International Archives of Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Associations between Proton-Pump Inhibitor Usage, Allergy, and Asthma: An Analysis of NHANES 2005-2006.","authors":"Ruili Yu, Xueyan Wang, Hongtian Wang, Xuechun Lu, Bo Yang","doi":"10.1159/000535156","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acid suppression medications, such as proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, are commonly prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, concerns regarding potential long-term side effects are brought up by the overuse of PPIs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PPI usage, allergy, and asthma in the general US population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data of individuals aged ≥20 years who had information on PPI use and questionnaires on allergy and asthma in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between PPI use, prevalent allergy, and asthma.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4,481 participants (representing 198,543,007 US individuals after weighting) were included in the analyses. PPI use was not significantly associated with the presence of allergy or asthma in the general study population after adjustment. However, in females without steroid exposure, PPI use was significantly associated with increased odds of allergy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002-2.86), among which esomeprazole use was significantly associated with increased odds of allergy (aOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.30-5.54) and lansoprazole with increased odds of asthma (aOR = 3.44, 95% CI: 1.50-7.87) as compared to no PPI use. Duration of PPI use was not significantly associated with allergy or asthma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In US women without steroid exposure, PPI use is associated with increased likelihood of prevalent allergy and asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"519-526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140021639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abbreviation of Desensitization Protocol for Pediatric Patients with Lysosomal Storage Diseases Receiving Enzyme Replacement Therapy.","authors":"Gökhan Yörüsün, Özge Yilmaz Topal, Zeynep Şengül Emeksiz, Aynur Küçükçongar Yavaş, Çiğdem Seher Kasapkara, Emine Dibek Mısırlıoğlu","doi":"10.1159/000539597","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) constitute a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of substrates within lysosomes. For their treatment, disease-specific enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is employed. In cases of hypersensitivity reactions that may occur during these treatments, desensitization of enzyme therapy becomes necessary. Repeated desensitization procedures may result some degree of tolerance. This study presents cases of patients received abbreviated desensitization protocols following repeated desensitization procedures.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>During the period between September 2019 and January 2024, pediatric patients who experienced anaphylactic reactions to ERT and whose desensitization protocols were abbreviated after receiving uneventful treatment with desensitization for at least a year were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Six patients, four with Pompe disease, one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 2, and one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 4, had been receiving uninterrupted ERT by desensitization for at least 1 year. The mean age of the patients was 117.6 months (median: 104.5, IQR: 85.2-144). All patients experienced anaphylaxis as the initial reaction. Skin and intradermal tests were repeated on patients prior to protocol abbreviation. Premedication previously given to all patients was discontinued, and desensitization protocols were subsequently shortened by increasing the infusion rate and/or reducing the number of steps.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study investigated patients whose desensitization protocols were abbreviated. It demonstrated that some level of tolerance could be attained through repeated applications. This approach aims to identify concise, safe, and efficient protocols, thereby reducing hospitalizations, nosocomial infections, and treatment expenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1226-1232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Quality Control Strategy for the Preparation of High-Quality Recombinant Allergens in Escherichia coli: A Case Study of Der f 2.","authors":"Jian Tang, De-Zheng Yang, Chen Lu, Wei Zheng, Zhi-Ming Hu, Yi-Fei Xu, Ke Li, Ji-Fu Wei, Zhi-Qiang Xu","doi":"10.1159/000539835","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Recombinant allergens produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) system play an important role in the component-resolved diagnostics of allergy and vaccine development. However, incorrect folding of recombinant allergens may affect their application. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the correct folding of recombinant allergens. Currently, there is still a lack of a quality control strategy to solve this problem. In this study, a mite allergen, Der f 2, was taken as an example to establish a novel quality control strategy, which was based on chromatography to isolate the allergen, and on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to verify the IgE reactivity of the isolated allergen.