International dental journal最新文献

{"title":"Synthetic Orthopantomography Image Generation Using Generative Adversarial Networks for Data Augmentation","authors":"Maria Waqas ,&nbsp;Shehzad Hasan ,&nbsp;Ammar Farid Ghori ,&nbsp;Amal Alfaraj ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faheemuddin ,&nbsp;Zohaib Khurshid","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To overcome the scarcity of annotated dental X-ray datasets, this study presents a novel pipeline for generating high-resolution synthetic orthopantomography (OPG) images using customized generative adversarial networks (GANs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 4777 real OPG images were collected from clinical centres in Pakistan, Thailand, and the U.S., covering diverse anatomical features. Twelve GAN models were initially trained, with four top-performing variants selected for further training on both combined and region-specific datasets. Synthetic images were generated at 2048 × 1024 pixels, maintaining fine anatomical detail. The evaluation was conducted using (1) a YOLO-based object detection model trained on real OPGs to assess feature representation via mean average precision, and (2) expert dentist scoring for anatomical and diagnostic realism.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All selected models produced realistic synthetic OPGs. The YOLO detector achieved strong performance on these images, indicating accurate structural representation. Expert evaluations confirmed high anatomical plausibility, with models M1 and M3 achieving over 50% of the reference scores assigned to real OPGs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed GAN-based pipeline enables the ethical and scalable creation of synthetic OPG images, suitable for augmenting datasets used in artificial intelligence-driven dental diagnostics.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Significance</h3><div>This method provides a practical solution to data limitations in dental artificial intelligence, supporting model development in privacy-sensitive or low-resource environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Phosphatases 2A Affects Drug Resistance of Candida albicans Biofilm Via ATG Protein Phosphorylation Induction","authors":"Jiadi Shen ,&nbsp;Chenyu Weng ,&nbsp;Shuxian Zhu ,&nbsp;Wanjing Chen ,&nbsp;Xuening Xiong ,&nbsp;Xin Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Candida albicans</em> (<em>C. albicans</em>) biofilms are well-known to be resistantto various antifungal agents. Autophagy is crucial for adapting to changes in nutrition conditions. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is prominent in regulating physiological processes, possibly related to autophagy-related (ATG) protein phosphorylation. This study hypothesizes that PP2A affects biofilm formation and drug resistance of <em>C. albicans</em> via autophagy induction.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The expressions of PP2A catalytic subunit coding gene <em>PPH21</em> were compared. The mutant strain (<em>pph21</em>Δ/Δ) was constructed and the biofilm was treated with autophagy activator (rapamycin, Rap). The biofilm formation, drug susceptibility and oxidative stress levels were examined. The autophagic activity was detected, along with the autophagosomes observed. The therapeutic efficacy of the antifungal agents was estimated on the mice model of <em>C. albicans</em> oral infection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>PPH21</em> was associated with <em>C. albicans</em> biofilm formation and drug resistance. Autophagy activation by rapamycin can induce increased autophagy levels, while it was hindered in <em>pph21</em>Δ/Δ. Besides, the protein levels of Atg13 and Atg1 were significantly down-regulated in <em>pph21</em>Δ/Δ+Rap (<em>P</em> &lt; .01), along with its decreased regulatory capacity to oxidative stress. Autophagy activation can promote biofilm formation and improve drug resistance, while the absence of <em>PPH21</em> may prevent the enhancement of drug resistance. Autophagy activation reduced the efficacy of antifungal agents in treating oral <em>C. albicans</em> infection in mice, among which <em>pph21</em>Δ/Δ presented better therapeutic effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PP2A is important in the autophagy induction of <em>C. albicans</em> by participating in Atg13 phosphorylation, followed by Atg1 activation, further affecting its biofilm formation and drug resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical relevance</h3><div>PP2A-induced autophagy may be a potential regulatory mechanism of <em>C. albicans</em> drug resistance. This appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing <em>C. albicans</em>-related infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Dental Stages on Orofacial Muscle Strength and Oral Motor Behavior in Children","authors":"Linda Munirji ,&nbsp;Abhishek Kumar ,&nbsp;Ayumi Suzuki ,&nbsp;Hanan Omairi ,&nbsp;Joannis Grigoriadis ,&nbsp;Anastasios Grigoriadis","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To study the effect of dental stages on orofacial muscle strength and masticatory and swallowing function in healthy children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 120 children were recruited and divided into 6 groups according to Hellman's criteria for dental stages: primary, early mixed (IIC), early mixed (IIIA), late mixed, early permanent and late permanent. Each group underwent a series of tests to measure their orofacial muscle strength and masticatory and swallowing function. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s <em>post hoc</em> tests to adjust for multiple comparisons between successive dental stages.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results of the study showed a gradual increase in orofacial muscle strength and improved masticatory and swallowing function with advancing dental stage. Specifically, significant differences between successive dental stages were shown in the maximum voluntary bite force between dental stages primary and early mixed (IIC), and between the early and late permanent, and in the tongue pressure between the primary and early mixed (IIC), and between the early mixed (IIIA) and late mixed. Additionally, in the test of masticating and swallowing solids, there were significant differences between dental stages primary and early mixed (IIC) in the number of chewing cycles, and between early (IIIA) and late mixed in the total eating duration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, there was a gradual improvement in orofacial muscle strength with more developed dental stages in healthy children. The results of the study imply that the advancement of dental stages plays an important role in the development of orofacial muscle strength and improved masticatory and swallowing functions.