International Archives of Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Study on Two Epidemic Thunderstorm-Asthma Events: A Retrospective Analysis of Cases in Yulin in 2022 and 2025.","authors":"Wendong Hao, Wenjing Ye, Xin Liu, Na Gao","doi":"10.1159/000551697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Thunderstorm asthma remains an under-investigated public health concern in Northwestern China, a region characterized by high mugwort pollen levels and prevalent allergic rhinitis. No prior studies have systematically compared local outbreaks. This study retrospectively analyzes and compares the clinical characteristics of two major TA events in Yulin, occurring on September 9, 2022, and September 8, 2025. Methods：Patient data were obtained from Yulin Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Case numbers were retrieved from the Hospital Information System, while detailed clinical records of hospitalized patients were sourced from the medical records database. Results：The 2025 visit data for allergic respiratory diseases demonstrate a distinct seasonal pattern. The highest monthly number of visits throughout the year occurred in September, with a total of 6,831 visits . Daily visit counts within September showed a marked surge. The number of visits on September 8, 9, and 10 were 707, 634, and 419, respectively, totaling 1,760 visits over these three days. Similarly, during the thunderstorm period in September 2022, emergency visits surged to 2,185 cases. Monthly data for 2022 showed a distinct peak in September, with 5,647 visits. Pollen monitoring revealed a bimodal distribution, with concentrations sharply rising to 1,488 grains/1000mm² on September 8. Among 93 hospitalized patients, 41.9% had no prior asthma diagnosis, while 70.9% had allergic rhinitis and 59.1% were sensitized to mugwort pollen. In addition, a comparison of the allergen sensitization profiles in hospitalized thunderstorm asthma patients between 2022 and 2025 revealed that mugwort remained the predominant allergen, with positive rates of 59.1% in 2022 and 60.7% in 2025. Conclusion：The findings confirmed TA as a significant public health threat in Northwest China, driven by the convergence of mugwort pollen exposure and thunderstorm conditions. These results highlighted the urgent need for integrated early-warning systems in susceptible regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potato Allergy in Children: Clinical Features, Laboratory Findings, and Tolerance Development.","authors":"Zeynep Gulec Koksal, Kezban Ipek Demir, Ezgi Ulusoy Severcan, Aysegul Ertugrul, Seda Sirin","doi":"10.1159/000551735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Potato allergy is considered a rare and underrecognized food allergy in childhood. Despite early and widespread introduction of potato into infant diets, the clinical spectrum and natural course of potato allergy in children remain poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, and tolerance development in children with potato allergy followed at a tertiary pediatric allergy center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children diagnosed with potato allergy between October 2022 and June 2025 were included. Diagnosis was based on a compatible clinical history supported by skin prick testing and/or potato-specific IgE measurement, with oral food challenge (OFC) performed when indicated. Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and follow-up data were analyzed to assess tolerance development. Patients without documented tolerance underwent re-evaluation, including supervised OFC when appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 43 children were included. The median age at diagnosis was 6 months (IQR, 6-8), and 76.7% had concomitant atopic dermatitis (AD). Additionally, 67.4% had a history of other food allergies. Reactions occurred following ingestion in 73.1% and after skin contact in 26.9% of patients. Allergic reactions were more frequently triggered by cooked potato (74.4%) than by raw potato (25.6%). Cutaneous manifestations predominated (97.7%), while anaphylaxis occurred in 4.6% of patients. During follow-up re-evaluation, OFCs were conducted in 18 children, and 44.4% were positive. At follow-up, 55.8% of patients had achieved tolerance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Potato allergy may present early in life and is frequently associated with AD. Cooked potato can induce clinically significant reactions, including anaphylaxis, and should not be presumed safe. The development of tolerance in more than half of affected children highlights the importance of periodic reassessment and individualized management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toll-like receptor 8-mediated Interleukin-12 production in human dendritic cells triggered by RNA of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei KW3110.","authors":"Keita Ochiai, Kana Watanabe, Shinya Nanaumi, Masaya Kanayama","doi":"10.1159/000551443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The immune system is divided into innate and adaptive immunity, with antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) playing crucial roles in immune regulation. Among lactic acid bacteria, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei KW3110 (KW3110) has been reported to strongly induce interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, particularly in monocytes and macrophages, thereby improving various allergic symptoms. However, the effects of KW3110 on other immune cells and its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of KW3110 on monocytes, DCs, T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>hPBMCs from healthy donors were fractionated into the major immune cell types described above and stimulated with heat-killed KW3110. IL-12p70/p40 levels were measured by ELISA, and phagocytosis was assessed by live-cell imaging, confocal laser scanning microscopy, flow cytometry, and by treatment with the phagocytosis inhibitor, cytochalasin D (Cyt-D). KW3110-derived nucleic acids, with or without RNase or DNase treatment, were transfected using a transfection reagent, and intact KW3110 was treated with RNase. Endosomal signaling was evaluated using specific inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>KW3110 induced IL-12 production in monocytes and DCs, especially myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), whereas T, NK, and B cells did not respond. Uptake of KW3110 into mDCs was confirmed, and both phagocytosis and IL-12 production were abolished by Cyt-D treatment. KW3110-derived nucleic acids induced IL-12 production in a dose-dependent manner in DCs, which was abolished by RNase A treatment, indicating the importance of RNA components. Endosomal recognition was supported by inhibition of endosomal acidification, and a selective Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) inhibitor abolished KW3110-induced IL-12 production in mDCs, implicating TLR8 as the primary receptor recognizing KW3110-derived single-stranded RNA (ssRNA).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that KW3110 induces IL-12 in human DCs, especially mDCs, via phagocytic uptake and ssRNA recognition through TLR8. These findings provide novel insights into the actions of KW3110 in human immune cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147591949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD300a as a Potential Immune Checkpoint in Breast Cancer: Insights from in vivo and in vitro Models.","authors":"Micha Ben-Zimra, Shiran Niazov, Fidan Rahimli Alekberli, Francesca Levi-Schaffer","doi":"10.1159/000551604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer type in women and a major cause of death. CD300a is an inhibitory receptor expressed on immune cells, particularly mast cells (MCs). CD300a ligands expression was found on several cancer cells. We hypothesized that CD300a has a role in suppression of anti-tumor immunity in BC. Methods To test our hypothesis, we induced the 4T1 BC model in WT and CD300a-KO mice and evaluated, by toluidine blue staining, the activation level of tumor associated MCs. 4T1 cells were co-cultured with WT or CD300a-KO mouse bone marrow derived MCs (BMMCs) and 4T1 cell viability was analyzed using trypan blue. Human MDA-231 BC cells were co-cultured with cord blood derived MCs (hCBMCs) and soluble hCD300a-Fc was added. FACS analysis for MDA-231 cell viability and WB for CD300a signal transduction in CBMCs were performed. Results In vivo, smaller 4T1-cell tumors with more activated MCs were found in CD300a-KO mice. In vitro, 4T1 cell growth was reduced in co-culture with WT BMMCs and further reduced with CD300a-KO BMMCs. Similarly, growth of MDA-231 BC cells in co-culture with CBMCs was reduced following treatment with CD300a-Fc which feasibly interfered with CD300a pro-tumorigenic interactions. CD300a signal transduction pathway was activated in CBMCs co-cultured with MDA-231 cells and this activation was inhibited following treatment with CD300a-Fc. Conclusion Our results would imply that in BC, tumor cells activate CD300a on MCs and probably on other immune cells to downregulate their anti-tumorigenic activity and therefore suggest CD300a as a potential immune-suppressor in BC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Hypogammaglobulinemia in the Clinical Follow-Up of Childhood Asthma.","authors":"Gizem Akpinar, Emine Vezir","doi":"10.1159/000551663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical presentations. Hypogammaglobulinemia may increase susceptibility to respiratory tract infections and thereby influence asthma morbidity.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 332 children aged 4-12 years who were followed for asthma at a tertiary pediatric allergy and clinical immunology clinic between 2015 and 2020. Patients were categorized as normogammaglobulinemic (NGG) (n=286) or hypogammaglobulinemic (HGG) (n=46). Hypogammaglobulinemia was defined as persistently low IgG (below -2 SD for age), with or without concomitant low IgA and/or IgM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children in the HGG group had an earlier onset of asthma symptoms and earlier asthma diagnosis, and lower breastfeeding rates (p<0.001, p=0.001, and p=0.024, respectively). The prevalence of atopic dermatitis and parental atopy was higher, and the annual frequency of upper respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, lower respiratory tract infections (bronchopneumonia) not requiring hospitalization, and asthma exacerbations were significantly higher in this group (all p<0.005). Inhaled corticosteroid therapy was initiated and discontinued at younger ages among