International Archives of Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Long-Term Longitudinal Analysis of Pulmonary Function Before and After Biological Therapy in Severe Asthma.","authors":"Wakana Uji, Toshiyuki Koya, Moe Tanaka, Yui Murai, Takahiro Matsuda, Shun Naramoto, Hiroshi Ueno, Ami Aoki, Kenjiro Shima, Yosuke Kimura, Takashi Hasegawa, Mayumi Sasagawa, Toshiaki Kikuchi","doi":"10.1159/000546394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biological agents are essential treatment options for severe asthma, particularly in cases with Type 2 (T2) inflammation, due to their ability to improve symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and reduce the use of oral corticosteroids. However, limited data exist regarding their long-term effects on lung function, particularly on forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁). This study aimed to analyze the longitudinal changes in FEV₁ before and after the initiation of biological agents by following cases over an extended period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included patients with at least three spirometric measurements before and after the initiation of biological agents, and a follow-up period of at least two years. The primary outcome was the annual change in FEV₁ (ΔFEV₁). Secondary outcomes included comparisons between patients with improved and deteriorated ΔFEV₁, differences based on the type of biological agent used, and comparisons between patients who achieved clinical remission and those who did not.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 41 patients with severe asthma were analyzed. The overall ΔFEV₁ significantly improved after the introduction of biological agents (p < 0.001). Patients with greater declines in FEV₁ prior to treatment showed more pronounced improvements, especially among those treated with anti-IL-5 biologics (mepolizumab and benralizumab) or anti-IL-4 receptor antibodies (p = 0.016 and p = 0.026, respectively). Furthermore, patients with elevated T2 inflammation biomarkers, such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and peripheral blood eosinophil count (PBE), exhibited greater improvements in FEV₁.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that biological agents may help prevent the progressive decline in lung function in severe asthma, particularly among patients with significantly declined lung function or elevated T2 inflammation biomarkers before treatment. Further research is needed to explore differences in efficacy across various biological agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential key genes for giant cell arteritis revealed based on single-cell sequencing and Mendelian randomization analysis.","authors":"Tao Cheng, Jiafan Chen, Xinjue Shan, Bochao Jia, Sulin Sang, Yunkai Wang, Yi Wei, Yuanhui Hu","doi":"10.1159/000546323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an autoimmune disease affecting medium and large arteries. It varies in presentation and often recurs, potentially leading to blindness and aneurysms. The pathogenesis of GCA is not well understood. This study aims to identify key genes linked to GCA and explore potential pathogenic mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study integrated single-cell RNA sequencing, expression quantitative trait loci, and genome-wide association study data, employing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method to explore the causal effects of marker genes in CD4+ T cells on the development of GCA. Additionally, colocalization analysis was conducted to determine whether there was a shared causal variant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Through single-cell RNA sequencing and MR analysis, we identified three key genes, RCAN3, RPS6, and HLA-DQB1, that had a causal relationship with a reduced risk of GCA. Specifically, RCAN3 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.26-0.93, p = 0.03), RPS6 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.06-0.73, p = 0.01), and HLA-DQB1 (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62-0.93, p = 0.01) were inversely associated with the disease. Multiple sensitivity analysis methods showed no heterogeneity and pleiotropy, and ruled out potential reverse causality, demonstrating the robustness of MR analysis results. Colocalization analysis revealed that HLA-DQB1 and GCA were related to SNPs within the same genomic region but involved different causal variants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified three potential key genes (RCAN3, RPS6, HLA-DQB1) linked to the causality of GCA, providing new perspectives on the pathogenesis of GCA and new avenues for therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the threshold concentration of birch pollen for inducing allergic symptoms using an allergen challenge chamber.","authors":"Nadja Struß, Philipp Badorrek, Katharina Schwarz, Horst Windt, Wolfgang Straff, Conny Höflich, Jens M Hohlfeld","doi":"10.1159/000545509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To determine threshold concentrations of pollen inducing symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients has been a challenge