Thomas Andersen Rix, Sam Riahi, Kim Overvad, Søren Lundbye-Christensen, Erik Berg Schmidt, Albert Marni Joensen
{"title":"Validity of the diagnoses atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in a Danish patient registry.","authors":"Thomas Andersen Rix, Sam Riahi, Kim Overvad, Søren Lundbye-Christensen, Erik Berg Schmidt, Albert Marni Joensen","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2012.673728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2012.673728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the validity of the diagnoses of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) for men and women recorded in the Danish National Patient Registry, and to assess the relative distribution of AF and AFL.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Review of medical records for incident cases of AF and/or AFL in the Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort study. Participants were enrolled in 1993-97 with 13.6 years of follow-up until 30 December, 2009.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The positive predictive value of the combined diagnosis of AF and/or AFL was 92.6% (95% CI 88.8%; 95.2%) with no significant difference between sexes (men 93.7% (133/142), women 90.8% (129/142)). The proportion of AFL either alone or in combination with AF was significantly higher in men than in women (13.5% (18/133) vs. 5.4% (7/129), p =0.03). The positive predictive value of the specified diagnosis of AFL was 57.5% for men (46/80) and 29.6% for women (8/27).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that the validity of the diagnosis of AF and/or AFL is high and may be used for registry-based studies. A specified diagnosis of AFL was rarely used and was not reliable to distinguish between cases of AF and AFL.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"149-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2012.673728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40147170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temporary emergency pacing--an orphan in district hospitals.","authors":"Knut Gjesdal, Jens Brock Johansen, Fredrik Gadler","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2012.674550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2012.674550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This editorial discusses a report on the 1 year experience with temporary pacing, especially in the emergency setting, in several Norwegian district hospitals. The vast majority of the patients received transvenous temporary pacing, and the majority of leads were placed by noncardiologists. The procedure times were long and complications were frequent. The organization of emergency pacing is discussed, and we suggest that unless qualified physicians can establish transvenous pacing, the patients who need that should be transferred with transcutaneous pacing as back-up during transport to a hospital with more available competence. Ideally, those who need pacing immediately, including those who need permanent pacing, should be offered permanent implantation on a 24 hours/7 days per week base.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"128-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2012.674550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40152900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atli Eyjolfsson, Magnus Dencker, Björn Brondén, Sara Scicluna, Per Johnsson, Henrik Bjursten
{"title":"Lipid emboli distribution in cardiac surgery is dependent on the state of emulsification.","authors":"Atli Eyjolfsson, Magnus Dencker, Björn Brondén, Sara Scicluna, Per Johnsson, Henrik Bjursten","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.638985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.638985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Lipid embolizations from retransfused shed blood during cardiac surgery have been shown to enter the circulation and end up in different organs. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate differences in the kinetics and deposition between emulsified and non-emulsified lipid emboli in a porcine model.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Twelve animals were anesthetized and put on cardiopulmonary bypass. A shed-blood phantom (6 animals given emulsified and 6 given non-emulsified lipids) was produced from arterial blood, saline, and tritium-labeled triolein. The phantom was infused into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken at short intervals. Tissue samples were taken post-mortem from examined organs and prepared for scintillation counting. Levels of radioactivity were used to measure lipid emboli content in blood and tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Emulsified lipid emboli generated a 5-fold higher embolic load in the arterial and a 12-fold higher in the venous circulation, compared with non-emulsified lipid emboli. Emulsified lipid micro emboli resulted in a 2-15-fold higher tissue deposition in investigated organs compared with non-emulsified lipid micro emboli.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that the state of emulsion significantly alter the kinetics and tissue deposition of lipid emboli. Emulsified lipid emboli give higher embolic load in the arterial and venous circulation, and higher tissue deposition versus non-emulsified lipid emboli. In both groups, the embolic load was higher in the arterial circulation than on the venous side.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"51-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.638985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40134887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fausto Biancari, Mikko Myllyl, Pekka Porela, Timo Laitio, Kari Kuttila, Jari Satta, Martti Lepojärvi, Tatu Juvonen, Juhani K E Airaksinen
{"title":"Postoperative stroke in patients on oral anticoagulation undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.","authors":"Fausto Biancari, Mikko Myllyl, Pekka Porela, Timo Laitio, Kari Kuttila, Jari Satta, Martti Lepojärvi, Tatu Juvonen, Juhani K E Airaksinen","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.585403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.585403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients on long-term warfarin treatment have an inherent high risk of stroke and here we aimed to identify the determinants of postoperative stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in these patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A consecutive series of 270 patients on long-term warfarin treatment who underwent isolated CABG in two university hospitals was assessed by logistic regression as well as classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Postoperative stroke occurred in 10 patients during in-hospital stay (3.7%). Logistic regression showed that CHADS(2) > 2 (p = 0.036), recent thrombolysis (p < 0.0001) and history of deep vein thrombosis (p = 0.025) were independent predictors of postoperative stroke (area under the ROC curve 0.77). CART analysis showed that CHADS(2) > 2, history of stroke/TIA, no preoperative use of aspirin and preoperative use of low molecular weight heparins were associated with an increased risk of stroke (area under the ROC curve of 0.77).