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The nucleotide sequence encoding Der f 2 was codon-optimized and cloned into pET-28a (+) plasmid. Best conditions for the expression of Der f 2 in E. coli were sought. The inclusion body of Der f 2 was denatured and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Refolding processes were compared using glutathione redox system. The fully and partially folded proteins were separated by anion exchange chromatography, and the IgE reactivity of the isolated proteins was verified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An optimized 387 bp segment of the Der f 2 coding gene was successfully expressed in E. coli. Best induction conditions included preinduction bacterial density with absorbance value at 600 nm was 0.6, 1 mM isopropyl beta-<sc>d</sc>-thiogalactopyranoside at 28°C for 4 h. The Der f 2 protein after refolding was separated by chromatography and two fractions were obtained. The first fraction was identified as monomer protein and the second as aggregate by size-exclusion chromatography. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay also confirmed that the first fraction showed higher IgE reactivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, a novel quality control strategy based on chromatographic separation and IgE reactivity monitoring was established in the case of mite Der f 2, which systematically evaluated the effectiveness of multiple preparation methods for the first time. It is faster and more convenient when compared with the existing methods such as size-exclusion chromatography. This strategy laid a foundation for the stable application of recombinant allergens produced by E. coli in component-resolved diagnostics and the development of molecular vaccines in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1166-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Analysis of Commonly Used Infection Indicators in Patients with Acute Urticaria.","authors":"Jia Deng, Jifeng Liu, Wenzhong Xiang","doi":"10.1159/000536642","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In this study, we investigated the correlation and clinical significance of peripheral blood leukocytes, neutrophils, C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with acute urticaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Complete blood count with differential, CRP, and PCT tests were conducted on patients with acute urticaria. A total of 614 patients with acute urticaria were divided into three groups: the first group consisted of patients with elevated leukocyte and neutrophil count, the second group consisted of patients with normal leukocyte and neutrophil count, and the third group consisted of patients with abnormal leukocyte and neutrophil count. A correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, CRP, and PCT in the three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of Kruskal-Wallis' nonparametric test revealed statistically significant variations in leukocytes, neutrophils, CRP, and PCT among the three groups (p &lt; 0.001). However, CRP and PCT showed no statistically significant differences between the second and third groups (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.0041, p = 0.0032). Additional multiple comparisons in Spearman correlation analysis indicated statistically significant differences (p = 0.55). Across all groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the correlation between CRP-PCT and leukocytes-neutrophils (p = 0.53).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Leukocytes and neutrophils are sensitive to the impact of medications and stress on the body. Combining CRP and PCT, as well as routine blood test, may be a comprehensive assessment of infection presence and severity in patients, providing guidance for antibiotic treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"688-693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140158095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Hymenoptera Venom Allergy Severity: A Data-Centric Comparison of Grading Instruments.","authors":"Mark Kačar, Mitja Košnik","doi":"10.1159/000537680","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000537680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While a consensus seems to have been reached with regard to the definition of anaphylaxis, there is no universal instrument for scoring allergic reaction severity despite more than 30 having been proposed by the time of writing. This severely hampers comparison of data between studies. While scales have been compared with regard to their utility in grading food-related reactions, no such comparisons have been made for Hymenoptera venom-associated reactions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study conducted a retrospective analysis to compare the severity of Hymenoptera venom allergy reactions in 104 participants with suspected Hymenoptera venom allergy. The study applied six grading instruments to each reaction, also evaluating them against the NIAID/FAAN anaphylaxis criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) for identifying anaphylaxis were calculated. Severity scales were simplified into \"mild,\" \"moderate,\" and \"severe\" categories. The most common severity grade across the five scales was determined using a custom function to establish a consensus severity grade.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common culprit insects were honeybees (49.0%). Among the 88 participants with generalized reactions, the highest proportion had involvement of four organ systems. The scales showed high specificity for detecting anaphylaxis, especially when using higher grades of the Mueller, WAO, and Dribin scales. The diagnostic yields (AUC) varied, with the WAO scale having the highest AUC (0.94) for grades 3, 4, and 5. Spearman correlation analysis showed the strongest correlations seen between the Brown and Dribin, Ring and Messmer and Dribin, and Ring and Messmer and Reisman scales. The lowest correlations were observed with the Mueller scale when paired with the WAO, Reisman, and Dribin scales. An inter-rater reliability analysis showed substantial agreement between scales with the same number of grading levels. The agreement was highest for the Brown and Dribin scales, indicating a strong consistency