model of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, in which astrocyte perivascular coverage is altered. No difference with the control condition was found both in young and adult mice, either in the density, distribution or distance to blood vessels. Altogether, we revealed distinct distribution and postnatal development patterns for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brain and in relation to the vasculature.</p>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jdn.70161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148602579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: Clinical Spectrum, Neuroimaging Features and Treatment Response","authors":"Ezgi Burgac,&nbsp;Merve Yoldaş Çelik,&nbsp;Fatma Derya Bulut,&nbsp;İrem Kaplan,&nbsp;Burcu Köseci,&nbsp;Esra Kara,&nbsp;Nazmiye Tüzel Gündüz,&nbsp;Gülen Gül Mert,&nbsp;Ömer Kaya,&nbsp;Deniz Kor,&nbsp;Neslihan Önenli Mungan","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70163","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS) are rare inborn errors of creatine biosynthesis or transport, predominantly affecting the central nervous system. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features, neuroimaging findings, cardiac involvement and treatment outcomes of patients with CDS, while also increasing awareness of CDS in the differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients diagnosed with CDS and followed at the Pediatric Metabolism Departments of Çukurova University and Adana City Hospital between 2014 and 2024 were retrospectively analysed. Demographic data, age at symptom onset and diagnosis, clinical findings, laboratory results, brain magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, genetic analyses, cardiological evaluations and treatment outcomes were recorded.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight patients were included: two with arginine–glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, four with guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency and two with creatine transporter deficiency (CTD). Developmental and speech delay were present in all patients. Seizures were observed in six patients and were controlled with antiepileptic therapy. Behavioural disorders, including autistic features, were detected in five patients. Brain MRS revealed reduced cerebral creatine peaks in evaluated patients. Cardiac evaluations showed no abnormalities in any patient. Follow-up MRS performed after treatment initiation in six patients demonstrated a marked increase in cerebral creatine peaks in three patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CDS should be considered in patients with unexplained neurodevelopmental delay, epilepsy and autistic features. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are associated with improved outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148602603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of NR3C1 and COMT Genes on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Accompanying Aggressiveness: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Clinical Sample","authors":"Mert Kaan Kale,&nbsp;Öznur Bilaç,&nbsp;Muhammet Burak Batır,&nbsp;Fethi Sırrı Çam","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70162","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, increased distractibility and impairments in executive functioning and behavioural self-regulation. Aggressive behaviours and anger dysregulation are frequently observed across a range of psychiatric conditions, including ADHD and disruptive behaviour disorders, and have been hypothesized to reflect, in part, shared biological and genetic mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether genetic variation in COMT and NR3C1 is associated with aggression-related phenotypes in youth with ADHD, including physical aggression, verbal aggression and hostility/resentment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The case group comprised 69 children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid aggression, and the control group comprised 111 children and adolescents with ADHD without comorbid aggression. Parents completed a sociodemographic form, the LEVEL 2—Anger Scale (ages 6–17), and the Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behaviour Disorders Rating Scale. To evaluate psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive functioning, participants were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised. Peripheral blood samples were obtained and analysed for COMT and NR3C1 genotype and allele frequencies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hostility/resentment was significantly associated with COMT genotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.037) and COMT allele distribution (<i>p</i> = 0.015). In addition, the presence of aggression was significantly associated with COMT allele distribution (<i>p</i> = 0.024). However, these statistically significant findings were no longer significant after advanced statistical analysis. In addition, no statistically significant associations were observed between NR3C1 variation and any aggression phenotype or hostility/resentment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest that COMT-related genetic variation may be associated with aggression-related features in youth with ADHD, whereas no such association was observed for both COMT and NR3C1 in this sample with advanced statistical analysis. Further studies with larger samples and more refined phenotyping are warranted to clarify the genetic architecture underlying aggression in ADHD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148584336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DHCA-Net: A Novel Dual-Stream Hierarchical Channel Attention Network for Explainable Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection From Facial Images","authors":"Davinder Paul Singh,&nbsp;Tathagat Banerjee,&nbsp;Anand Deva Durai C,&nbsp;Shivam Mahendra Shukla,&nbsp;Prakash Gadipelli,&nbsp;Piyush Charan,&nbsp;Dheeraj Malhotra,&nbsp; Dharamvir,&nbsp;Ram Murat Singh,&nbsp;Yogendra Narayan,&nbsp;Vraj Patel,&nbsp;Ronak Panchal","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70158","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) consists of a spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by complex behavioural traits and subtle, atypical facial morphologies. Analysing these facial biomarkers provides a promising, non-invasive avenue for objective clinical screening, addressing the subjectivity of traditional diagnostic processes. Therefore, the present study aims to introduce DHCA-Net, a deep learning framework designed for automated ASD detection through the analysis of facial images. The proposed architecture uses different levels of attention and different adaptive