for decades. Allergen challenge chambers (ACC) allow a controlled, reproducible experimental design to address this problem. Hitherto, ACCs were only run with high pollen concentrations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Fraunhofer ACC was technically modified to deploy very low pollen concentrations. Then, adults with birch pollen-induced allergic rhinitis were challenged with varying birch pollen concentrations using a patient-blinded, sham challenge-controlled, part-randomized, titrate-to-effect clinical study setting. Mean increase in Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) ≥0.55 compared to sham challenge was regarded as minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Further endpoints were nasal secretion weight, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and inflammatory cells from nasal lavage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>15 participants with mild to moderate allergic rhinitis participated in the experimental study part (mean age 45 years [22 - 64]; 7 females). Mean TNSS was: 1.08 at 0 pollen/m3; 1.05 at 10 pollen/m3; 1.2 at 50 pollen/m3; 1.74 at 100 pollen/m3; 1.61 at 200 pollen/m3; 2.79 at 1,000 pollen/m3. MCID of TNSS was observed at 100, 200, and 1,000 pollen/m3. More than half of the study population showed a lack of response at 10, 50, and 200 pollen/m3. Nasal secretion increased slightly with concentration. No clinically meaningful results could be derived from FeNO and inflammatory cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The applied technical modification of the Fraunhofer ACC produced stable, low pollen concentrations. Based on mean TNSS data, the threshold concentration for inducing symptoms with birch pollen was 50-100 pollen/m3.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of air pollution on dynamic lung function in asthma patients: the modifying effect of phenotype susceptibility and possible relationship with airway microbiota.","authors":"Yi Li, Congying Zou, Fangfan Jiang, Feiran Wang, Huibing Zhang, Hongyu Wang, Wen Wang","doi":"10.1159/000546208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction Air pollution and meteorological factors have consistently been reported to adversely affect asthma patients. Methods We used a linear mixed-effects model to explore the relationship between air pollution and the dynamic lung function of 58 adult asthma patients with different asthma phenotypes in Beijing, China. We conducted a follow-up panel study of these patients with repeated lung function tests every day in the morning and evening by supervised spirometry from November 2020 to December 2021. Induced sputum from these subjects was collected and analyzed for the microbiome composition and associations between microbiome and lung function indices. Results We found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with decreases 0.79% in FEF25-75 (95% CI: 0.31 ~ 3.25), a range of decreases of 0.76%~0.83% PEF, 1.58%~1.93% for FEF25 and 1.79%~2.31% for FEF50 in the morning or evening on different lag days. Compared with the PM2.5 effect in the fall, PM2.5 in spring and winter had significant effects on FEV3, FEsV6, and FVC. O3 had significant effects on FEF25, FEF50, FEV3, FEsV6, FVC and FEV1/FEV1-predicted in summer. Significant reduction of lung function indices in range of 0.31% to 1.29% reduction for lung function indices associated with the summer Rh or spring Rh compared with fall Rh. PM2.5 had a larger adverse effect on Th2 phenotype asthmatic patients than on non-Th2 phenotype asthmatic patients. For a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, there was a 0.75% (95% CI: 0.026%, 1.52%), 0.70% (95% CI: 0.010%, 1.50%),0.75% (95% CI: 0.013%, 1.49%) and 0.37 L (95% CI: 0.062%, 0.80%) on FEF50 (evening), FEF50 (morning), FEF75 (evening) and FEV1 (morning), respectively for the Th2 phenotype compared with those for the non-Th2 phenotype. Significant differences in the sputum microbiome composition were observed between the two inflammatory phenotypes. The linear relationships between sputum microbiome and lung function indices were observed. Conclusion Our study demonstrated the possibility of phenotype-environment interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of photo-catalyzed TiO2 for inactivation of inhalant allergens.","authors":"Yoon Ji Shin, Haeun Kim, Minji Hwang, Seung Jae Baeck, Jung-Won Park, Kyoung Yong Jeong","doi":"10.1159/000546207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Allergen avoidance, the most effective strategy against allergic diseases, does not readily apply to indoor inhalant allergens. Capturing and eliminating allergens in the air could be an effective strategy. In this study, we tested the capability of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) to degrade allergens upon activation by a photocatalyst. House dust mite (HDM), cat, and oak pollen extracts were incubated with TiO₂ powder for 24 h in either dark or light exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Changes in protein and allergen content (Der f 1, Fel d 1, and Que ac 1) were investigated by the Bradford assay and a 2-site ELISA. Protein profiles and