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both CART and logistic regression analyses showed that the patient characteristics included in CHADS(2) score are important also in the prediction of postoperative stroke risk. Preoperative antiplatelet treatment may be beneficial in the high risk patients and the preoperative bridging with low molecular weight heparins may even be harmful in this respect.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"360-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.585403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40112944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Shalaby, Ari Mennander, Timo Rinne, Niku Oksala, Riikka Aanismaa, Susanna Narkilahti, Timo Paavonen, Jari Laurikka, Matti Tarkka
{"title":"Aquaporin-7 expression during coronary artery bypass grafting with diazoxide.","authors":"Ahmed Shalaby, Ari Mennander, Timo Rinne, Niku Oksala, Riikka Aanismaa, Susanna Narkilahti, Timo Paavonen, Jari Laurikka, Matti Tarkka","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.583357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.583357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Aquaporin-7 is a water-channel protein that controls tissue glycerol supply after ischemia. A burden of experimental studies suggests that diazoxide, a mitochondrial K(ATP)-channel opener, may decrease myocardial edema during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We evaluated whether diazoxide has an impact on atrial aquaporin-7 expression during CABG.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Sixteen patients with a history of stable coronary artery disease were enrolled in the study. Eight patients were treated during cardiopulmonary bypass with diazoxide, while the rest eight patients remained as controls. Histopathology was evaluated from biopsies procured before and during CABG from the right atrium. From fresh atrial tissue biopsies, Aquaporin-7 was quantified by RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histological differences were apparent between individual patients already before operation at base line reflecting differences in severity of myocardial ischemia. As compared with fold change values before operation, Aquaporin-7 expression after operation was positive in all but one control, whereas aquaporin-7 expression was positive in only two patients receiving diazoxide. The relative aquaporin-7 expression was significantly lower in patients treated with diazoxide as compared with controls (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diazoxide may have an impact on myocardial water balance and glycerol energy supply by decreasing relative aquaporin-7 expression during CABG.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"354-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.583357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40106613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margret Leosdottir, Ronnie Willenheimer, Christian Hall, Solve Tjora, Johan Malm, Olle Melander, Peter M Nilsson
{"title":"Age and gender differences in the association between Nt-proBNP and glucometabolic disturbances.","authors":"Margret Leosdottir, Ronnie Willenheimer, Christian Hall, Solve Tjora, Johan Malm, Olle Melander, Peter M Nilsson","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.581763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.581763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Glucometabolic disturbances are associated with myocardial dysfunction. Brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) are used for detecting myocardial dysfunction in clinical practice. However, studies on elderly subjects and gender-specific analyses are sparse.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We examined cross-sectional associations between Nt-proBNP and 1) fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2) categories of glucometabolic disturbances, in middle-aged and older subjects (1266 men, 526 women), applying multivariate linear regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FPG was positively correlated with Nt-proBNP among middle-aged men (p = 0.04) and negatively albeit non-significantly (p = 0.1) among middle-aged women. Weaker non-significant correlations were seen among older subjects. Middle-aged men with new-onset and prevalent diabetes had higher Nt-proBNP than the reference group (FPG ≤5.0 mmol/L): 9.53 (p = 0.002) and 8.23 (p = 0.02) vs. 5.71 pmol/L. No differences in Nt-proBNP between categories of glucometabolic disturbance were observed among older men or women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicate an age- and gender difference in the ability of Nt-proBNP to identify myocardial dysfunction in relation to glucometabolic disturbances. Therefore, Nt-proBNP should be used with caution as a general surrogate marker for myocardial dysfunction in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"294-300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.581763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40104011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rajeshwara K P Adluri, Arvind V Singh, Julian Skoyles, Mya Baker, Ian M Mitchell
{"title":"Measurement of intraperitoneal metabolites during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass using microdialysis.","authors":"Rajeshwara K P Adluri, Arvind V Singh, Julian Skoyles, Mya Baker, Ian M Mitchell","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.572995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.572995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Splanchnic hypoxia, with resultant mucosal acidosis during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been demonstrated using tonometry. Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive method of obtaining peritoneal fluid samples. We measured the intraperitoneal metabolites during peri-operative period following hypothermic CPB and studied the safety of intraperitoneal microdialysis.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Eleven consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included after obtaining ethics committee approval and informed consent. Microdialysis catheters were placed intraperitoneally after sternotomy. Intraperitoneal samples and arterial blood samples were obtained peri-operatively for first 24 hours. The samples were analysed for levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to compare timed serum and intraperitoneal samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population included nine males and two females with a mean age of 63.7 ± 11 years. The mean CPB and X clamp times were 50.9 ± 7.3 minutes and 27.3 ± 4.9 minutes, respectively. There were no complications related to microdialysis. The intraperitoneal lactate (L), pyruvate (P) and glycerol increased during CPB and four to six hours postoperatively. The L:P ratio was >10:1 during CPB, but in the postoperative period showed evidence of impaired oxygen utilisation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This prospective study confirms incidence of intraperitoneal anaerobic metabolism of glucose during CPB and impaired utilisation of glucose in the postoperative period. Microdialysis provides a novel and minimally-invasive method to measure real time intraperitoneal events.