International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing the coloration of polypropylene surfaces through low-frequency plasma modification with disperse dyes","authors":"Zeynep Omerogullari Basyigit","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the effective coloring of nonwoven polypropylene surfaces, achieved through the application of oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatments in a vacuum environment using cold plasma. Various plasma durations were employed to introduce experimental diversity into the samples. Following surface modification, dispersal dyeing based on benzenesulphonamide was performed. To evaluate the impact of surface modification, comprehensive characterization tests, including SEM, FTIR-ATR, XRD, and XPS, were conducted. Performance effects were scrutinized through color spectrum values (CIE L*, a*, b*, and K/S values), tearing strengths and contact angle measurements. Furthermore, fastness tests for washing (color change and staining) and for rubbing (dry and wet) were carried out to examine the effect of surface modification on dyed polypropylene nonwoven fabrics. According to the test results, a notable increase in K/S values was observed after plasma treatments. The impact of nitrogen and oxygen plasma treatment on polypropylene surfaces was comprehensively evaluated, considering performance properties across all characterization processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103837"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thermal processing on the integrity of polyurea microcapsules for underwater adhesives","authors":"Allison F. Moyer,&nbsp;Christine Chung,&nbsp;Timothy J. Montalbano,&nbsp;Ryan J. McQuillen,&nbsp;Zachary H. Kiick,&nbsp;Leslie H. Hamilton,&nbsp;Reid E. Messersmith","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adhesives that rely on a curing mechanism struggle to function in underwater environments due to detrimental interactions with water. One strategy to overcome this involves protecting sensitive components in mechanically responsive microcapsules. In this way, a two-part adhesive can be achieved via a single mixture, applied as one would apply a pressure sensitive adhesive. This work focused on improving polyurea microcapsule shell integrity, specifically focusing on the effect of additional thermal processing. The improved microcapsule shells displayed limited payload leakage with only an 8 % loss in pot life compared to the base isocyanate resin alone. A mixture of optimized microcapsules and isocyanate resin was evaluated against a wide range of substrates and conditions, including dry and wet environments. When microcapsules were intentionally ruptured to release the catalyst and crosslinker payload, the microcapsule-isocyanate mixture had improved adhesive strength (506 %) compared to the base isocyanate resin without microcapsules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142168336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of liquid rubber dam in improving dental isolation: An in vitro study","authors":"Naji Kharouf ,&nbsp;Hamdi Jmal ,&nbsp;Rania Hadra ,&nbsp;Vincent Ball ,&nbsp;Ziad Salameh ,&nbsp;Claire El hachem ,&nbsp;Francesco Inchingolo ,&nbsp;Olivier Etienne ,&nbsp;Youssef Haikel ,&nbsp;Marc Krikor Kaloustian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A liquid rubber dam is used as a gingiva protector and to ameliorate the sealing quality around the tooth. No information about the mechanical properties of liquid rubber dam and its efficiency in tooth isolation was reported in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of the present <em>in vitro</em> study was to evaluate the morphological changes after contact with different solutions, microleakages, bond strength to enamel, and mechanical properties of two different liquid rubber dams (Top dam “TD” and OpalDam™ “OD”). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphological changes. Compression strength and viscosity tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties. A shear bond strength test was performed to evaluate the bond strength of liquid rubber dams to enamel. Solubility was performed to investigate the effect of water after 90 min of contact. Finally, the microleakage tests were performed by using methylene blue. Data were statistically analyzed. No presence of methylene blue was detected after 30, 60, and 90 min of immersion for both dams, giving both products a good sealing ability in time. SEM demonstrated morphological changes of the materials’ surfaces after contact with bleaching and phosphoric acid products. TD demonstrated higher bond strength to enamel as well as higher compression strength at 90 min compared to OD. However, TD demonstrated higher solubility than OD, which facilitates its deposition in layers. The shear viscosity of the TD was higher than that of the OD material by about a factor of 60. Within the limitations of the present study, liquid rubber dam can ensure the sealing ability. TD seems to be more resistant and has higher bond strength to tooth structure compared to OD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103819"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142161736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-graft-poly(vinyl acetate) for wood-adhesive applications","authors":"Tijana Todorovic ,&nbsp;Emelie Norström ,&nbsp;Linda Fogelström ,&nbsp;Eva Malmström","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, adhesives are commonly used for wood bonding; however, they are fossil-based and the final products usually do not have a sufficient water resistance for more durable applications. In this study we prepared an adhesive formulation by grafting VAc from chitosan using emulsion polymerization, chitosan-<em>graft</em>-PVAc. Thereby, we could decrease the fossil-based content of the adhesive and at the same time significantly improve the water resistance. Chitosan by itself has very good bonding properties as a wood adhesive, especially regarding water resistance; however, very low solid contents of the adhesive formulation can be achieved due to a very high viscosity of chitosan adhesives. In our chitosan-<em>graft</em>-PVAc adhesives, we explored two chitosan samples with different molecular weights, by using as-received chitosan and hydrolyzing it to a lower molecular weight. The chitosan fractions in the adhesives prepared with a higher molecular weight chitosan were 15, 20 and 25 wt%. However, due to the high viscosity, a solid content