{"title":"A Novel Single-Stage LLC Converter for High-Power and Cost-Effective EV On-Board Charger","authors":"Fei Ge, Guidong Zhang, Samson S. Yu, Jinhan Chen, Honghui Li, Yun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cta.70284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, we propose a novel single-stage LLC converter with power factor correction (PFC) for efficient and cost-effective on-board charging (OBC) for electric vehicles (EVs). This OBC circuit retains the advantages of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) of LLC resonant converters while realizing high power factor performance. Detailed mathematical derivations and circuit design are presented, followed by experimental verification with a 200 W prototype circuit showing its efficacy. Furthermore, a comparison between the commercially available two-stage OBC converter and the proposed single-stage LLC converter is conducted. While the performance of these two converters is similar, the new single-stage LLC resonant converter shows significant advantages with 24.97% reduction in size and 15.92% in bill-of-materials cost. This solution creates a compact and cost-effective alternative for EV-OBC.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4329-4343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved Three-Stage Model Predictive Current Control Algorithm for Three-Phase Three-Level NPC Inverter","authors":"Tao Jin, Yusheng Fang, Xianyang Cui, Yilu Wang","doi":"10.1002/cta.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents an improved three-stage model predictive current control (MPCC) method that is proposed for three-phase three-level converters. The reduction of the common-mode voltage (CMV), the effective control of the DC-side capacitor voltage, and the reduction of the computational burden can be achieved simultaneously by the deletion of the alternative vectors in the preliminary stage and the introduction of the weighting factor in the last stage of the three-stage voltage vector selection. Compared with other existing control strategies, this control strategy has the ability to handle multiple control objectives, simplifying the structure while reducing the number of calculations using staged selection, thus improving the performance and reliability of the inverter. The CMV is greatly reduced because the maximum CMV values of all candidate voltage vectors are limited to less than one-sixth of the DC bus voltage. The proposed method employs an improved three-level voltage vector selection mechanism, and it is verified through simulations and experiments that the proposed method helps to significantly reduce the computational complexity as well as reduce the DC-side capacitor voltage fluctuations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4195-4206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust Design and Controllability Analysis for Voltage Mode Controlled Multiport Converter With Structured Uncertainties","authors":"Md. Modassir Masoom, Mayank Kumar, Narendra Kumar","doi":"10.1002/cta.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents a robust voltage-mode controlled (VMC) strategy and controllability analysis of a time-multiplexed dc-dc multiport (TMDCM) converter for non-minimum phase (NMP) conditions. The instability mitigation is presented using a systematically designed PI controller using the stability boundary locus (SBL) method and Kharitonov's theorem, incorporating structured uncertainties and external disturbances. A robust stability region is defined within the <i>K</i><sub><i>p</i></sub> and <i>K</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> plane, and a section with optimal gain values to meet the desired performance criteria. The proposed approach uses voltage feedback from both the output ports of the TMDCM converter. Additionally, it inherently accounts for input and load variations, enhancing voltage regulation performance. A robust single-loop voltage-mode controller with structured uncertainties is analytically designed for a time-multiplexed switched-boost converter exhibiting a right-half-plane (RHP) zero. The switched-boost mechanism, combined with time-multiplexed control, enables a multiport converter output that provides bidirectional functionality for charging and discharging management of the battery energy storage system, along with other load output ports. The laboratory prototype is developed, and the real-time performance of the converter is demonstrated for effective voltage regulation under varying source and load conditions, confirming controller robustness, non-fragility, and improved disturbance rejection.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4207-4222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 0.6-V, 61-dB DR Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filter Using Folded Single-Branch Biquads","authors":"Muhammed Mansoor C. B., Rekha S.","doi":"10.1002/cta.