International dental journal最新文献

{"title":"Letter to the Editor regarding “Designing a Smartphone Application for Detection of Oral Bite Force Using Artificial Intelligence” by Gao et al.","authors":"Wenxi Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Epigenetic Enhancer–Promoter Interactions in Periodontitis via Transformer-GAN: A Deep Learning Framework for Inflammatory Gene Regulation and Biomarker Discovery","authors":"Prabhu Manickam Natarajan ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Yadalam","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Widespread tissue destruction and dysregulated immune responses are hallmarks of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease. Although enhancer–promoter (E–P) interactions play a crucial role in gene regulation, little is known about how they affect the epigenetic regulation of periodontal inflammation. By combining DNA methylation and gene expression data using a novel deep learning framework, this study sought to decode the E–P regulatory landscape in periodontitis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We examined matched genome-wide DNA methylation (GSE173081) and RNA-seq (GSE173078) datasets with integrated features such as methylation differences, gene expression changes, correlation metrics and genomic distances. A Transformer-GAN forecasted functional E–P interactions by training as a binary classifier to differentiate positive and negative enhancer–promoter pairs. AUC-ROC and AUC-PRC scores were used to benchmark the model’s performance, while functional enrichment and network topology analyses were employed to validate its biological relevance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Transformer-GAN model outperformed traditional methods, exhibiting strong predictive performance (AUC-ROC = 0.725, AUC-PRC = 0.723). With a mean correlation of 0.62 and a median genomic distance of 45.2 kb, we found 262 significant E–P interactions involving 134 enhancers and 186 target genes. Multiple enhancers controlled central inflammatory genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF, creating network hubs enriched in immune pathways, including TNF, NF-κB and IL-17 signalling. Strong correlations were found between enhancer hypomethylation, active histone marks and gene upregulation through integrative multi-omics analysis. Interestingly, E–P interaction scores outperformed clinical indices or gene expression in terms of predicting treatment response (F1-score: 0.82). The diagnostic accuracy of the five CpG biomarkers ranged from 85% to 90%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our integrative Transformer-GAN approach reveals a complex enhancer–promoter regulatory network underlying inflammatory gene expression in periodontitis. These results reveal new biomarkers and potential treatment targets while highlighting the significance of epigenetic regulation in disease pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global and Regional Burden of Periodontal Disease in Adults (1990-2021)","authors":"Yadong Wang ,&nbsp;Yadong Wu ,&nbsp;Jukun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases globally, characterised by progressive destruction of tooth-supporting structures. It has significant implications for oral health and has been associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and respiratory infections. Despite ongoing public health initiatives, periodontitis remains a substantial burden worldwide. This study aims to utilise the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 data to estimate the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of severe periodontitis from 1990 to 2021, providing updated epidemiological trends at global and regional levels.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data on the incidence, prevalence and DALY rates of severe periodontitis among adults from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from GBD 2021. The Estimated Annual Percent Change (EAPC) was applied to assess trends in the burden of severe periodontitis over the past 3 decades. Besides, Joinpoint analysis was used to evaluate the temporal changes in the global burden of severe periodontitis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 1990 to 2021, global DALY and incidence rates of severe periodontitis among adults exhibited a slight increase. The estimated number of global incident cases of severe periodontitis increased significantly, from 50,823,934 cases (95% uncertainty intervals [UI] = 39,615,907-59,174,250) in 1990 to 89,613,533 cases (95% UI = 79,069,090-101,005,641) in 2021. The global EAPC for DALY and incidence rates were 0.077 (95% UI: −0.025 to 0.179) and 0.027 (95% UI: −0.042 to 0.096), respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The global burden of severe periodontitis has steadily increased. To address this growing public health challenge, enhanced prevention, control and intervention strategies are critical. More emphasis on common risk factors, such as poor oral hygiene, smoking and diabetes, is essential for effectively preventing and managing severe periodontitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graft Dimensions and Residual Tissue Thickness Impact on Donor Site Healing After FGG Procedure: A 3D Comparative Study","authors":"Ning Wei,&nbsp;Ziyao Han,&nbsp;Wenjie Hu,&nbsp;Yiping Wei,&nbsp;Haoyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>Free gingival grafting (FGG) is a common procedure in periodontal and implant therapy to augment keratinized tissue and improve esthetic outcomes. However, the effects of graft dimensions and residual tissue thickness (RTT<span><span>¹</span></span>) on palatal donor site healing remain poorly characterized, lacking standardized 3-dimensional analysis. This study aimed to quantify how these factors influence 3-dimensional tissue recovery over 6 months, with thickness recovery rate as the primary outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-two FGG patients were divided into single-tooth (ST<span><span>²</span></span>) and multi-teeth (MT<span><span>³</span></span>) groups. Intraoral scans and CBCT quantified donor site thickness and volume changes at 1, 3, and 6 months post-surgery. Statistical analyses (t-tests, ANOVA) assessed graft size and RTT effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At 1 month, the ST group showed significantly faster healing than the MT group, with higher thickness (91.01% vs 86.46%, <em>P = .