higher than 17 wt% could not be achieved for these adhesives. Sufficient bond strengths were achieved when the adhesive was applied in 122 g/m² solid spread rate. In order to decrease the viscosity, we used hydrolyzed chitosan, with a lower molecular weight, to allow for a higher adhesive solid content, 34 wt%, and for a higher chitosan fraction, 40 wt%. In the adhesive with 40 wt% chitosan and 17 wt% solid content, all VAc was grafted from chitosan. This decreased the molecular mobility of the chains, leading to a lower susceptibility to plastic creep in the adhesive which contributes to the final bond strength. The dry and wet strengths of the specimens bonded with adhesives containing chitosan were higher than the strength of the specimens bonded with the reference PVAc adhesive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143749624002008/pdfft?md5=e78f639564630c36fc26e833cb244ebd&pid=1-s2.0-S0143749624002008-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of surface micro-texturing laser-etching on adhesive property and failure behaviors of basalt fiber composite single-lap-joint","authors":"Ao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongyong Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Ruyi Hu ,&nbsp;Yiru Ren ,&nbsp;Shulan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser-etching technology can perform micro-nano processing on the sub-surface of composite, thereby enhancing its mechanical interlocking to improve the adhesive performance. However, it can easily cause surface fiber damage and destroy the integrity of composite. Hence, the influences of surface micro-texturing and laser-etching effect on the adhesive property and failure behaviors of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) composite single-lap-joint are investigated. Here, different surface micro-texturing of BFRP with different laser-etching power and line space are processed by laser-etching. The surface morphology and wetting property of experimental samples are characterized, and single lap tests are conducted to evaluate the adhesive properties. Results show that the adhesive property firstly increases and then decreases with the laser power increase, where the samples etched with 10 W and line space of 0.1 mm perform the best. It is found that the epoxy on the surface is removed by laser-etching to improve the contact area, but the fiber damage is formed to affect the adhesive property. When the laser-etching reaches a certain depth in spite of fiber damage, it can achieve the best bonding performance with the balance of performance and structural integrity. Finally, the multi-scale simulations are conducted to effectively demonstrate the laser-etched interface bonding behavior and damage evolution process of BFRP single lap joints.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103831"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local reinforcement of adhesively bonded square shape aluminum energy absorber with CFRP under quasi-static axial loading: An experimental and numerical study","authors":"Ali Keshavarzi,&nbsp;Hamed Saeidi Googarchin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents experimental and numerical investigations on the effects of composite ply angle, thickness and number of layers on energy absorption behavior of adhesively bonded carbon fiber-reinforced plastic/aluminum hybrid structure under quasi-static axial loading. This paper aims to use the advantages of adhesive bonding for the local strengthening of a square shaped aluminum energy absorber by composite and as a result achieving desirable energy absorption behavior prior to failure in the connection and without heterogeneous deformation of the structure while reducing the weight of the structure and usage of material and at the same time obtaining favorable results compared to the traditional ways like reinforcing the aluminum structure with composite globally. For this purpose, two models were made and analyzed; one reinforced with four L-shaped composites adhesively bonded using Araldite 2015 to four outside corners of the aluminum square and the other reinforced locally to four corners from within the square. Finite element model was developed for analysis of these hybrid structures. Five different ply angles for composite and multiple number of composite layers varied from 2 to 8 layers under the same and different thicknesses were investigated. Moreover an alpha factor has been determined to measure the importance of local reinforement of the square shape aluminum energy absorber by L-shaped composites. The results showed that compared to aluminum and aluminum with global composite reinforcement energy absorbers, due to the adhesive connection between aluminum and composite in the locally reinforced CFRP/aluminum specimen, the composite had better energy absorption by following the collapse pattern of aluminum and creating a continuous collapse and failure modes. The results indicated good coordination and agreement between the simulated models and the experimental tests. The findings from this experiment demonstrates significant potential for local reinforcement of structures employing adhesives. Utilizing such connections and the ability to strengthen specific areas based on arbitrary geometry and strengthening location could offer substantial opportunities in constructing lightweight structures with high energy absorption across diverse applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of interfacial bonding on the low velocity impact performance of jute fibre/epoxy polymer composites","authors":"M. Manoj Prabhakar ,&nbsp;N. Rajini ,&nbsp;K. Mayandi ,&nbsp;Nadir Ayrilmis ,&nbsp;Mahmood M.S. Abdullah ,&nbsp;Faruq Mohammad ,&nbsp;Kumar Krishnan ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Soleiman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research aimed to analyze the low-velocity impact on jute/epoxy polymer samples and used their fractured samples for computer tomographic (CT) analysis for predicting the impact damage areas developed on jute/epoxy polymer by using its impact images. The computer tomography analysis was performed with two different thicknesses of natural fabric composites. Initially, this developed the jute/epoxy polymer composites using Compression molding techniques with different thickness and these fabricated samples undergoes to analyzed the low-velocity impact strength with an automated data acquisition system on different thicknesses of jute fabric-reinforced polymer composite