IgE-reactive components were examined by SDS-PAGE and IgE immunoblotting. Inhibition ELISA was performed to evaluate allergenicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding protein concentrations, 69.9% of HDM, 27.1% of cat, and 21.5% of oak pollen proteins were degraded by TiO₂ compared to the allergen extracts incubated in the dark without TiO₂. More specifically, 96.6% of Der f 1 and 81.2% of Fel d 1 were degraded by investigatory rutile TiO₂, as measured by ELISA. However, no significant degradation of Que ac 1 was observed. Immunoblot analyses using mouse monoclonal antibodies against each allergen and IgE antibodies from patients' sera showed diminished allergen bands. In the inhibition ELISA of HDM extract containing various proteases, 87.1% and 96.5% of IgE reactivity was reduced by TiO₂, whereas 47.0% of self-degradation was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, TiO₂ eliminated each allergen molecule at a different degradation rate. TiO₂ may be useful in reducing indoor allergenic molecules. However, more detailed studies are needed to optimize its efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144023533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parenting, Peer Relationships, and School Adaptation's Influence on Self-Perception in Adolescents with Chronic Atopic Disease.","authors":"YeoJin Im, Sunyoung Jung, Eunjung Kim, YoungAh Park","doi":"10.1159/000545437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study was conducted to investigate how changes in self-perception in adolescents with chronic atopic diseases develop over time; and the influences of parenting, peer interactions, and school adaptation on these changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Korean Children &amp; Youth Panel Survey (2010-2016) were analyzed, including 874 individuals with atopic diseases. Latent growth modeling was applied to analyze the changing pattern of self-perception and the factors affecting it.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The self-perception scores indicated a tendency to increase as time passed. High levels of positive and low levels of negative parenting styles, as well as strong school adaption and peer attachment, impacted the high self-perception scores of adolescents who suffered from chronic conditions at various points in time over the longitudinal school ages.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The study highlights the importance of positive parenting, peer relationships, and school adaptation for youth with chronic atopic conditions. Efforts to improve these areas should continue.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and clinical features of pet sensitization of allergic rhinitis from 2017- 2023 in Beijing, China.","authors":"Xu Zhang, Yunbo Gao, Menglin Wang, Lin Xi, Luo Zhang, Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000545576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cats and dogs, as most common domestic pets, is an important source of indoor airborne allergens that can cause allergic rhinitis (AR) and other allergic diseases. This study aimed to determine the trends of sensitization of pets in recent years and disease severity in AR patients sensitized to pet's allergens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study, which examined 47,553 patients who were first diagnosed AR at the Department of Allergy of Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 2017 to December 2023. Clinical characteristics and disease severity of the patients were assessed based on the sensitization to allergen test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study found pets are the second most common indoor allergen in AR patients, with cat (26.6%) and dog (13.7%). The trend of sensitization to cats and dogs has shown a yearly increase from 2017-2023, and children and adolescent are the most susceptible to pet sensitization. Compared to other indoor allergens, sensitize to cat showed significant severe allergic symptoms, including nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes. The risk of asthma was increased by sensitization of Cat (P<0.001, OR=1.737) and dog (P<0.001, OR=1.659) Conclusion: Cats and dogs are important and common indoor allergens in AR, especially in children and adolescents, which have gradually increased over the past 7 years. Cat sensitization may lead to more severe AR symptoms and increase the risk of comorbid asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in lung B cell responses in a murine model of asthma.","authors":"Li Y Drake, Kimberly E Stelzig, Ana M Hernandez-Botero, Sergejs Berdnikovs, Sergio E Chiarella","doi":"10.1159/000546024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Asthma demonstrates a strong sex bias. B cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation, including allergen-specific immunoglobulin production. The sex-specific responses of B cell subsets in allergic lung inflammation remain unknown. This project aimed to study the sex differences in allergen-induced B cell subsets in a murine model of asthma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult mice of both sexes were