HGG children (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Atopic sensitization rates did not differ between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this tertiary-care cohort, HGG defined by persistently low IgG was associated with earlier-onset asthma symptoms and a higher infection and exacerbation burden. These findings may support considering immunologic evaluation and closer monitoring in a subset of children with asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egg ladder versus oral immunotherapy in infants with egg allergy: A single-center, retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Mayumi Fujita, Yurika Matsumoto, Ayumi Tsukahara, Yuki Ohara, Tetsuya Takamasu, Chisato Inuo","doi":"10.1159/000551661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Egg allergy restricts dietary diversity. Although oral immunotherapy (OIT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating egg allergy, this approach carries the risk of anaphylaxis. In the egg ladder (EL) approach, egg proteins are gradually introduced from extensively heated forms to less processed ones. Here, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of EL versus OIT in infants with egg allergy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective cohort study involved children aged <2 years who had been diagnosed with IgE-mediated egg allergy between 2014 and 2022. We utilized a historical cohort design comparing patients treated with OIT (2014-2018) with those treated with the EL approach (2018-2022). The study's primary outcomes were: (1) tolerance to whole egg (at least half of one whole egg) and (2) tolerance to egg-containing processed foods (ECPFs). Adverse events (AEs) were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 163 children received OIT, whereas 89 underwent EL. Whole‑egg tolerance after 2 years of follow-up was similar between the groups (EL: 58% vs. OIT: 52%, P = 0.355). ECPF tolerance was higher with EL than with OIT (EL: 80% vs. OIT: 64%, P = 0.014). The overall AE rates were comparable between the approaches (EL: 28% vs. OIT: 34%, P = 0.397); however, treatment‑related anaphylaxis occurred only with OIT (three cases). Kaplan-Meier curves showed no difference in whole‑egg tolerance between the two approaches (P = 0.681), but the time to ECPF tolerance was shorter with EL (P = 0.009).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this real-world cohort of infants with egg allergy, the EL approach achieved whole‑egg tolerance comparable to OIT and a substantially faster and higher tolerance to egg-containing processed foods, as expected given the EL protocol design. Although overall AE rates were similar between the approaches, no treatment‑related anaphylaxis occurred with EL, suggesting that the EL approach represents a safer and more practical strategy for dietary expansion in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Evaluation of Allergic Reactions to Two MMR Vaccine Formulations in Children with Egg and/or Cow's Milk Allergy.","authors":"Demet Tekcan, Ilknur Kulhas Celik, Hasibe Artac","doi":"10.1159/000551656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cow's milk allergy (CMA) and egg allergy (EA) are among the most common food allergies in childhood. Although MMR vaccination is generally considered safe in food-allergic children, uncertainty persists among clinicians and families regarding the clinical relevance of residual food proteins in different MMR vaccine formulations. This study aimed to evaluate adverse reactions following administration of two different MMR vaccines in children with confirmed CMA and/or EA and to explore implications for safe immunization practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 140 children with diagnosed CMA and/or EA who received the MMR vaccine at our pediatric allergy clinic between September 2022 and May 2025. Demographic data, allergen-specific IgE levels, skin prick test results, MMR vaccine type and postvaccination reactions, were recorded. Two formulations were used: the Serum Institute of India vaccine (α-lactalbumin-containing) and Priorix® (α-lactalbumin-free).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the patients, EA was observed in 60%, CMA in 17.1%, and both in 22.9%. Atopic dermatitis was present in 56.4%, urticaria in 31.4%, and a history of anaphylaxis in 12.1%. Overall, 57.9% (n=81) received the α-lactalbumin-containing vaccine, while 42.1% (n=59) received Priorix®. Only one patient (0.7%) experienced anaphylaxis after vaccination with the α-lactalbumin-containing formulation. No other serious adverse reactions were recorded.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MMR vaccination was generally well tolerated in children with egg and/or cow's milk allergy. While rare immediate reactions may occur with vaccines containing milk-derived proteins, these findings support continued adherence to current vaccination recommendations, with awareness of vaccine composition and appropriate vaccination settings rather than vaccine avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Climate Change and Rheumatic Disease: A Review.","authors":"Sofia Zeidan, Barton L Wise","doi":"10.1159/000551162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Climate change has increased wildfires, air pollution, elevations in heat, and extreme weather events. While some negative effects on health are obvious, for example on pulmonary health, climate change's impact on rheumatic disease and autoimmune health may be less visible.