materials. The fabricated composite plates were tested under the low-velocity impact testing method with different loading conditions. The higher impact strength was observed on the 6 mm thickness of the plate. The impact analysis on laminate materials is performed with different energy levels on the same thickness of the plate individually. Among various energy absorption tests, the 10 J created more damage on the 3 mm thick plate and 15 J created more damage on the 6 mm thick plate. After the impact testing, the samples were analyzed in the damaged areas using CT scanning systems. Based on this analysis, the fabricated materials were best-suited for lightweight application areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103833"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of microscale methods to study the heat-induced delamination in engineered wood products bonded with one-component polyurethane adhesives","authors":"A. Čolić ,&nbsp;F. Wiesner ,&nbsp;D. Hopkin ,&nbsp;M. Spearpoint ,&nbsp;W. Wu ,&nbsp;L. Bisby","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One-component polyurethanes (1-c-PUR) are commonly used adhesives for the manufacture of cross-laminated timber (CLT). Typically, these adhesives do not govern the mechanical response of CLT under normal service temperatures. However, when subjected to heating from a fire, failures may transition from within the timber to the bond line interphase zones. CLT bonded with 1-c-PUR has been shown to be prone to heat induced delamination (HID), which may compromise its structural performance at elevated temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis (DTMA) were used to study the thermal and thermo-mechanical responses of engineered wood products and components (i.e. adhesives and timber) and their interphase (i.e. bond line). Two commercially available 1-c-PUR adhesive films from the same manufacturer, two timber species (Norway Spruce and Radiata Pine, as sawdust or as veneers), and four different veneer shear lap combinations, were studied. Shear lap specimens bonded with a conventional 1-c-PUR adhesive consistently experienced bond line mechanical failure in DTMA at about 220–240 °C. The same adhesive films tested via DSC and TGA softened at 240–260 °C. Conversely, a different 1-c-PUR adhesive, formulated specifically for enhanced performance at elevated temperature, displayed no detectable softening in DSC and TGA, and shear lap specimens in DTMA consistently failed within the timber; even at elevated temperatures. The presented thermo-mechanical methods allow identification of failure modes and temperatures, whilst the thermal microscale methods (i.e. TGA, DSC, DTMA) assist in understanding the various factors contributing to failures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143749624002161/pdfft?md5=ad9dda1bd3d1331d6db6fd9dcc01ff50&pid=1-s2.0-S0143749624002161-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adhesive bonding in automotive hybrid multi-cell square tubes: Experimental and numerical investigation on quasi-static axial crashworthiness performance","authors":"Jamal Bidadi,&nbsp;Mohsen Arabha,&nbsp;Hamed Saeidi Googarchin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing demand for lightweight vehicles to improve fuel efficiency and performance has driven the adoption of thin-walled tubes made from lightweight hybrid materials as key energy-absorbing components in automotive structures. However, joining these hybrid materials presents a challenge, as traditional methods like welding are unsuitable. This study examines the axial crushing behavior of multi-cell, thin-walled energy-absorbing tubes with square cross-sections, joined using adhesive bonding. A two-cell square aluminum tube was experimentally constructed and tested to evaluate its energy absorption characteristics and failure modes. Additionally, the tube was modeled in ABAQUS software, incorporating elastoplastic deformation of the aluminum and cohesive contact properties for the adhesive layer. After validating the model with experimental data, a parametric study was conducted to assess the impact of different plate material combinations and wall thicknesses on crashworthiness and failure modes. The findings revealed that the effectiveness of material combinations (Al/St) with varying wall thicknesses depends on the adhesive bond's ability to maintain plate integrity during axial loading. In some cases, specific Al/St combinations with particular wall thicknesses resulted in a loss of structural integrity, leading to global cohesive failure. Finally, an analytical equation was developed to predict the axial mean crush force, which demonstrated strong agreement with both experimental and numerical results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103832"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dual resin application system for improved bamboo-wood bonding","authors":"Jialin Zhang ,&nbsp;Kate Semple ,&nbsp;Meiling Chen ,&nbsp;Chunping Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a dual resin application system using commercial phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins with different molecular weight (MW) was investigated to improve bonding performance of bamboo and wood composite laminates. Water droplet contact angle was deemed to be unreliable for assessing resin wettability on bamboo due to its unique tissue structure compared with wood. Microscopic observation of the resin penetration showed high MW PF largely remained in the glueline and only entered the lumens of cut or damaged bamboo cells near the bondline. Low MW PF appeared in cell corners of bamboo parenchyma but not lumens. Applying low MW PF to the bamboo and high MW PF to the wood surface separately significantly improved bond shear strength with reduced difference between dry and wet conditions. The dry and wet bond strengths using the new method were enhanced by 36.5 % and 97.4 %, respectively, compared to high MW PF alone. The results suggest that low MW PF can permeate bamboo cell walls and fortify them against swelling and stress on the bamboo-resin interface in wet conditions. Further modifications are required to produce a stronger adhesive than the bamboo tissue to improve wet shear fiber failure rates and develop a viable structural bond qualification test for bamboo and bamboo-wood composites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13732,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 103836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}