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>These findings suggest potential implications for monitoring the development of oral motor behaviours in growing children across different dental stages. The comprehensive battery of objective clinical tests applied in this study provides a valuable clinical framework for evaluating oral function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractal Analysis as a Predictor of Early Implant Loss: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Dóra Iványi,&nbsp;Márton Kivovics,&nbsp;Richárd Balázs,&nbsp;Orsolya Németh","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>Fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity are increasingly applied to assess trabecular bone structure, yet their predictive value for early dental implant failure remains uncertain. This study investigated whether FD and lacunarity, measured on panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), can predict early implant loss in the mandible.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective case-control study included 48 patients—24 with early implant failure and 24 with implants surviving at least 5 years without periimplantitis. All had panoramic radiographs, and a subset of 30 patients (15 per group) also had CBCT scans. FD and lacunarity were assessed in 3 mandibular regions: frontal, premolar, and molar. ImageJ software with box-counting method was used. FD from panoramic images was calculated using the White and Rudolph method; CBCT-based FD values were derived using both the White and Rudolph and the Kato et al. methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant differences in FD or lacunarity values were found between groups in any region on either imaging modality (<em>P &gt; .</em>05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Fractal dimension and lacunarity values obtained from panoramic radiographs and CBCT images did not demonstrate predictive capability for early implant failure. Although fractal analysis offers a non-invasive approach to assess trabecular bone architecture, it should not be used in isolation to estimate implant prognosis.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>While fractal analysis may provide complementary insights into bone microstructure, its standalone application lacks sufficient reliability for predicting early dental implant failure. Future studies involving larger cohorts are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Extended Reality in Orthodontic Treatment Planning and Simulation-A scoping Review","authors":"Anand Marya ,&nbsp;Siddharthan Selvaraj ,&nbsp;Katsushi Okazaki ,&nbsp;Ding-Han Wang ,&nbsp;Hiroyasu Kanetaka ,&nbsp;Thantrira Porntaveetus","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extended reality (XR), a nomenclature covering virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), has emerged as a breakthrough technology in dental and medical sciences. However, the scope, effectiveness, and limitations of these technologies still remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of the present scoping review is to systematically outline the current state of XR applications for orthodontic treatment planning and simulation.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A systematic and comprehensive review of the literature was carried out in a broad array of electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, IEEE Xplore, and the Cochrane Library. Studies involving the use of XR in orthodontic clinical or educational settings were included. Data extraction focused on the XR type, application purpose, target population, outcomes, and limitations. The study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>A total of 19 studies were included, including VR (n = 13), AR (n = 5), and MR (n = 1) approaches. The identified applications demonstrate broad utility, ranging from clinical procedures such as orthodontic treatment planning, precision bracket placement, and complex surgical simulation, to pedagogical and patient-centered uses including immersive student training and interactive patient education. The most frequently reported positive outcomes across these diverse applications include enhanced spatial awareness, clinical accuracy, learner motivation and reductions in patient anxiety. Critically, the current evidence base, while promising, is constrained by predominantly small sample sizes across studies, significant methodological heterogeneity hindering meta-analysis, and a paucity of robust, long-term clinical outcome data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>XR technologies hold significant promise for transforming orthodontic care and education by enhancing treatment accuracy, clinical training, and patient engagement. However, their integration into routine practice will require high-quality, large-scale studies that establish clinical effectiveness, long-term skill retention, and cost-efficiency. Generating robust evidence, including patient-reported outcomes, is essential to bridge the gap between innovation and evidence-based implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Superheroine: A Culturally Adapted Storytelling Strategy for Oral Health Education in Rural Peru","authors":"Yuly Ruby Arce-Alva ,&nbsp;Heber Isac Arbildo-Vega ,&nbsp;Rubén Arturo Aguirre-Ipenza ,&nbsp;Oscar Pizarro-Salazar ,&nbsp;Franz Tito Coronel-Zubiate ,&nbsp;Lenin Edwads Velez-Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Farje-Gallardo","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>Oral health problems remain a serious concern in rural areas of underdeveloped countries, where high rates of dental caries and periodontal disease are worsened by limited access to health education. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a culturally adapted dental superheroine to promote oral hygiene practices by encouraging oral health education.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved designing the character and adapting it culturally through stakeholder interviews and qualitative analysis. In the second phase, the superheroine was publicly introduced during a community event, followed by a structured survey of 300 participants to assess public perception and cultural identification.