</em>005) and volume recovery rates (73.19% vs 64.23%, <em>P = .</em>009). No intergroup differences emerged at 3 or 6 months. RTT≥2 mm consistently improved outcomes across all time points (<em>P &lt; .</em>001), while RTT&lt;2 mm required prolonged healing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Graft size affects early-phase healing but not long-term outcomes. Preserving ≥2 mm RTT is critical for optimal recovery and re-harvesting potential, guiding graft dimension selection in FGG.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>Understanding the impact of graft size and residual tissue thickness (RTT) on palatal donor site healing can provide valuable guidance for clinical decision-making in free gingival graft surgery. Smaller grafts facilitate quicker initial recovery, while maintaining RTT≥2 mm is essential for optimizing long-term healing. These insights can improve surgical planning, postoperative care, and re-harvesting feasibility, leading to better patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robot-assisted Minimally Invasive Management of a Calcified Mandibular Lateral Incisor: A Case Report","authors":"Yuxin Liu,&nbsp;Bo Lv,&nbsp;Zhiming Cui,&nbsp;Ming Xue,&nbsp;Liu Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>Calcified root canals in mandibular anterior teeth present significant therapeutic challenges due to their narrow anatomy and minimal tolerance for procedural errors. This case report demonstrates the successful integration of robot-assisted navigation with an ultra-fine bur to address these challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A 44-year-old male presented with symptomatic chronic apical periodontitis and pulp calcification in a mandibular lateral incisor, 20 years after orthodontic treatment. An autonomous robotic system achieved real-time bur tracking within a dynamic 3D coordinate system through combined Cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral scan data. Ultra-fine instrumentation (bur tip: 0.28 mm) preserved more pericervical dentin during access, while subsequent canal preparation eliminated stress-concentrating ledges through continuous taper formation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A postoperative periapical radiograph confirmed precise access without iatrogenic errors. A 6-month follow-up demonstrated asymptomatic and periapical healing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance</h3><div>This approach reduced operator dependence through automated path execution and established a replicable framework for balancing canal negotiability with structural preservation. Future studies must validate 5-year outcomes and explore cost-reduction strategies for broader clinical adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re: ‘Enhanced Bone Regeneration Using Demineralized Dentin Matrix: A Comparative Study in Alveolar Bone Repair’","authors":"Parth Aphale,&nbsp;Shashank Dokania,&nbsp;Himanshu Shekhar","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103885","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103885"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodontitis and Oral Bacteria Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case-Control Study","authors":"Hiroko Hashimoto ,&nbsp;Toshiya Nonoyama ,&nbsp;Yuko Takami ,&nbsp;Shimpei Hashimoto ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Shimazaki","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>This study compared periodontal status and oral bacteria between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls (HCs), and examined the influence of oral bacteria on the association between periodontitis and RA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In total, 85 patients with RA and 119 HCs were enrolled. The oral microflora DNA test was used to quantify the oral bacterial species detected in gingival crevicular fluid. Probing depth and the clinical attachment level of the periodontal ligament were taken as parameters of periodontal status. Height, body weight, medical history, family history of RA, lifestyle habits, and stress were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between RA and periodontal status/oral bacteria.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RA patients exhibited significantly greater probing depth than HCs. The HCs demonstrated higher abundances of <em>Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Campylobacter showae, Campylobacter gracilis, Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mitis bv 2</em>, and <em>Actinomyces naeslundii II</em>. In forward stepwise multivariate analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) for RA were significantly higher for patients with a family history of RA, smokers, those with deep periodontal pockets, and those with a larger population of <em>F. nucleatum subsp. animalis</em> and <em>Veillonella parvula</em>. Patients with more <em>Campylobacter gracilis</em> had a significantly lower OR for RA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A comparison of the oral bacteria of RA patients and HCs suggests that <em>F. nucleatum subsp. animalis</em> and <em>V. parvula</em> are involved in RA patients. However, there are still many unknowns about the relationship between oral bacteria and RA, and further research is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initial Insights into the NET-Associated ceRNA Network in Pulpitis: Transcriptomic and Functional Exploration","authors":"Xiaolan Guo ,&nbsp;Kailun Wu ,&nbsp;Longrui Dang ,&nbsp;Sitong Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Runting Wang ,&nbsp;Junyang Xu ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhao Chen ,&nbsp;Buling Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pulpitis is an oral disease primarily triggered by microbial infections. Current therapeutic strategies lack specific agents targeting the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks have emerged as