Multifunctional silica-based coatings for ceramic tiles: Balancing hydrophobicity and aesthetics

This study investigates the development of multifunctional silica-based coatings for ceramic tiles, aiming to balance hydrophobicity and aesthetic performance. Two coating solutions were employed: one based on silica aerogel and another on silica nanoparticles, both incorporating sodium dodecyl sulfate. The influence of spray counts, silica content, and calcination temperature on surface wettability, optical properties, and coating stability was systematically examined. Optimal coating conditions, achieved with 40‒50 spray counts and calcination at 200°C, resulted in superhydrophobic surfaces with contact angles exceeding 150°. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a strong correlation between surface roughness and wettability, demonstrating the crucial role of nanoparticle size and distribution in achieving high contact angles. The coatings exhibited excellent optical properties, maintaining high whiteness and reflectivity, ensuring minimal impact on the aesthetic appeal of the tiles. Durability testing revealed good air stability, while water immersion resulted in a gradual decrease in contact angle.