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper proposes a novel, compact, and energy-efficient biquad which is derived from a folded single-branch transistorized \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>g</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>-C structure. The biquad has a small number of active devices stacked between \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>D</mi>\u0000 <mi>D</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math> and GND rails and hence can be used satisfactorily in a low-voltage environment. The filter also inherits the benefits of folding in the circuit which makes the tuning of the filter easier and power independent. A fourth-order low-pass filter is used as a vehicle to illustrate the performance of the proposed biquad. The fully differential version of the filter is designed in 65-nm CMOS technology, operates with a supply voltage of 0.6 V, is biased with a current of 100 nA, has a \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mo>−</mo></math>3-dB bandwidth of 15 kHz, and shows a dynamic range as high as 61 dB. The postlayout simulations along with FOM numbers show the superior performance of the filter.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4344-4353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linear and Nonlinear Coordinated Droop Control Strategies to Address Current Sharing and Voltage Regulation Challenges for the Parallel Operation of DC-DC Converters in DC Microgrid","authors":"Ravi Ranjan, Amritesh Kumar","doi":"10.1002/cta.70250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the field of DC microgrids (MGs), ensuring both optimal load sharing and voltage regulation poses a significant challenge due to unequal rating of distributed generations (DGs), sensor inaccuracies, and cable resistances. To cope with the same decentralized method based on a linear droop control approach proves to be a very efficient control technique for DC MG. However, the conventional linear droop control approach suffers from current sharing error and voltage regulation with increased loading conditions. Thus, to improve the above issues, this paper proposes the design aspects of coordinating three droop curves in the controller, which consists of two nonlinear (NL) and one linear for parallel operation of DC-DC converters working under varying loading conditions. The designed controller automatically switches between different droop curves with load variations. Further, through proper analysis, droop coefficients for different curves under varying loading conditions are derived for optimal performance of the parallel-operated DC-DC converter with better current sharing accuracy and voltage regulation, even under line resistance. To gauge the improvement in current sharing accuracy and voltage regulation by coordinating multiple droop curves vis-a-vis only a single droop curve from light load to heavy load conditions, a MATLAB-based simulation has been performed, and current sharing error and voltage regulation have been compared. Further hardware prototypes of 300 W have also been developed to validate the proposed control logic.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4158-4172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Single-Stage LLC Converter for High-Power and Cost-Effective EV On-Board Charger","authors":"Fei Ge, Guidong Zhang, Samson S. Yu, Jinhan Chen, Honghui Li, Yun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cta.70284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this paper, we propose a novel single-stage LLC converter with power factor correction (PFC) for efficient and cost-effective on-board charging (OBC) for electric vehicles (EVs). This OBC circuit retains the advantages of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) of LLC resonant converters while realizing high power factor performance. Detailed mathematical derivations and circuit design are presented, followed by experimental verification with a 200 W prototype circuit showing its efficacy. Furthermore, a comparison between the commercially available two-stage OBC converter and the proposed single-stage LLC converter is conducted. While the performance of these two converters is similar, the new single-stage LLC resonant converter shows significant advantages with 24.97% reduction in size and 15.92% in bill-of-materials cost. This solution creates a compact and cost-effective alternative for EV-OBC.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 8","pages":"4329-4343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia Simone, Amirali Hosseini, Francesco Gabriele, Fabio Pareschi
{"title":"Impact of QSW-ZVS on Input EMI Filter Design in DC-DC Converters","authors":"Silvia Simone, Amirali Hosseini, Francesco Gabriele, Fabio Pareschi","doi":"10.1002/cta.70455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70455","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the impact of the quasi-square wave zero voltage switching (QSW-ZVS) technique on the design of passive electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters for DC-DC buck converters. A standard design-oriented analysis is conducted, focusing on a single-stage LC EMI filter with a single-resistor shunt damping network \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>-\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math>, aiming to minimize the impact of the filter on the small-signal dynamic of the converter. We demonstrate that QSW-ZVS enables a reduction in the size of the damping network of the EMI filter when compared with conventional hard-switching designs. Furthermore, we generalize the proposed analysis to different EMI filter cutoff frequencies, evaluating how the value of the shunt damping capacitance \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub></math> varies when QSW-ZVS is enabled. Both the proposed small-signal model and the design methodology are validated with SIMPLIS simulations under various operating conditions of a DC-DC buck converter.