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"229-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.572995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40112518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relative survival after CABG surgery is poorer in women and in patients younger than 70 years at surgery.","authors":"Aasmund Norheim, Leidulf Segadal","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.582139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.582139","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective. The difference in survival between genders after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) have been studied with varying results. We wanted to investigate gender and age specific relative survival in the CABG population. Risk factors increasing hazard of death in female patients were isolated. Design. Retrospectively, 6699 primary isolated CABG procedures were investigated. Long-term survival compared to expected survival in the background population was described through Kaplan-Meier plots. Two subgroups of female patients were described through baseline characteristics, t-tests, odds ratio and multivariate analysis to investigate risk factors for death within one year after surgery. Results. Women had significantly decreased relative long-term survival compared to men in this study. Relative survival was lower in patients below 70 years of age at surgery with about the same gender difference. Low ejection fraction, left main stem stenosis and reduced renal function were found to increase risk of death within one year after CABG in women, while body size quantified by body surface area (BSA) did not. Conclusion. Relative long-term survival after CABG was poorer in female compared to male patients. This tendency was kept or strengthened when only those less than 70 years of age at surgery were investigated. Lower female survival was most likely due to more comorbidity in female patients. Relative survival was lower in patients <70 years.","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"247-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.582139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40103565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morten Kvistholm Jensen, Ole Havndrup, Christian Hassager, Steffen Helqvist, Henning Kelbæk, Erik Jørgensen, Lars Køber, Henning Bundgaard
{"title":"Survival and sudden cardiac death after septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.","authors":"Morten Kvistholm Jensen, Ole Havndrup, Christian Hassager, Steffen Helqvist, Henning Kelbæk, Erik Jørgensen, Lars Køber, Henning Bundgaard","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.565793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.565793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Reports of long-term survival and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are sparse.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Survival and SCD in 77 PTSMA-treated patients (follow-up 3.5 ± 2.8 years) were analyzed. The future risk of SCD was assessed by risk stratification for SCD in 57 PTSMA patients at long-term follow-up (3.8 ± 2.8 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The five years survival of the PTSMA cohort (age 61 ± 12 years) was 83% compared to 79% in a control cohort (n = 90) of patients (age 52 ± 17 years) with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (Log Rank p = 0.8), and 91% (p = 0.01) in the background population. Five-year survival free of SCD was 94% after PTSMA compared to 99% (p = 0.13) in the HCM control cohort. Eight percent of patients had two or more risk factors for SCD at follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The survival in the PTSMA-treated patients and in the HCM control cohorts was similar. The incidence of SCD and the future risk of SCD assessed by risk factors were not increased in the PTSMA cohort compared to the HCM control cohort. The excess mortality in the PTSMA cohort compared to the background population seems to be related to HCM rather than PTSMA.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"153-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.565793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40102743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endothelial dysfunction predicts clinical restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.","authors":"Peter Scott Munk, Noreen Butt, Alf Inge Larsen","doi":"10.3109/14017431.2011.564646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.564646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease and may predict in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. We evaluated if endothelial dysfunction could predict clinical and angiographic restenosis in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation for angina pectoris or acute coronary syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred patients were consecutively included after successful percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting for angiographic single vessel disease. All patients were evaluated with ultrasound detection of brachial artery reactivity at four weeks and with a symptom limited exercise stress test at six months and were followed for the occurrence of clinical or angiographic restenosis for 18 ± 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty patients showed clinical signs of restenosis during 18 months follow-up and were referred to re-angiography. Patients with clinical restenosis had impaired flow mediated vasodilation compared to patients without clinical restenosis (5.8 ± 3.4 vs. 9.0 ± 4.8, p = 0.005). In multivariate analysis flow mediated vasodilation was the only independent predictor for the risk of clinical restenosis (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.11 to 17.8).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Impaired flow mediated vasodilation four weeks after percutaneous coronary intervention independently predicts the risk of clinical restenosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":137876,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ","volume":" ","pages":"139-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/14017431.2011.564646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40102367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}