tuning to advance discriminative learning. Specifically, DHCA-Net introduces three novel attention mechanisms to advance discriminative learning: a hierarchical channel module for spatial-semantic processing, a temporal-depth convolutional module for local contextual control and an inverted residual multi-core module for dynamic feature learning. An adaptive refinement step is also introduced to denoise clinical features. To bolster and diversify the classifier, the model exploits deep spatial and contextual resources via a multi-head feature fusion (MHFF) mechanism. We conducted extensive testing on a benchmark dataset comprising 2936 diverse, preprocessed facial images (86.4% train, 10.2% test, 3.4% validation splits). A comparative analysis evaluated DHCA-Net against architectures such as DenseNet, Xception, EfficientNet and Swin-Transformer. The proposed model achieved 93.7% classification accuracy, a 0.9365 F1 score and a 0.9887 AUC, demonstrating superior performance. Furthermore, the model maintains an efficient average inference latency of 70.14 ms despite its mid-to-high computational complexity. This explainable framework offers significant clinical applicability for scalable screening, though future work must address generalization across broader demographic populations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autistic Symptoms and Empathy in Adolescents With Disruptive Mood Dysregulation and Those With Bipolar Disorders","authors":"Gonca Özyurt,&nbsp;Burak Baykara,&nbsp;Ali Evren Tufan,&nbsp;Yusuf Öztürk,&nbsp;İmge Mercanoğlu,&nbsp;Ezgi Karagöz Tanıgör,&nbsp;Sevay Alşen Güney,&nbsp;Aynur Akay,&nbsp;Neslihan İnal,&nbsp;Rasim Somer Diler","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of the present study is to compare autistic symptoms and empathy of adolescents aged 12–18 years with bipolar disorder (BPSD) and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) to healthy adolescents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, 21 adolescents diagnosed with BPSD, 21 adolescents diagnosed with DMDD and 21 healthy adolescents similar in age and gender were included. Autistic symptoms were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and empathy was evaluated with the KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale for Children and Adolescents (KA-SI ETS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences were detected among the groups in ADI-R and SCQ, and healthy adolescents received statistically significantly lower scores. Empathy skills of healthy adolescents were evaluated as better than those in the BPSD and DMDD groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In our study, it was shown that young people with a diagnosis of DMDD had more difficulties in empathy skills, and they had more autistic symptoms than young people with BPSD and healthy adolescents. Providing support in terms of these empathy skills and evaluation of autistic symptoms in the treatment of young people diagnosed with BPSD and DMDD may affect both the psychosocial functionality of the cases and the course of the disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms or Family Context? The Relationship Between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms in Children and Maternal Social Avoidance","authors":"Mutlu Muhammed Özbek,&nbsp;Remzi Ogulcan Çıray,&nbsp;Ekin Atay,&nbsp;Doğa Sevinçok,&nbsp;Hasan Can Özbay,&nbsp;Mehmet Akif Cansız","doi":"10.1002/jdn.70160","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jdn.70160","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background/Objective&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), formerly known as sluggish cognitive tempo, is characterized by excessive daydreaming, mental fogginess, slowed behaviour and low initiative. In addition to attentional difficulties, CDS has been linked to social withdrawal and internalizing symptoms. This study examined the association between maternal social anxiety symptoms and CDS severity in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while also considering maternal depressive symptoms and child ADHD symptom dimensions.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This cross-sectional study included 116 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years diagnosed with ADHD and their mothers. ADHD was diagnosed according to the &lt;i&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition&lt;/i&gt;, and confirmed using the &lt;i&gt;Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version&lt;/i&gt;. Participants with psychiatric comorbidity were excluded. CDS symptoms were assessed using the Barkley Child Attention Scale, and participants were classified into high-CDS (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 54) and low-CDS (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 62) groups based on a cut-off score of 23. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and maternal social anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Group comparisons, Spearman correlation analyses and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The mean age of the sample was 13.59 years, and 50.0% of participants were boys. Compared with the low-CDS group, the high-CDS group had significantly higher inattentiveness scores (13.87 vs. 11.68, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) and lower hyperactivity/impulsivity scores (12.59 vs. 13.76, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.022). Mothers of children in the high-CDS group had significantly higher Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale avoidance scores (40.76 vs. 35.21) and total scores (79.61 vs. 70.59). In the high-CDS group, CDS scores were positively correlated with inattentiveness (&lt;i&gt;rho&lt;/i&gt; = 0.39, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01), maternal social anxiety total score (&lt;i&gt;rho&lt;/i&gt; = 0.45, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) and maternal depressive symptoms (&lt;i&gt;rho&lt;/i&gt; = 0.40, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01). In multivariable linear regression, inattentiveness (&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; = 0.823, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002) and maternal social anxiety total score (&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; = 0.095, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002) independently predicted CDS severity (&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;[4,49] = 9.111, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001, &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.427).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;","PeriodicalId":13914,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","volume":"86 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}