International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation最新文献

{"title":"Ammonia-oxidizing archaea as dominant and active ammonia oxidizers in agricultural soils from Yangtze River estuary by DNA-SIP","authors":"Xiufeng Tang ,&nbsp;Lingyu Guo ,&nbsp;Shijie Hua ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianjiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingpan Guo ,&nbsp;Ping Han ,&nbsp;Chao Xue ,&nbsp;Jun Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrification is a pivotal nitrogen transformation process in agricultural ecosystems, playing a crucial role in maintaining soil nitrogen balance and ensuring food security. The conversion of ammonia to nitrite—a rate-limiting step in nitrification—is catalyzed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>). However, the specific characteristics of ammonia oxidation across different agricultural soils remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the community composition and metabolic activity of ammonia oxidizers in four agricultural soils, including green vegetable land (GVL), wasteland farmland (WF), orange planting land (OPL) and sesame planting land (SPL). The results indicate that AOA exhibit a higher abundance compared to AOB and comammox <em>Nitrospira</em>, with groups Ⅰ.1a and Ⅰ.1b identified as the dominant group. Salinity, NH₃ and pH were found to significantly influence the community structure of AOA. Neutral model analysis showed that the community assembly of ammonia oxidizers was a stochasticity process (drift) in agricultural soils. Co-occurrence network in GVL and OPL exhibited higher network density and average degree compared to those in WF and SPL. However, a higher proportion of negative correlations was observed in WF and SPL. Stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) analysis confirmed that ¹³C was predominantly assimilated by AOA-Ⅰ.1b, with minimal incorporation by AOB-<em>Nitrosomonas</em> and -<em>Nitrosospira</em>. This study provides comprehensive insights into the spatial distribution and activity of ammonia oxidizers in the agricultural soils of the Yangtze River estuary, contributing to a deeper understanding of nitrogen cycling in these ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does optimization contribute to fundamental science significantly?","authors":"Ji-Dong Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientific research can be conducted at several levels, conceptual, mechanistic or observation description. It is evident that an increasing number of manuscripts are using optimization of an engineering process or system to generate results for the contents of an intended manuscript. This phenomenon is especially prevalent in research in applied engineering and applied science when innovative research hypothesis is apparently lacking. The weakness of doing in this way is that a high impact scientific question is not identified and focused for an important research topic leading to a publication. The optimization parameters may be useful for practical application and implementation. It shall be clearly distinguished between these two, so that an effective research planning can be made to advance science for knowledge and engineering for practical application to improve living quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhizoremediation of organically contaminated soils: mechanisms, influencing factors and enhancing measures","authors":"Yunsi Duan ,&nbsp;Hongling Zhang ,&nbsp;Guofeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the ongoing emission of organic pollutants, there is an urgent need to find green and sustainable remediation technologies that also offer economic benefits. Rhizoremediation technology, which achieves pollutant degradation through plant-microbe interactions, has emerged as a highly promising green solution. However, complex soil environments and multiple limiting factors restrict its large-scale application. This review systematically discusses plant-microbial interactions, including allelopathy, co-metabolic degradation, defensive interactions, and microbial recruitment. It focuses on analyzing the rhizosphere microbial degradation mechanisms of four common types of organic pollutants: pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). For the limiting factors of remediation efficiency, seven enhancement measures are detailed: manure/composting, biochar, surfactants, biofortification, nanomaterials, microbial electrochemical, and genetic modification. Finally, the key challenges and future development directions of each technology in practical applications are explored. This review provides theoretical basis and technical references for the optimization and engineering of rhizosphere remediation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteus spp. as potential