in reaction severity classification across different instruments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While all instruments were effective in stratifying reactions, they showed limitations in differentiating milder phenotypes. The Brown and Dribin scales stood out for their high agreement with the consensus score and sensitivity in identifying anaphylaxis. Our findings suggest that adopting either of these scales could significantly unify the reporting of allergic reactions. We believe the format of an instrument should be tailored to its intended purpose, with clinical decision aids being simpler and research tools being more detailed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"694-703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Food Sensitization in a Moroccan Pediatric Population with Celiac Disease.","authors":"Hasna Ait Said, Lahcen Elmoumou, Morad Guennouni, Bouchra Rherissi, Ider Oujamaa, Fatima-Ezzahra Eddehbi, Saad Lamjadli, Raja Hazime, Aïcha Bourrahouat, Imane Ait Sab, Brahim Admou, Nadia El Kadmiri","doi":"10.1159/000536282","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that occurs following the ingestion of gluten, in genetically predisposed individuals. Patients with celiac disease, especially children, are likely prone to develop allergic reactions to different food allergens. However, the relationship between food allergy and celiac disease remains not elucidated. The aim of this pioneering study was to evaluate the prevalence of allergic food sensitization in children with celiac disease in Morocco.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 57 children with confirmed celiac disease, including 25 males and 32 females with a mean age of 8.6 ± 4.4 years, underwent a food allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) screening. This screening was conducted using a multiparametric immunodot assay (Euroline Food \"Maghreb,\" Euroimmun). Statistical analysis was performed using R software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 57 cases tested, the overall rate of IgE-mediated sensitization to food allergens was found to be 48% (27/57), dominated by chicken, with 51.9% (14/27), followed by almond, 40.7% (11/27), sesame, 40.7% (11/27), potato 33.3% (9/27), and apple 18.5% (5/27). Of the s-IgE positive cases, 74% were sensitized at least to one allergen, 37% (10/27) were sensitized to both chicken and almond allergens. A significant correlation was observed between almond, sesame, chicken, and potato.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study highlighted a high prevalence of food allergen sensitization in children with celiac disease. This underlines the potential benefit in screening for food allergy in celiac patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"668-677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140206799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the General Characteristics of Patients with Severe Asthma Who Switched from Omalizumab to Mepolizumab versus Patients Who Responded to Omalizumab Treatment: A Real-Life Study.","authors":"Mehmet Erdem Cakmak, Nida Öztop, Osman Ozan Yeğit","doi":"10.1159/000534907","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Severe asthma is characterized by frequent recurrent airway symptoms and exacerbations, and these affect the quality of life. Biological agents can be used in the treatment of patients with severe asthma if the disease cannot be controlled with standard controller treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and laboratory data of patients with severe asthma who were switched from omalizumab to mepolizumab and patients with severe asthma who responded to omalizumab.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical characteristics and laboratory data of patients with severe asthma who responded to omalizumab and switched from omalizumab to mepolizumab were compared retrospectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evaluation was made of a total of 79 patients, including 64 omalizumab responders and 15 who switched to mepolizumab from omalizumab. After omalizumab and mepolizumab treatment, the annual number of asthma attacks, the use of oral corticosteroid (OCS), the annual number of hospitalizations, and the eosinophil count significantly decreased (omalizumab: p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, respectively; mepolizumab: p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.001, respectively). After omalizumab treatment, the increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (%) and asthma control test (ACT) score were determined to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). After mepolizumab treatment, the increase in ACT score was significant (p = 0.003). Drug allergy, chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), regular use of OCS, and high baseline eosinophil count (cells/µL) were associated with poor response to omalizumab treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 7.86, p = 0.003; OR = 52.92, p &lt; 0.001; OR = 10.16, p = 0.004; OR = 0.99, p = 0.004, respectively). House dust mite sensitivity and high baseline FEV1 (%) were associated with good response to omalizumab treatment (OR = 0.29, p = 0.041; OR = 1.06, p = 0.03, respectively). The blood eosinophil count had diagnostic value in predicting the nonresponsiveness to omalizumab treatment (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.967, p &lt; 0.001, cut-off: 510).