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Multiple studies suggest that increased environmental heat is associated with gout flares and with hospitalizations for gout, likely worsens cardiovascular disease and increases biomarkers associated with inflammatory conditions. Increasing air pollution, including through smoke generated by wildfires or wildland urban interface fires, includes a mix of particulate matter (PM) and gases which can engender inflammation through oxidative stress. Studies discussed in the current paper suggest that smoke exposure may be associated with incident rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus and with elevations in biomarkers associated with these and other diseases.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>Understanding some of the potential health effects of exposure to wildfires and elevating heat, specifically increases in incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, disease activity, hospitalization risk, and disease biomarkers is important for clinicians, and represents an opportunity to educate their patients in the clinical setting and monitor them for health effects of climate change manifestations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding selective aminopenicillin allergy: findings from a long-term case series.","authors":"Blanca Noguerado-Mellado, Patricia Quijada Morales, Gema Salas Parra, Cristina Cuevas-Bravo, Patricia Rojas-Pérez-Ezquerra","doi":"10.1159/000551655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective study aimed to characterize the clinical features and diagnostic outcomes of selective aminopenicillin hypersensitivity among patients evaluated for β-lactam allergy between 2018 and 2024. A total of 1,340 patients were assessed, of whom 167 (12.5%) had confirmed selective allergy to aminopenicillins, predominantly affecting middle-aged women and presenting more frequently with immediate reactions such as urticaria/angioedema and anaphylaxis. All patients underwent a standardized work-up including skin prick and intradermal tests, patch tests and/or delayed intradermal testing when indicated, specific IgE measurement in immediate reactions, and drug challenge tests (DCT) with amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Intradermal testing and DCT were the most informative procedures, whereas specific IgE contributed minimally to the diagnosis of selective aminopenicillin allergy. Notably, all patients tolerated phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) during DCT, confirming selective sensitization to the aminopenicillin side chain and supporting the safe use of other β-lactams in this population. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of selective aminopenicillin allergy and underscore the importance of comprehensive diagnostic algorithms to optimize antibiotic stewardship and expand therapeutic options for labeled β-lactam-allergic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Childhood Respiratory Viral Infections are Associated with Allergy in Young Adults.","authors":"Ulrika Hellberg, Eva Sverremark-Ekström, Anna Nopp, Hans Järnbert-Pettersson, Caroline Nilsson","doi":"10.1159/000551575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Early-life viral infections have been linked to both increased and a decreased risk for allergic disease later in life. Causative relationships have been difficult to prove and most likely both timing and type of infection(s) are of importance. The aim was to study the association between early-life viral infections and allergy at 20 years of age. In addition, to study how early viral infections are associated with other known risk factors for allergy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort of 281 individuals recruited before birth and categorized into three hereditary groups based on parental allergy status, defined by IgE-sensitized and allergic symptoms, was followed until age 20. Of these, 142 individuals completed both web-based questionnaires and clinical investigations. Infections were documented both as parent-reported between 0-2 years and seropositivity against 13 viruses at 2 years of age. Analyses included logistic regression and classification tree modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals who experienced many respiratory viral infections (11-20) during their first two years of life had a higher prevalence of allergies compared to their peers with fewer than 10 respiratory viral infections; 58% vs, 34% (p=0.005). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity at two years of age was associated with allergy at age 20 (p=0.026). As expected, parental allergy was also linked to the development of allergy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals who experienced frequent respiratory viral infections during early childhood, were seropositive for CMV by age two, and had two allergic parents, consistently developed allergic disease by age 20. Preventive strategies targeting early viral respiratory infections may help reduce future allergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147490943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}