agents for polyethylene (PE) bioremediation: Isolation, identification, and comparative degradation analysis","authors":"Sujata Dey ,&nbsp;Ajaya Kumar Rout ,&nbsp;Koushik Ghosh ,&nbsp;Ajoy Saha ,&nbsp;Vikash Kumar ,&nbsp;Basanta Kumar Das ,&nbsp;Bijay Kumar Behera","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene (PE) constitutes nearly 50% of the total microplastic (MP) waste worldwide, and their accumulation in the environment poses significant ecological concerns. PE persists in the environment for centuries, accumulating in landfills and aquatic ecosystems, where it adsorbs heavy metals and organic pollutants, entering food chains and posing severe ecological and health risks, including endocrine disruption and cellular toxicity. Bioremediation methods using microorganisms to degrade synthetic polymers has emerged as a sustainable alternative. However, only a limited number of microbes have been identified so far, primarily due to the challenges of culturing potential degraders under laboratory conditions and the highly resistant structure of PE. In this study, we isolated two strains, <em>Proteus penneri</em> ND-SD-4709 and <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> BKB-SD-13892, from urban plastic waste disposal sites and investigated their PE-degrading potential. Both strains utilized PE as a carbon source, as confirmed by weight loss (19.13±0.40% for <em>P. penneri</em> ND-SD-4709 and 17.30±0.55% for <em>P. vulgaris</em> BKB-SD-13892), polymer reduction rate (K=0.00177 day⁻¹±0.00003 for <em>P. penneri</em> ND-SD-4709 and 0.00158 day⁻¹±0.00006 for <em>P. vulgaris</em> BKB-SD-13892), and calculation of half-life (t_1/2=391.80±8.69 for <em>P. penneri</em> ND-SD-4709 and 438.22±15.31 for <em>P. vulgaris</em> BKB-SD-13892) after 120 days of incubation in a carbon-free medium. Biodegradation was further validated using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which showed structural alterations, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which revealed surface erosion in PE following microbial treatment. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified degradation intermediates whose kinetic profiling revealed superior polyethylene degradation efficacy through biodegradation efficiency metrics. The results demonstrate that <em>P. penneri</em> ND-SD-4709 exhibits faster and more consistent polyethylene degradation kinetics than <em>P. vulgaris</em> BKB-SD-13892. Our work offers a laboratory-based comparative analysis of two different underexplored <em>Proteus</em> spp., followed by effective methodological framework for isolation, selection, and evaluation of specific polymer-degrading microorganisms using advanced analytical techniques. These findings have significant implications for developing PE-waste management strategies like enzyme characterization, metabolic engineering, and field-scale validation to enhance degradation kinetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermostable extracellular enzyme-mediated biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone in maize flour: A promising strategy","authors":"Nazish Muzaffar ,&nbsp;Shujie Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Li ,&nbsp;Yuhui Yang ,&nbsp;Yanli Xie ,&nbsp;Yuan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and Zearalenone (ZEN) are highly toxic mycotoxins commonly present in cereal-based foods, making their degradation a crucial research area for ensuring food safety. This study demonstrated that extracellular components mediated the biodegradation of AFB₁ and ZEN from <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> HNGD-T8, isolated from fermented tea. The cell-free supernatants achieved 99.57 % and 99.9 % degradation at 80 °C for AFB₁ and ZEN, respectively. Notably, Mn²⁺ enhanced the degradation of both mycotoxins. Simultaneous degradation of AFB₁ and ZEN was achieved at 78.02 % and 93.74 %, respectively. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that both mycotoxins were broken down into different metabolites, with AFB₁ converting into (C₁₇H₁₂O₇, C₁₃H₁₀O₄) and ZEN transforming into (C₁₈H₂₂O₇, C₁₇H₂₄O₄). Degradation of AFB₁ and ZEN led to the disruption of their active sites and the formation of derivative compounds. Subsequent toxicity assessment using zebrafish larvae demonstrated that these degradation products exhibited reduced toxicity. In maize flour, AFB₁ and ZEN degraded 74.20 % and 59.57 %, respectively, while simultaneous degradation achieved 66.23 % and 78.07 %. Given its potent degradation ability, Mn²⁺-enhanced activity, thermostability, and effectiveness in maize flour, these findings underscore the promising potential of HNGD-T8 for mitigating mycotoxin contamination in food matrices and contributing to sustainable food safety solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superficial