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 7","pages":"3545-3554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cta.70455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-Phase Multilevel Buck PFC Rectifier for EV Charging Application","authors":"Rakhee Jain, Dheraj K. Agarwal","doi":"10.1002/cta.70228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70228","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The advent of electric cars marks a major advancement in the automotive industry, with the exponential growth of electric vehicles (EVs) driven by improvements in battery technology. While these advancements have mitigated range anxiety, they have also increased the demand for energy-efficient and high-performance charging infrastructure. Front-end power factor correction (PFC) rectifiers are essential for converting three-phase AC mains voltage into a stable DC-link voltage for EV charging. Conventional three-phase rectifiers typically operate in a boost configuration, ensuring an output voltage higher than the peak AC input voltage for PFC and voltage regulation. However, this setup requires additional DC-DC conversion stages to step down the voltage for battery charging, leading to increased losses and system complexity. This paper presents a novel multilevel buck PFC rectifier topology incorporating switched capacitors (SCs), specifically designed for EV charging applications. The proposed topology enhances voltage regulation, improves power conversion efficiency, and reduces voltage stress on semiconductor devices. Theoretical analysis, design considerations, and control strategies are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the feasibility of the topology is validated through a 1-kW prototype model, demonstrating its effectiveness in practical scenarios.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 7","pages":"3699-3713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Low Output-Ripple AC/DC Converter Under Wide Input Range and Three-Phase Input Imbalance for Renewable Electrolysis Applications","authors":"Yuanyuan Guan, Siyu Liu, Qiu Dong, Mingzhi He","doi":"10.1002/cta.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chopper rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifier+ DC/DC) are well-suited for renewable-energy–driven electrolysis due to their simple structure and easy control, avoiding the high harmonics of thyristor rectifiers and the cost of PWM rectifiers. However, their large output ripple can impact system stability. This paper proposes a new AC/DC converter to suppress six-times line-frequency (6 <i>f</i><sub>line</sub>) ripple, which consists of a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier cascaded with DC/DC converter. By connecting an auxiliary circuit in series with the main circuit, the ripple is effectively compensated, significantly reducing 6 <i>f</i><sub>line</sub> ripple and minimizing capacitor requirements. Additionally, considering the volatility of renewable energy and the potential unbalance in three-phase input voltages, the proposed converter demonstrates excellent ripple suppression and a wide input voltage range, ensuring stable low-ripple output under complex input conditions. Experimental results show that at an input phase voltage of 90 V, the output ripple is reduced by over three times. The converter can maintain a low-ripple output voltage when the input phase voltage varies from 50 to 120 V, even when there is a 10 V amplitude deviation or a 10° phase deviation in the three-phase input voltage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 7","pages":"3648-3664"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficiency Optimization of Module-Switching–Based IPOS-DAB Converter for Wide Voltage Range Operation","authors":"Yizhan Zhuang, Wanping Gong, Yixian Tu, Yiming Zhang, Yizhang Zeng","doi":"10.1002/cta.70229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.70229","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address the issues of high reverse power, high current stress, and low efficiency in traditional dual active bridge (DAB) converters across a wide output voltage range, and to meet the high voltage gain requirements of residential photovoltaic storage and charging systems, the input parallel output series (IPOS) technology is commonly adopted. By evenly distributing the input current and output voltage, the complexity of module design is reduced; however, parameter mismatches between modules can lead to power imbalance. This paper proposes an adaptive module-switching strategy based on output voltage. By calculating power loss and threshold voltage, the appropriate number of DAB modules is switched on or off in different voltage ranges, significantly reducing voltage mismatch between modules and optimizing dynamic balance control during the switching process. This ensures the system operates at maximum efficiency during switching, with overall efficiency improving significantly as more modules are engaged. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"54 7","pages":"3674-3685"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}