{"title":"Stereolithography Versus Milling: Zirconia's Strength and Adhesion Profile","authors":"Halil Bakıç, Fatma Güneş, Turan Korkmaz","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although innovative, stereolithographic zirconia lacks comprehensive mechanical comparisons with conventional manufacturing methods. This study compared the mechanical performance of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia specimens fabricated by stereolithographic additive manufacturing (Group-3DZ) and conventional subtractive manufacturing (Group-EZ). Specimens were tested for three-point flexural strength, indentation fracture toughness, Vickers microhardness (<i>n</i> = 15 each), and shear bond strength (SBS, <i>n</i> = 14). Grain size was measured from calibrated field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) micrographs using ImageJ software, while elemental composition and dopant homogeneity were analyzed using FE-SEM equipped with EDS. Surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. Fracture toughness was determined by the Vickers indentation fracture method (98 N/10 kgf) through measurement of indentation and crack lengths on optical micrographs. Fractured surfaces and SBS failure modes were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Data were analyzed using independent sample <i>t</i>-tests, Weibull statistics, and Pearson's correlation analysis (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Group-3DZ demonstrated significantly higher flexural strength (1173 ± 160.9 MPa) than Group-EZ (818.5 ± 265.8 MPa) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in Vickers microhardness (<i>p</i> = 0.069), indentation fracture toughness (<i>p</i> = 0.063), or SBS (<i>p</i> = 0.89). Exploratory Weibull analysis suggested lower strength variability for Group-3DZ (<i>m</i> = 8.52) than Group-EZ (<i>m</i> = 3.48). These findings suggest that stereolithography-fabricated zirconia may offer a promising route for high-strength zirconia ceramics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wook Ki Jung, Kisu Lee, Sanghyuk An, Seok-Young Ko, Dahye Shin, Jaeho Choi
{"title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Thin CVD-ZnS-Coated Multispectral ZnS Ceramics","authors":"Wook Ki Jung, Kisu Lee, Sanghyuk An, Seok-Young Ko, Dahye Shin, Jaeho Choi","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70252","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multispectral ZnS (MS-ZnS) ceramics offer excellent infrared transparency but suffer from critically low mechanical strength (<40 MPa), limiting their application in harsh environments. To overcome this structural trade-off, we demonstrate a practical surface-engineering approach by applying a thin homomaterial chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ZnS coating onto one surface of the MS-ZnS. Evaluating various coating thicknesses revealed that an optimized 20-µm coating dramatically enhanced the mechanical performance, more than doubling the flexural strength to 110 MPa and increasing Vickers hardness to 1.6 GPa. Crucially, this reinforcement was achieved without significantly compromising multispectral clarity, maintaining an excellent optical transmittance of 71.3% at 1.064 µm. Furthermore, we identified that thicker coatings degraded visible-range transmittance without providing additional structural gains. These findings establish the 20-µm CVD coating as a definitive, ready-to-implement design baseline for highly durable infrared windows and domes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abel W. Ourgessa, Ahmed Gamal Abd-Elsatar, Sheeraz Khan, Mokhtar Mahmoud, Hamada Elsayed, Jozef Kraxner, Enrico Bernardo, Dusan Galusek
{"title":"Fabrication of Porous 3D Glass-Ceramics by Direct Ink Writing of Alkali-Activated Waste Fiberglass","authors":"Abel W. Ourgessa, Ahmed Gamal Abd-Elsatar, Sheeraz Khan, Mokhtar Mahmoud, Hamada Elsayed, Jozef Kraxner, Enrico Bernardo, Dusan Galusek","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates a strategy to overcome excessive foaming and geometric loss during thermal treatment of alkali-activated waste fiberglass fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW). Waste Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> (AZS) refractory and glass microspheres (GMs) were incorporated into the ink formulation. The GMs improved the rheological properties required for printing and subsequently acted as pore-forming agents during firing at 800°C. Firing at 800°C generated hierarchical porosity through the incorporation of GMs and the decomposition of hydrated products. The thermally stable phases in the AZS controlled viscous flow and excessive foaming during firing, enabling retention of the printed geometry. The resulting structure exhibited a total porosity of 78.2%, a bulk density of 0.46 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and a compressive strength of 5.8 MPa. This inorganic waste-derived approach enables the fabrication of shape-retaining porous glass-ceramics with potential for lightweight insulation and filtration applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon Coated ZnAl2O4 Ceramic Composites as Bifunctional Material for Hydrogen Evolution and Supercapacitor Applications","authors":"Mir Intaj Ali, Ayyamperumal Sivanandakrishnan, Subash Jacob, Harish Rahul Sampath, Gopika Gopakumar, Manoj Kumar Patra, Yojana Janu, Virender Singh Chauhan, Mir Sahanur Ali, Subhenjit Hazra","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Water splitting is a promising and sustainable route for hydrogen production, offering a clean energy carrier without carbon-based emissions. However, its practical implementation relies on efficient, durable, and cost-effective electrocatalysts. In this study, low-cost C@ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites were synthesized via a sol–gel method to enhance electrocatalytic and energy storage performance. The structural, morphological, and chemical properties of the materials were systematically characterized using various techniques. HER activity of pristine ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and carbon-coated composites was evaluated in 1.0 M KOH using a three-electrode configuration. Among