rock decalcification by the lichen Tephromela atra var. calcicola: what's true?","authors":"Mauro Tretiach ,&nbsp;Sofia Ceseri ,&nbsp;Ornella Salvadori ,&nbsp;Francesco Princivalle ,&nbsp;Barbara Salvadori","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thallus–substrate relationship of <em>Tephromela atra</em> var. <em>calcarea</em> was investigated to determine whether the colonisation of carbonate-rich rock can be related to a “superficial decalcification” of the substrate, as claimed by some authors. Fragments of thalli still adhering to the substrate from the TSB herbarium were embedded in epoxy resin to obtain cross-sections, which were analysed by FPA-FTIR microspectroscopy in reflection mode to acquire chemical imaging data reflecting the spatial distribution of molecular components. The cross-sections were then stained with periodic acid-Schiff, and the percentage of hyphal spread was measured in selected areas of 2 mm² at fixed distances along vertical transects from the thallus–substrate interface to the hyphal-free substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on additional fragments to detect any biomineralization products present. The hyphae of <em>T. atra</em> penetrated all calcareous substrates to a maximum depth of 0.8 mm, also piercing single calcite clasts. Hyphal spread varied greatly between substrates, with a minimum in compact limestone and a maximum in porous limestone. XRD analyses showed the presence of the biominerals whewellite and weddellite in varying amounts, and confirmed the presence of calcite in all samples, except in one occurring on Roman brick. High-resolution FTIR chemical maps showed the presence of calcite in medium/high to high concentration at the thallus–substrate interface. No evidence of calcite depletion was observed. These results do not support a significant carbonate depletion of the surface of the carbonate-rich rock colonised by <em>T. atra</em>, whose hyphae can actively penetrate the calcite clasts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mealworms and superworms fail to biodegrade PVC despite consumption","authors":"Zahra Mohammadizadeh Tahroudi,&nbsp;Sinu Sunny,&nbsp;Gavin R. Flematti,&nbsp;Georg Fritz,&nbsp;Rob Atkin","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a prevalent plastic material that presents significant environmental concerns due to its resistance to degradation and plasticizer content. While insects like mealworms and superworms have been suggested as potential biodegraders of PVC, several critical questions remain unexplored: Can mealworms and superworms utilize plasticized PVC as a carbon source, and how do varying dioctyl phthalate (DOP) concentrations affect consumption, survival, and polymer degradation mechanisms? This study addresses these questions by feeding PVC formulations containing 50–100 % PVC with varying DOP concentrations to individually housed mealworms and superworms. Growth, survival, and metamorphosis patterns were monitored, while gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to study polymer changes. Our results reveal a fundamental disconnect between physical consumption and biochemical utilization. While both species consumed PVC, with consumption rates increasing proportionally with DOP content (reaching 0.20 mg/day in superworms at 50 % DOP), this mechanical processing failed to translate into metabolic benefit. Instead, PVC exposure proved actively toxic, with survival rates falling below starvation controls, indicating that consumed PVC disrupts normal physiological processes rather than serving as a carbon source. Importantly, GPC analysis revealed no molecular weight changes in consumed PVC, confirming the absence of biochemical depolymerization despite enhanced consumption of plasticized formulations. These findings demonstrate that while plasticizers facilitate mechanical breakdown through polymer softening, the organisms cannot achieve the biochemical transformation necessary for PVC utilization. These findings provide the first systematic evidence that neither mealworms nor superworms can effectively utilize PVC or its plasticizers as carbon sources for metabolism, challenging previous assumptions about insects' capacity for PVC biodegradation. Future research should focus on alternative approaches for addressing PVC waste accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BTEX degradation by the coculture of S. fonticola and M. esteraromaticum","authors":"Diego Hernández-Ospina ,&nbsp;Jean Viccari- Pereira ,&nbsp;Carlos S. Osorio-González ,&nbsp;Richard Martel ,&nbsp;Satinder K. Brar","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for petroleum hydrocarbons has led to rising levels of high-risk pollutants such as Benzene-Toluene-Ethylbenzene-Xylene (BTEX) in the environment, and widely recognized for their carcinogenic