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 82% of the respondents had a very positive perception of the superheroine, and 89.67% of the participants rated the initiative as positive. A significant correlation was found between cultural engagement and positive perception (r = 0.749, <em>P</em> &lt; .05), whereas a regression analysis indicated that 56.1% of the variance in positive perception could be attributed to the level of cultural engagement (R² = 0.561).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The dental superheroine model represents a constructivist approach that integrates education with local culture. Its scalability and adaptability make it a promising strategy for implementation in similar contexts.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical relevance</h3><div>This study highlights the importance of adapting public health strategies to local traditions and customs, which could improve the effectiveness of interventions in rural settings where traditional strategies may not be as effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Antibacterial Innovation in Dental Composites: Bridging Nanoparticle Design and Translational Potential","authors":"Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon,&nbsp;Pantip Chitpitaklert,&nbsp;Wirangrong Srithongklang,&nbsp;Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Dual-Functional Titanium Implant for Osseointegration and Antimicrobial Effects via Plasma Modification","authors":"Tsao-Li Chuang ,&nbsp;Chun-Liang Yeh ,&nbsp;Chih-Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Hao-Hueng Chang ,&nbsp;Shu-Chuan Liao ,&nbsp;Chun-Pin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aims</h3><div>Titanium dental implants are widely used in clinical practice; however, they still face challenges such as implant loosening and infection. Recent studies focus on improving integration and infection resistance. In this study, a low-temperature plasma treatment was employed to fabricate a dual-functional modification layer on the titanium implant surface, offering a promising strategy that simultaneously promoted bone integration and effectively inhibited bacterial infection.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This was achieved by depositing a hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSZ) film on the surface of titanium implants and grafting a thermosensitive composite hydrogel designed as a drug delivery system. The natural cross-linker genipin was used to immobilize chlorhexidine on the implant collar (2 mm in length). Meanwhile, bone morphogenetic protein-2 was immobilized on the implant body (6 mm in length), ensuring controlled release to promote bone regeneration and provide strong antibacterial effects. Various experimental analyses were conducted to characterize the samples, including assessments of hydrophilicity, functional groups, elemental composition, and surface morphology. Validation was carried out through in vitro tests (cytotoxicity, mineralization, and antibacterial assays) and in vivo animal experiments (bone-to-implant contact and Periotest measurements).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Biocompatibility tests indicated that the plasma-treated surfaces did not exhibit cytotoxicity and facilitated osteoblast differentiation and osseointegration. The hydrogel effectively served as a carrier for the controlled release of growth factors and antibacterial agents, thereby boosting the osseointegration and antibacterial properties of the titanium implants. In vivo studies in swine models demonstrated superior bone integration and antibacterial efficacy compared to untreated and commercial implants within 2 weeks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The surface modification method proposed in this study successfully produced titanium implants with dual-functional surfaces, enhancing both osseointegration efficiency and antibacterial capability.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Significance</h3><div>This approach enables implants to perform specific functions through the use of growth factors and antimicrobials, potentially advancing implant technology and improving clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Probiotics Enhance Bone Density and Reduce Inflammation Postalveolar Surgery’ [International Dental Journal Volume 75, Issue 5, October 2025, 100881]","authors":"Dongjie Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiang He ,&nbsp;Jian Lu ,&nbsp;Ting Du","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103876"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of TGF-β3 in Regulating Neural Crest Cell Fate and Craniofacial Development: Insights From Zebrafish Models","authors":"Hongrong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shiying Shen ,&nbsp;Yemei Qian ,&nbsp;Liqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiantong Pu ,&nbsp;Xue Zhou ,&nbsp;Na Yang ,&nbsp;Weihong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Craniofacial malformations, caused by dysregulated neural crest cell (NCC) differentiation, affect approximately one-third of newborns worldwide. Although TGFB3 mutations were recently associated with human coronoid process hypertrophy (CPH) and other craniofacial disorders, the mechanisms by which TGF-β3 regulates NCC fate determination through cell-cell communication remains unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A zebrafish model was used to investigate the impact of tgfb3 on craniofacial cartilage and bone development. Additionally, <em>Tgfb3</em> was knocked down in neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in vitro to observe cellular changes and effects on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Knockdown of tgfb3 in zebrafish resulted in impaired cartilage development and bone formation, which was associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway. A reduction in the expression of markers for neural crest cell formation, migration, and differentiation was observed. Although <em>Tgfb3</em> knockdown did not affect the proliferation capacity of NCSCs, it led to increased apoptosis, reduced migration, and decreased chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. The expression of osteogenesis-related proteins and TGF-β/Smad pathway-related proteins was also reduced in NCSCs to varying degrees.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Silencing the <em>Tgfb3</em> gene in zebrafish led to significant impairment in craniofacial cartilage and bone development, clearly highlighting the critical role of TGF-β3 in regulating NCSC fate. These findings underscore the importance of TGF-β3 in maintaining NCSC migration and differentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13785,"journal":{"name":"International dental journal","volume":"75 6","pages":"Article 103874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}