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A high pretreatment eosinophil count, concomitant CRSwNP, a history of drug allergy, and regular OCS use may be associated with poor response to omalizumab treatment in patients with severe asthma. Depending on the treatment response, treatment switching can be applied between biological agents. The results of the current study should be supported by multicenter studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"158-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138295159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cockroach Allergy: A 4-Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Recep Evcen, Fatih Çölkesen, Eray Yıldız, Filiz Sadi Aykan, Mehmet Kılınç, Şevket Arslan","doi":"10.1159/000539321","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sensitivity to indoor allergens increases the risks of asthma and the emergence of allergic diseases. Indoor allergens include house dust mite (HDM), pet dander, cockroach (CR), and molds. We investigated how CR sensitivity was affected during the pandemic period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included patients aged ≥18 years who visited the allergy unit of our clinic between March 2018 and March 2022 and who underwent skin prick tests (SPTs) for aeroallergens. Patients were divided into two groups: those of the prepandemic and pandemic periods, depending on the visit dates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all, 7,687 patients were recruited; 5,074 individuals with negative SPT results were excluded. Among the 2,613 atopic patients, CR sensitivity was detected in 278 (10.6%). The prevalence of CR sensitivity was significantly higher in the pandemic group than in the prepandemic group (12% vs. 8.6%; p < 0.05). The frequency of asthma was higher in patients with CR sensitivity than in others (33.1% vs. 26%, p = 0.011). In addition, individuals with CR sensitivity were older than others (p = 0.001). CR sensitivity was more common in males than in females (44.2% vs. 37.7%, p = 0.034). Moreover, dog and HDM sensitivities were more common in individuals with CR sensitivity than in others (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals an increased sensitivity to CR during the pandemic and establishes an association between such sensitivity and the frequency of asthma. Variability in terms of CR sensitivity across different countries is emphasized. In addition, HDM and dog sensitivities were more common in individuals with CR sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1066-1073"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141431782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternaria Allergy and Immunotherapy.","authors":"Hao Chen, Rongfei Zhu","doi":"10.1159/000539237","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only known causative treatment for Alternaria allergy, but the difficulty in standardizing Alternaria extracts hampers its effectiveness and safety.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Alternaria, a potent airborne allergen, has a high sensitization rate and is known to trigger the onset and exacerbation of respiratory allergies, even inducing fungal food allergy syndrome in some cases. It can trigger a type 2 inflammatory response, leading to an increase in the secretion of type 2 inflammatory cytokines and eosinophils, which are the culprits behind allergic symptoms. Diagnosing Alternaria allergy is a multistep process, involving a careful examination of clinical symptoms, medical history, skin prick tests, serum-specific IgE detection, or provocation tests. Alt a1, the major component of Alternaria, is a vital player in diagnosing Alternaria allergy through component-resolved diagnosis. Interestingly, Alternaria can reduce the protein activity of other allergens like pollen and cat dander when mixed with them. In order to solve the problems of standardization, efficacy and safety of traditional Alternaria AIT, novel AIT methods targeting Alt a1 and innovative vaccines such as epitope, DNA, and mRNA vaccines seem promising in bypassing the standardization issue of Alternaria extracts. But these studies are in early stages, and most researches are still focused on animal models, calling for more evidence to validate their use in humans.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review delves into the various aspects of Alternaria allergy, including characteristics, epidemiology, immune mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and the application and limitations of Alternaria AIT, aiming to provide a foundation for the management of patients with Alternaria allergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"964-974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141310624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Mechanisms Underpinning Long COVID: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2024.","authors":"Eva Untersmayr, Carina Venter, Peter Smith, Johanna Rohrhofer, Cebile Ndwandwe, Jurgen Schwarze, Emer Shannon, Milena Sokolowska, Corinna Sadlier, Liam O'Mahony","doi":"10.1159/000535736","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in a prolonged multisystem disorder termed long COVID, which may affect up to 10% of people following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is currently unclear why certain individuals do not fully recover following SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this review, we examine immunological mechanisms that may underpin the pathophysiology of long COVID. These mechanisms include an inappropriate immune response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, immune cell exhaustion, immune cell metabolic reprogramming, a persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, reactivation of other viruses, inflammatory responses impacting the central nervous system, autoimmunity, microbiome dysbiosis, and dietary factors.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Unfortunately, the currently available diagnostic and treatment options for long COVID are inadequate, and more clinical trials are needed that match experimental interventions to underlying immunological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"489-502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139520600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}