nature. This study evaluates the potential tolerance and the single and multi-compound degradation of BTEX compounds by a coculture of <em>Serratia fonticola</em> and <em>Microbacterium esteraromaticum</em>. Batch treatments were conducted in synthetic media, supplemented with 30 mg L⁻¹ of benzene, xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene for a single compound degradation test and with 120 mg L⁻¹ of BTEX compounds in a 1:1:1:1 ratio (equal weight-based contributions) for a multiple compound degradation test. Coculture showed a BTEX multicompound degradation of 47 %, which is 5 % and 2 % higher degradation than the one achieved by <em>S. fonticola</em> and <em>M. esteraromaticum</em>, respectively. Degradation for single-compound shows 99 % for benzene, 85 % for ethylbenzene, 72 % for toluene, and 62 % for xylene. These findings provide new insights into bacterial coculture interactions under mixed-contaminant stress<u>,</u> its biodegradation performance and provide a strong basis for developing tailored bioremediation strategies in both single-compound and multi-compound degradation of BTEX. Furthermore, the glucose consumption and BTEX tolerance could serve as potential indicators for monitoring of the progress and efficacy of BTEX remediation in contaminated environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 106219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of a conserved multi-heme cytochrome gene cluster in severely corrosive sulfate-reducing biofilms","authors":"Sven Lahme,&nbsp;Jaspreet Mand ,&nbsp;John Longwell,&nbsp;Dennis Enning","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), often considered primary culprits of microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), can be highly abundant in engineered anoxic environments such as oil and gas pipelines. The marine lithotrophic SRB <em>Desulfovibrio ferrophilus</em> strain IS5 is increasingly viewed as a model organism for anaerobic steel degradation due to its unrivalled ability to cause severe corrosion in laboratory tests where Fe⁰ provides the only electron donor. Recent studies suggest that multi-heme c-type cytochromes may be involved in the oxidation of Fe⁰ by this strain. We simulated oilfield MIC in bioreactors under sulfate-reducing conditions and observed material degradation rates ranging from negligible (0.01 mm Fe⁰ yr⁻¹) to severe corrosion (2.75 mm Fe⁰ yr⁻¹). DNA shotgun sequencing of severely corrosive mixed microbial communities revealed metagenome-assembled genomes of the <em>Desulfovibrionaceae</em> and <em>Desulfobulbaceae</em> families that contained a similar multi-heme cytochrome gene cluster like strain IS5. This prompted the development of primers and probes for the quantification of a c-type cytochrome in the conserved cluster with a proposed key function in MIC. The so-called <em>micC</em> gene was indeed detectable in all corrosive cultures yet absent in mixed SRB communities that failed to affect steel integrity. We further demonstrated the practical utility of the novel qPCR assay by surveying oil and gas infrastructure across different geographic locations. Here, <em>micC</em> was only detected in those assets with a history of MIC. The systematic quantification of genetic determinants underlying steel corrosion by lithotrophic microorganisms could transform microbial monitoring strategies, allowing for the proactive identification of critical MIC events in industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anything new and significant from recent research on degradation of synthetic dyes?","authors":"Ji-Dong Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research topics on a global scale tend to be more centralized and restricted to some selective ones and the results show a serious lack of research innovation and new discovery. Focusing on transformation and degradation of dyes in environmental science and engineering, I would like to discuss the common features of these manuscripts, some published and others not. The key scientific significant elements of this research topic are also presented, from the catalyst to the process of degradation and further to the stoichiometry of organic carbon balance. The future of science is being affected by the current mass production of similar papers, and the low quality of both the papers and also the researchers are worrisome. It is important to recognize that training in higher education is facing a critically important challenge now and several important courses including philosophy of science, history of science, and scientific methods, should be part of the current curriculum to improve the training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13643,"journal":{"name":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 106170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}