International Archives of Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Tolerance evaluation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity in children: Is age the crucial factor?","authors":"Nezihe Nefise Uluc, Nagihan Iskender, Ismail Ozanli, Taha Yasin Akin, Yusuf Ziya Varli, Mujde Tuba Cogurlu, Sibel Balci, Metin Aydogan, Isil Eser Simsek","doi":"10.1159/000545743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Little is known about the natural history of pediatric nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity (NSAID-H). The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate tolerance development in pediatric patients with confirmed, immediate NSAID-H and to determine the risk factors for NSAID-H persistence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children with a confirmed diagnosis of NSAID-H were assessed for tolerance by drug provocation test (DPT) at least three years after diagnosis. Factors associated with developing tolerance in NSAID-H were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 34 cases with confirmed NSAID-H diagnosis, 23 (67.65%) were included. The median (range) age at the last DPT was 16.5 (13.2-20.4) years. Tolerance developed in 12 (52.1%) of the 23 patients evaluated. Survival analysis showed that median duration to develop tolerance was 6.16 years from the initial reaction (SE=18.6). ROC analysis gave a cut-off value for initial reaction age as ≤11.75 years in predicting NSAID-H tolerance with specificity 83.3%, sensitivity 81.8%, (AUC=0.830, 95%CI 0.616-0.952, p<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of persistence of NSAID-H was 1.3-fold higher with each additional year from the initial reaction [1/Odds Ratio(OR)] (OR=0.754, 95%CI 0.964-0.590; p=0.024). At the diagnostic DPT, in the tolerant group, urticaria (42.7%) was more common (p=0.006) and the persistent group reacted at a significantly lower cumulative dose (p=0.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Half of the patients with NSAID-H developed tolerance, around six years after the initial reaction. The probability of tolerance rises if the initial reaction occurs before the age of 11.75 years and if urticaria was observed at presentation. Reaction at low doses on diagnostic DPT may be a predictor of persistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress of autophagy in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.","authors":"Jing Huang, Rong-Hao Zhu, Fen-Hong Qian","doi":"10.1159/000545456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by chronic airway inflammation, hyperreactivity, and remodeling. Autophagy is responsible for lysosomal degradation through intracellular degradation when the proteasome cannot destroy damaged cytoplasmic organelles and proteins. Plenty of studies have shown that both impaired and overactive autophagic processes concern the pathogenesis of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolically associated diseases, and immune system diseases. Autophagy also plays both protective and damaging roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. To better understand the pathogenesis of asthma, this review will concentrate on the roles that autophagy plays in airway inflammation, immunological response, and remodeling. It will cover new advances and potential therapies on the role of autophagy in the onset and development of human asthma. This will contribute to the strategy for developing new targets to treat this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TTC4 overexpression attenuates allergic rhinitis via inhibiting AMPK-mediated autophagy.","authors":"Yunliang Liu, Xiaoyan Wang, Yang Yang, Shanshan Li, Zhihui Liu, Chaofeng Liu, Zhu Mao, Yuting Huo","doi":"10.1159/000545439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background IL-33 was regarded as an inducer of Th2 differentiation and autophagy. Imbalanced Th1/Th2 percentage and autophagy play a crucial role in the development of allergic rhinitis (AR). Here, we investigated the role and action mechanism of tetratricopeptide repeat domain 4 (TTC4) in AR development through regulation IL-33 production. Methods Cell co-culture was used to explore the effects of IL-33 from nasal mucosal epithelial cells on CD4+T differentiation. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th1 and Th2 cell percentages, and immunofluorescence was performed for autophagosome. Production of IgE, IL-33 and cytokines was detected by ELISA assay. HE was carried out for detection of inflammatory damage of the nasal mucosal epithelial tissues in AR model mice. Results Firstly, our data proved that TTC4 was lowly expressed in the nasal mucosal epithelial tissues of AR patients and in the IL-13-induced nasal mucosal epithelial cells. Then, we found that TTC4 overexpression obviously reduced IL-13-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), IgE and IL-33 production. After co-culture of CD4+T cells and nasal mucosal epithelial cells, overexpression of TTC4 in nasal mucosal epithelial cells promoted Th1-related cytokines production and Th1 differentiation and inhibited Th1-related cytokines production and Th2 differentiation, which was rescued by rIL-33 treatment. In addition, TTC4 increasing inhibited autophagosome formation and LC3II/I and Beclin 1 expression, but promoted p62 expression, which was rescued by rIL-33 treatment. The promotion of TTC4 to AMPK activation and the inhibition of it to mTOR activation were also rescued by rIL-33 treatment. Activation of autophagy could reverse the regulation of TTC4 to CD4+T cells differentiation into Th1 and Th2 phenotype. At last, our data showed that TTC4 overexpression effectively attenuated allergic symptoms in AR model mice and inflammatory injury in nasal mucosal tissues, reduced Th2-related cytokines, IgE and IL-33 production, and inhibited AMPK/mTOR signalling-mediated autophagy, which were rescued by autophagy activator. Conclusion TTC4 overexpression attenuated allergic symptoms and inflammation via rebalancing Th1/Th2 percentage and inhibiting autophagy of nasal mucosal epithelial cells through inhibition the production of IL-33. Our experiments may provide novel idea for the treatment of AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema in China (2024 edition).","authors":"Yingyang Xu, Shuang Liu, Xue Wang, Wei Chen, Lei Cheng, Yinshi Guo, Jingnan Li, Fang Liu, Ruiling Liu, Juan Meng, Yuemei Sun, Siqin Wang, Qingyu Wei, Yongmei Yu, Huanping Zhang, Zuotao Zhao, Huadong Zhu, Rongfei Zhu, Yuxiang Zhi","doi":"10.1159/000545808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hereditary angioedema is a rare, autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized primarily by recurrent cutaneous and/or submucosal edema. To standardize the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema, we revised and updated the 2019 edition of the expert consensus, which was established by large-scale clinical research data, domestic and international guidelines and consensuses, and thorough discussions among experts in relevant fields in China. The 2024 edition is applicable to both adult and pediatric patients with hereditary angioedema in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Response to Cat Allergen in a Mobile Compared to a Fixed Naturalistic Exposure Chamber™.","authors":"Laura Haya, Suzanne Kelly, Stefan Van de Mosselaer, Rachel Friedrich, Jimmy Yang, William H Yang","doi":"10.1159/000545624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Red Maple Trials Naturalistic Exposure Chamber™ (NEC™) is a fixed, live-cat exposure chamber wherein allergen shed from two resident cats is aerosolized using a modified robot vacuum. The EnviroMini™ is a portable allergen exposure tent, in which allergen (Fel d 1, primarily) from milled cat hair is aerosolized in a similar manner. This is a single-centre validation study designed to compare the allergic response to cat antigen provocation in the EnviroMini to the response in the previously validated NEC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight cat allergic subjects were randomized to undergo sequential 2-hour allergen challenges in the EnviroMini and the NEC, 28 or more days apart. A modified robot vacuum aerosolized cat allergen in both chambers. Airborne Fel d 1 was measured using ELISA. Nasal, ocular and chest symptoms were recorded every 10 minutes and spirometry every 20 minutes. Challenges were stopped and not repeated if FEV1 fell >20% of baseline during the exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen subjects completed at least one challenge and eight completed both (\"per-protocol\"). Mean Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) averaged over the last 30 minutes (\"plateau\") was not significantly different between the EnviroMini and NEC (paired t-test, p=0.16; mean (SE) 6.1 (1.2) and 4.5 (0.6), EnviroMini and NEC, respectively). There was no difference in FEV1 change between the two challenges (p= 0.90). The same results were found for all subjects as for the per-protocol group. TNSS plateau was not correlated with Fel d 1 exposure, and there was no difference in average Fel d 1 concentrations between the chambers (EnviroMini: 55; NEC: 54 ng/m3).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The EnviroMini offers comparable cat-allergen exposure and nasal and respiratory responses to the NEC. Its portability facilitates expansion to multi-site chamber studies for clinical validation of allergy therapies. Future work could expand its capabilities to other aeroallergens.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000545226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Allergic Diseases and Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yuyue Jiang, Xuqing Huang, Yuezhong Shen, Yan Wang, Xi Wang, Changqing Xu","doi":"10.1159/000545625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aims to systematically review and summarize epidemiological evidence on the relationship between allergic diseases and migraine outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This meta-analysis, which was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420250656492), employed data from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and references from the studies included in the review. The search encompassed literature from the inception of these databases through Feb 24, 2025. We included observational studies investigating the association between allergic diseases and migraine. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 10 studies encompassing 14,952,953 participants were included. The overall risk for migraine in patients with allergic diseases was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.40-1.65). Specifically, the meta-analysis revealed an OR for atopic dermatitis of 1.27(1.17-1.38), 1.49 (95% CI 1.32-1.68) for asthma, 2.16 (95% CI 1.43-3.24) for allergic rhinitis, and 1.74 (95% CI 1.43-2.10) for allergic conjunctivitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current meta-analysis suggests that allergic diseases is associated with an increased risk of developing migraines. However, further large-scale prospective cohort studies are required to validate the proposed association, considering the considerable heterogeneity observed in our analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNA-4497 Is Downregulated in Pediatric Allergic Diseases and Suppresses Th2 Inflammation in an Animal Model.","authors":"Jue Seong Lee, Yongsung Park, Changhak Han, Seunghyun Kim, Wonsuck Yoon, Young Yoo","doi":"10.1159/000545289","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), and bronchial asthma (BA) are major allergic diseases in childhood. Pediatric allergic diseases are characterized by the \"atopic march,\" where two or more allergic conditions can occur either simultaneously or sequentially. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as fine regulators of gene expression, capable of modulating the clinical manifestations of allergic diseases posttranscriptionally. We investigated miRNAs commonly expressed in these three allergic diseases to enhance the understanding of their development and management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected serum samples from subjects diagnosed with AD, AR, and BA as well as from healthy controls at Korea University Anam Hospital. Their miRNA expression patterns were analyzed using microarray technology. Additionally, we examined the allergic inflammatory response of miRNA through an allergic animal model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 68 subjects were enrolled in the allergy group, consisting of 42 with AD, 13 with AR, and 13 with BA, while 10 children participated as controls. Microarray analysis revealed that miR-4497 expression levels were consistently downregulated in these three allergic disease groups. Following mast cell activation and miR-4497 transfection, reduced levels of macrophage-derived chemokines (MDCs) were observed. Furthermore, levels of IL-4, MDC, and methacholine Penh were significantly decreased in a miR-4497-treated mouse model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MiR-4497 expressions were consistently downregulated in pediatric subjects with AD, AR, and BA. Allergic inflammation was significantly reduced in human mast cell-1 transfected with miR-4497 and in the treated mouse model. Further research is needed to elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms by which miR-4497 modulates allergic diseases and to explore its potential as a noninvasive biomarker for diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein in Modulating Echinococcal Cyst Fluid-Induced Degranulation in Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells.","authors":"Shan-Shan Li, Xue-Li Pu, Jing-Ru Zhou, Chun-Sheng Wang, Jia-Ling Wang, Xilizati Kulaixi, Jian-Rong Ye","doi":"10.1159/000545176","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the role of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) in degranulation induced by echinococcal cyst fluid (EgCF) in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primary BMMCs were isolated and cultured from the femurs and tibias of RKIP gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. EgCF-induced degranulation models were established for both groups. Samples of cells and supernatant were collected for analysis. Surface expression levels of CD117 and Fc-epsilon Receptor Ⅰ α (FcεRIα) were assessed. Supernatant concentrations of β-hexosaminidase, IL-4, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured. Cellular mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α were quantified, and changes in RKIP protein expression during degranulation in WT BMMCs were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 4 weeks of induction culture, the double-positive rates for CD117 and FcεRIα exceeded 98% in both KO and WT BMMCs. Following sensitization, BMMCs from the KO group demonstrated significantly higher degranulation rates compared to the WT group (p < 0.05). In WT BMMCs, surface RKIP protein expression progressively decreased at 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h post-sensitization, corresponding with degranulation progression (p < 0.05). The KO group exhibited elevated release of BMMC-related cytokines, including IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α, compared to the WT group after sensitization (p < 0.05). Similarly, transcription levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in the KO group than in the WT group following sensitization (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RKIP gene KO resulted in an increased EgCF-induced release of cytokines and bioactive substances by BMMCs, indicating that RKIP may suppress EgCF-induced BMMC degranulation. These findings suggest that RKIP could serve as a potential therapeutic target for managing allergic reactions associated with cystic echinococcosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Eradication of Blastocystis spp. Subtype 3 Improves the Course of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.","authors":"Can Tuzer, Osman Ozan Yegit, Nese Sonmez, Belkis Ertek, Ugur Demirpek, Semra Demir, Ozden Buyukbaba Boral, Suna Buyukozturk, Aslı Gelincik, Bahauddin Colakoglu","doi":"10.1159/000545200","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The role of Blastocystis spp. subtypes (STs) in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and the impact of the eradication are unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of Blastocystis spp. STs in CSU and the impact of the eradication on disease activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Stool samples from 295 CSU patients and 38 healthy controls (HCs) were searched for Blastocystis spp. by direct microscopy. Fifty-seven samples from patients and 12 samples from HCs were analyzed for ST distribution by DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing was only performed in samples detected by real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patients and HCs with Blastocystis spp. formed groups A and B, respectively. Antiparasitic agents were used to eradicate the parasite in group A. Urticaria medication scores (MSs), urticaria activity score-7 (UAS7), blood eosinophil and basophil counts, total IgE values were compared between groups having different STs at the beginning and 6 months after the eradication. The subjects who were not taking any medication for the CSU such as antihistamine, montelukast, anti-IgE treatment, or cyclosporin had no active urticarial lesions during a 6-month period were considered to be in remission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The parasite was detected in 45.7% (n = 135) of the CSU patients and 34.2% (n = 13) of the HCs. Fifty-seven samples (85.1%) in 67 CSU patients and 12 samples (92.3%) in 13 HCs revealed positive RT-PCR and formed groups A and B, respectively. ST3 was more frequent in group A (p < 0.001), whereas ST1 was more common in group B (p < 0.001). The patients having ST3 in group A formed subgroup A1 and other STs in group A formed subgroup A2. After the parasite eradication, the CSU remission rate was higher (p = 0.031) and the control values of UAS7, MSs were lower (p = 0.028, p = 0.049) in subgroup A1 than A2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the presence of Blastocystis spp. ST3 does not worsen CSU, its eradication improves the CSU symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13652,"journal":{"name":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12060827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}