the studied samples, 60%C@ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite exhibited the best HER performance, delivering an overpotential of −265 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> with a Tafel slope of 119 mV/dec, a high electrochemically active surface area (74 cm<sup>2</sup>), the catalyst also demonstrated good stability during 120 h. The 60%C@ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> electrode showed high supercapacitive behavior, achieving a specific capacitance of 573 F/g at 0.5 A/g. The electrode exhibited high cycling stability, retaining 90% of its capacitance after 3000 charge–discharge cycles in a three-electrode configuration. The fabricated 60%C@ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>//Carbon asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy density of 31.67 Wh/kg and retained 87.3% capacitance after 10000 cycles. These results highlight the potential of C@ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for hydrogen production and energy storage applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zihuan Chen, Wenyan Duan, Xingyao Sun, Hanqiang Zhang, Shuyu Zhou, Shan Li, Bingshan Liu, Gong Wang, Ji Li
{"title":"Short-Cut BN Fiber-Toughened Wave-Transparent Si3N4 Ceramics Prepared by Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing Process","authors":"Zihuan Chen, Wenyan Duan, Xingyao Sun, Hanqiang Zhang, Shuyu Zhou, Shan Li, Bingshan Liu, Gong Wang, Ji Li","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> ceramics are widely applied in mechanical and electronic engineering fields owing to their superior high-temperature resistance, strength, and hardness. However, inherent brittleness and high dielectric constant limit their usage in high-temperature wave-transparent devices. To overcome this, BN fibers (BN<sub>f</sub>, the main component is hBN) with high aspect ratio and mechanical stability were, for the first time, directly incorporated into a Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> matrix via vat photopolymerization 3D printing process as toughening phases, designed to enhance stress transfer and suppress crack propagation. The effects of BN<sub>f</sub> content, sintering temperature, and holding time on microstructure and properties were systematically investigated. At an optimal condition (1800°C, 4 h, 4 vol% BN<sub>f</sub>), the ceramic showed an open porosity of 28.79%, bending strength of 136 ± 9 MPa, fracture toughness of 2.92 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>, and dielectric constant of 4.28. This work provides methods and theoretical guidance for the design and manufacture of directly incorporated fiber-toughened high-temperature wave-transparent materials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Li, Hangyu Zhou, Zenghui Liu, Zhenjun Shao, Yunjian Cao, Yiran Wang, Zifan Hou, Ruihua An, Jinyan Zhao, Yijun Zhang, Gang Niu, Wei Ren, Zuo-Guang Ye
{"title":"Deciphering the Structure and Electrical Properties of Ce/W Co-Doped CaBi4Ti4O15 High-TC Ferro-/Piezoelectric Materials","authors":"Hao Li, Hangyu Zhou, Zenghui Liu, Zhenjun Shao, Yunjian Cao, Yiran Wang, Zifan Hou, Ruihua An, Jinyan Zhao, Yijun Zhang, Gang Niu, Wei Ren, Zuo-Guang Ye","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70232","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) are promising for high-temperature piezoelectric sensing but are limited by their low piezoelectric coefficient and poor resistivity at elevated temperatures. This work addresses these challenges by co-doping small-radius, high-valence cations of Ce<sup>4+</sup> and W<sup>6+</sup> into CaBi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub> (CBT). A series of ceramics with nominal compositions of CaCe<i><sub>x</sub></i>Bi<sub>4‒</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ti<sub>3.97</sub>W<sub>0.03</sub>O<sub>(15.03+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i><sub>/2)</sub> (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.12) were synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method, and the structure and electrical properties of the materials were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed that substitution of Ce<sup>4+</sup> for Bi<sup>3+</sup> at the A-site increases the tilting of oxygen octahedra and enhances the disparity in the Ti–O bond lengths. This structural evolution, along with a reduction in oxygen vacancies due to the nature of donor doping, contributed to a significant improvement in the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of CBT. The optimal composition with <i>x</i> = 0.08 (CCBTW-8) exhibited an improved piezoelectric coefficient (<i>d</i><sub>33</sub>) of 16.5 pC/N, a superior thermal stability of <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> (retaining 93.5% at 600°C), and an improved resistivity (∼10<sup>7</sup> Ω·cm at 500°C). This study provides an effective approach for designing BLSFs with enhanced electrical properties, thereby improving their potential for practical applications in elevated temperature environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erick Garcia-Morado, Xiaonan Lu, Jose Marcial, John D. Vienna, John D. Hedengren
{"title":"Leveraging Inequality-Constrained Data for Enhanced Liquidus Temperature Prediction in Nuclear Waste Glass Melts","authors":"Erick Garcia-Morado, Xiaonan Lu, Jose Marcial, John D. Vienna, John D. Hedengren","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inequality-constrained data are frequently discarded in engineering, leading to significant information loss in data-scarce domains such as nuclear waste glass property modeling. This paper presents a nonparametric censored-data regression framework based on an <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>ℓ</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ell _{1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-norm optimization criterion that leverages slack variables to integrate left-, right-, and non-constrained observations into training. Validation was performed on synthetic data and a neural network (NN) was developed for predicting spinel liquidus temperature (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mi>L</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$T_L$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) in high-level nuclear waste glasses. This method improved the coefficient of determination (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <annotation>$R^2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) from 0.5780 to 0.8622 and reduced Mean absolute error (MAE) by 41.73% (i.e., from 54.15 to 31.56°) on deterministic values. The baseline NN failed to satisfy any inequality constraints while the proposed <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>ℓ</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>$ell _{1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-norm NN satisfies 63.64% of the constraints. Ensemble analysis further showed improved uncertainty calibration, reducing Mean Absolute Calibration Error (MACE) from 0.2018 to 0.0906. The proposed framework effectively extracts actionable information from previously unusable data to enhance predictive accuracy, reduce epistemic uncertainty, and improve physical consistency in complex industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Progresses in Thermal-Sprayed Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramic Coatings for Structural Health Monitoring","authors":"Hao Chen, Kui Yao","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70240","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thermal spray deposition shows potential value for producing lead-free piezoelectric ceramic coatings owing to its high deposition rate, large-area coverage, and suitability for open-environment processing. These attributes make thermal spray process particularly appealing for structural health monitoring (SHM), where scalable and large-scale environmentally friendly transducer integration is essential. Starting from a brief introduction to the principles of thermal spray, this review summarizes the recent progresses in the thermal spray fabrication of lead-free piezoelectric coatings, after the first success in obtaining potassium sodium niobate (KNN)- and bismuth sodium titanate (BNT)-based piezoelectric ceramic coatings using this method. The ultrasonic transducers enabled by the thermal-sprayed lead-free piezoelectric coatings for SHM are highlighted. The major challenges and future opportunities for advancing thermal-sprayed piezoelectric coatings toward SHM applications are discussed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bi-Based Lead-Free Dielectrics for Energy Storage: From High-Polarization Potential to Reversible Device Responses","authors":"Ziqi Yang, Jiazhang Li, Limin Guo, Jinhao Hu, Xin Zhang, Liang Shu, Jing-Feng Li","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bi-based lead-free dielectric materials have emerged as a promising materials platform for pulsed power capacitors owing to their high polarization potential, rich local structural diversity, and broad tunability across multiple length scales. The 6s<sup>2</sup> lone pair electrons of Bi<sup>3+</sup> favor large polar displacements, while cation disorder, local structural distortion, and phase competition promote the formation of nanodomains, polar nanoregions, and relaxor states. These characteristics provide a structural basis for achieving low remanent polarization and reversible energy-storage behavior. However, their practical performance is often limited by Bi volatilization, oxygen vacancies, and defect-assisted conduction, which degrade breakdown strength, efficiency, and reliability. This review summarizes recent progress in four representative Bi-based systems: BiFeO<sub>3</sub>-based materials, BNT-based materials, BMT-related BiMeO<sub>3</sub> systems, and Aurivillius-type layered compounds. We highlight how each system addresses the key trade-off between high polarization and high insulation with low hysteresis. We further discuss major optimization strategies, including compositional engineering, high-entropy engineering, defect and bandgap engineering, nanodomain and local structure engineering, grain and densification engineering, and interface and heterostructure engineering. Finally, future opportunities are discussed for application-oriented development in low-/medium-field, high-temperature, multilayer, and thin-film capacitors.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanical Response Curve of Duplex SiCf/SiC Cladding Tubes After Steam Corrosion","authors":"Jia-Pei Chen, Ze-Xi Zhang, Chuang-Tian Zhan, Li-Xiang Wu, Xin-Zhuang Yang, Yun Li, Wei-Ming Guo, Jia-Xiang Xue, Hua-Tay Lin","doi":"10.1111/ijac.70245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.70245","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study establishes a direct correlation between the mechanical response and oxidation-induced damage of duplex silicon carbide fiber-reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites (SiC<sub>f</sub>/SiC) cladding tubes by analyzing load-displacement curves obtained from expanding plug tests after exposure to steam at 600°C, 900°C, and 1200°C. The load-displacement curve of the unexposed duplex SiC<sub>f</sub>/SiC cladding tube consists of four stages: application of hoop stress to the cladding tube (Stage 1), crack initiation and propagation within the inner SiC<sub>f</sub>/SiC layers (Stage 2), fracture of the outer chemical vapor deposition SiC (CVD-SiC) layer (Stage 3), and fiber pull-out process (Stage 4). The shortening of Stage 2 in the 600°C steam environment indicates that steam reduces the crack tolerance of the specimen. The disappearance of Stages 2 and 4 in the 900°C steam environment indicates that steam causes the specimen to lose crack tolerance and inhibits fiber pull-out. In the 1200°C steam environment, the reappearance of Stages 2 and 4 indicates that steam corrosion of the specimen is inhibited by the formation of a dense SiO<sub>2</sub> layer. These findings were further confirmed by microstructural observations of the interface between the SiC fiber and the SiC matrix, as well as the fracture surface of the SiC<sub>f</sub>/SiC composites.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13903,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148462743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}