critical regulators of diverse biological processes, offering novel insights into the pathogenesis of pulpitis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>RNA sequencing was performed on pulp tissues from healthy individuals and pulpitis patients. Bioinformatics tools were employed to analyse sequencing data, identify differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to pinpoint hub genes. A murine pulpitis model was established to investigate the effects of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) inhibitors on disease progression. A NET-associated ceRNA regulatory network was systematically constructed based on ceRNA theory. In vitro experiments validated the expression patterns of key ncRNAs and mRNAs in pulpitis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Differentially expressed mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified in pulpitis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed significant activation of NET-related pathways, with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-9 (SIGLEC9), complement C3 (C3), H2A clustered histone 14 (H2AC14), and H4 clustered histone 11 (H4C11) identified as core regulatory genes. In vivo experiments demonstrated that NET inhibition alleviated dental pulpitis and necrosis. Furthermore, a novel NET-associated ceRNA regulatory network was established, revealing four critical regulatory axes: LINC00466 / hsa-miR-27a-3p / SIGLEC9, hsa_circDNAH11_003 / hsa-miR-877-5p / C3, hsa_circSLC15A4_001 / hsa-miR-30d-3p / H2AC14, and hsa_circGABBR2_009 / hsa-miR-193b-3p / H4C11. These ncRNAs exhibited significant upregulation in inflamed pulp tissues.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>By constructing a comprehensive NET-associated ceRNA network, we elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying dental pulpitis, providing novel evidence for understanding the disease progression. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for developing targeted therapeutic strategies against pulpitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Osteogenic Potential of Strontium Silicate and Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers","authors":"Devin Chun Yue Kwan,&nbsp;Mingxin Hu,&nbsp;Junqing Liu,&nbsp;Chengfei Zhang,&nbsp;Angeline Hui Cheng Lee,&nbsp;Jeffrey Wen Wei Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of three sealers, including a strontium silicate-based sealer, C-Root SP (C-R), and two calcium silicate-based sealers, iRoot SP (i-R) and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPbcs), compared with AH Plus (AHP) on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Standardized sealer discs were eluted in a culture medium to assess cytotoxicity using the CCK-8 assay at various dilutions (1:1, 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10). Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by culturing cells in osteogenic medium supplemented with 1:5 diluted sealer extract. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed with an ALP assay and staining on days 7 and 14. Mineralized nodule formation was observed using Alizarin Red S staining on day 21. Gene expression of osteogenic markers (ALP, COL1A1, and RUNX2) was examined by RT‐qPCR. Differences were analysed using one-way/two-way variance analysis with the Tukey post-hoc test. Statistical significance was established at <em>P</em> &lt; .05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>C-R, i-R, and AHPbcs showed significantly higher cell viability than AHP (<em>P</em> &lt; .001). All sealers exhibited cytotoxicity at higher concentrations (1:1 and 1:2 dilutions). ALP activity was significantly lower in cells exposed to AHP compared to cells exposed to C-R, i-R, and AHPbcs (<em>P</em> &lt; .01). Cells exposed to C-R, i-R, and AHPbcs exhibited higher mineralized nodule formation than cells exposed to AHP. C-R, i-R, and AHPbcs enhanced osteogenic differentiation with higher osteogenic gene expression than AHP (<em>P</em> &lt; .001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Within the limitations of the study, C-R, i-R, and AHPbcs were biocompatible with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts at lower concentrations and were able to enhance their osteogenic potentials.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical relevance</h3><div>The strontium silicate-based sealer shows a favourable biological response and osteogenic activity in vitro, comparable to calcium silicate-based sealers, indicating its potential for clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application of Metal Nanoparticles in Oral Inflammatory Diseases","authors":"Mingzhen Yang ,&nbsp;Mingyu Sun ,&nbsp;Jiarui Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Cao ,&nbsp;Cory J. Xian ,&nbsp;Yuankun Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oral inflammatory diseases pose a significant global health challenge due to their high incidence and risk of systemic complications. Conventional treatment methods are limited by issues such as antibiotic resistance, poor drug delivery efficiency, and immunosuppressive side effects, which create an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs), as promising candidates, have unique antibacterial and immune-regulating properties, which arise from their nanoscale size, excellent targeted penetration, and diverse biological activities. This review overviews the mechanisms involving major MNPs, such as Ag, Cu/CuO, Au, TiO₂, Zn/ZnO and CeO₂, in oral inflammatory diseases over the past 5 years, together with their applications in preclinical and clinical settings. These MNPs can effectively inactivate oral pathogens and modulate the host immune response. Furthermore, they enhance the precision of targeted drug delivery by improving material properties, thereby offering more effective treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory diseases. The discussion then moves on to address the challenges encountered by MNPs in clinical translation and their future development prospects. These MNPs possess tremendous potential for advancing the personalisation and precision of oral inflammatory disease therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}