sensitized using two intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 7. Mice were then challenged with intranasal OVA on days 14, 16, and 18 and euthanized 24 hours after the last challenge. We examined whole-lung B cell subsets using flow cytometry and whole-lung cytokine levels using ELISA or multiplex assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OVA-treated female mice had significantly higher numbers of whole-lung naïve B cells and plasmablasts versus OVA-treated male mice. The numbers of IgM+ memory B cells and isotype-switched IgM- memory B cells in lung trended higher in OVA-treated female mice. The lungs of OVA-treated female mice had increased C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α protein levels, chemokines/cytokines involved in B cell regulation, versus lungs from OVA-treated male mice. However, whole-lung B-cell-activating factor and a proliferation inducing ligand levels showed no differences between male and female mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a murine asthma model, sex differences in whole-lung B lymphocytes are primarily driven by higher numbers of naïve B cells and plasmablasts in females versus males. Our results suggest that sex chromosomes and sex hormones may influence B cell subsets during allergic lung inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143997486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress and future opportunities of pediatric cow milk protein allergy: a bibliometric overview and evidence mapping.","authors":"Li Zhou, Tengfei Li, Qingyong Zheng, Jianguo Xu, Caihua Xu, Bowa Zhang, Zewei Wang, Jie Wang","doi":"10.1159/000545367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study employs bibliometric methods to reveal research trends, hot topics, and development trajectories in the field of cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrieved and downloaded literature on CMPA in children from the Web of Science Core Collection database on the basis of specific search strategies and screening criteria. Using VOSviewer software, we analyzed the collaboration networks among countries, institutions, and authors, as well as the co-occurrence of keywords. We utilized Biblioshiny software to analyze highly cited papers and research trend topics and to construct thematic maps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 1,128 articles related to pediatric CMPA for analysis. The results show that since 2014, the number of research papers on CMPA has increased. The United States, Italy, and China are the countries with the greatest number of publications, with the United States occupying a central position in the collaboration network. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ranks first in terms of research output. Professor Hugh A. Sampson is the most influential author in this field. The main research areas include clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms, immune regulation, and immunotherapy for CMPA. Emerging research hotspots in recent years include the gut microbiome, the development of dairy substitutes, and the application of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) technology in milk protein detection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Through bibliometric analysis, this study revealed the research trends and hotspots in the field of CMPA in children. Future research should further strengthen international cooperation to promote in-depth research and effective management of CMPA.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Common Environmental Exposures on Airway Cilia Biology: Insights into Structure, Function, and Signaling Mechanisms.","authors":"Zhen-Cheng Feng, Shi-Ying Chen, Qi-Qing Ye, Shu-Ping Jiang, Zhen-Feng Chen, Min Zhou, Zhuang-Gui Chen, Lei Wang, Yang Peng","doi":"10.1159/000546009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000546009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Airway cilia are essential for maintaining respiratory health by facilitating the removal of inhaled pathogens and toxicants through mucociliary clearance. However, daily exposure to environmental factors such as cigarette smoke, PM2.5, allergens, and microplastics can impair cilia structure and function, leading to compromised mucociliary clearance and the progression of respiratory diseases.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review synthesizes recent research on the impact of common environmental exposures on airway cilia, focusing on structural and functional alterations, as well as associated signaling pathways. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including gene therapy, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants, show promise in restoring ciliary function and improving mucociliary clearance.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Environmental exposures impair airway cilia through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulation of signaling pathways. Future research should focus on identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing personalized interventions to mitigate ciliary damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}