Infection最新文献

{"title":"Trajectories and predictive significance of inflammatory parameters for clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients treated with tocilizumab.","authors":"Alexander Killer, Smaranda Gliga, Pascal Massion, Carla Ackermann, Clara De Angelis, Charlotte Flasshove, Noemi Freise, Nadine Lübke, Jörg Timm, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Johannes Bode, Björn-Erik Ole Jensen, Tom Luedde, Hans Martin Orth, Torsten Feldt","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02375-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02375-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The IL-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab reduces mortality and morbidity in severe cases of COVID-19 through its effects on hyperinflammation and was approved as adjuvant therapy. Since tocilizumab changes the levels of inflammatory markers, we aimed to describe these changes in patients treated with tocilizumab, analyse their value in predicting death and bacterial superinfection and determine their influence on mortality rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 76 patients who were treated with tocilizumab for severe COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 was conducted. Inflammatory markers (IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin) were documented before and up to seven days after tocilizumab administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall mortality was 25% and 53.8% in patients who required invasive respiratory support. Deceased patients had higher baseline IL-6 (p = 0.026) and peak IL-6 levels after tocilizumab vs those who survived (p < 0.0001). A peak IL-6 value > 1000 pg/dl after tocilizumab administration was a good predictor of mortality (AUC = 0.812). Of the deceased patients 41.1% had a renewed CRP increase after an initial decrease following tocilizumab administration, compared to 7.1% of the surviving patients (p = 0.0011). Documented bacterial superinfections were observed in 35.5% (27/76) of patients, of whom 48.1% (13/27) died.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CRP-decline and IL-6 increase after tocilizumab treatment occurs regularly. An increase of IL-6 levels exceeding tenfold of baseline IL-6 levels, an absolute peak of 1000 pg/ml or a renewed increase of CRP are associated with higher mortality. Suppressed CRP synthesis can impede the diagnosis of bacterial superinfections, thus increasing the risk for complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142106997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enterococci independently increase the risk for initial antibiotic treatment failure and prolonged hospitalization in adult patients with complicated urinary tract infection: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Zhigang Zhu, Wenying Du, Yuze Yang, Yan Zhang, Jing Feng, Yubao Wang","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02372-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02372-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to investigate the impact of enterococci on initial antibiotic treatment (IAT) failure and prolonged hospitalization in complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) cases, and to identify risk factors for enterococcal cUTI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult cUTI patients were analyzed to compare the differences between the Enterococcus and non-Enterococcus groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to identify independent risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 419 patients, with the Enterococcus group showing significantly higher IAT failure rates and an extended average length of stay by 4.4 days compared to the non-Enterococcus group. Multivariate analysis identified enterococci, hospital-acquired UTIs (HA-UTI), indwelling catheters, and bed rest (bedridden) as independent risk factors for IAT failure. Enterococci were notably linked to prolonged hospitalization, other independent risk factors included IAT failure, prior antimicrobial use, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI) ≥ 4, hypoalbuminemia, and bed rest. Urological cancer, HA-UTI, indwelling catheters, urinary retention, and urologic surgery were risk factors for enterococcal cUTI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We provide the first evidence that enterococci independently increase the risk for IAT failure and prolonged hospitalization in adults with cUTIs, highlighting the significance of timely identification to optimize measures including antibiotic regimens. Risk factors for enterococcal cUTI have also been identified to aid clinicians in managing this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hydrocortisone-fludrocortisone combination on mortality in septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Jheng-Yen Wu, Mei-Yuan Liu, Ting-Hui Liu, Po-Yu Huang, Mita Restinia, Wan-Hsuan Hsu, Ya-Wen Tsai, Min-Hsiang Chuang, Kuo-Chuan Hung, Chih-Cheng Lai","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02381-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02381-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study assessed the effect of hydrocortisone-fludrocortisone combination therapy on the mortality of patients with septic shock.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and other databases for articles published until October 1, 2023. Only clinical studies that assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of hydrocortisone-fludrocortisone therapy for the treatment of septic shock were included. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven studies with a total of 90, 756 patients were included. The study group exhibited lower in-hospital mortality rates (40.8% vs. 42.8%; OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92). Compared to the control group, the study group also had lower intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63-0.95), 28-day mortality (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.00), 90-day mortality (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.71-1.01), 180-day mortality (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.90), and one-year mortality (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.42-1.16). Subgroup analyses showed a similar trend, particularly prominent in the pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials, multicenter studies, and ICU patients, the study drug regimen involved hydrocortisone at a dose of 50 mg every 6 h in combination with fludrocortisone at 50 µg daily, with the control group receiving either placebo or standard care. Hydrocortisone-fludrocortisone also increased vasopressor-free days and reduced vasopressor duration, without elevating the risk of adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study emphasizes the potential survival benefits of hydrocortisone-fludrocortisone combination therapy for patients with septic shock and its additional advantages, including reduced vasopressor use.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142080224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management and outcome of cutaneous diphtheria in adolescent refugees in Germany, June 2022 - October 2023.","authors":"Alicia Zink, Juliana Hofer, Christian Schneider, Franziska Kessler, Hannes Klenze, Dietrich Klauwer, Klaudia Maleki, Andreas Müller, Sarah Goretzki, Shubei Wang, Robin Kobbe, Andrea Vanegas Ramirez, Sebastian Bode, Ales Janda, Roland Fressle, Jonathan Remppis, Philipp Henneke, Siegbert Rieg, Anja Berger, Andreas Sing, Markus Hufnagel, Benedikt D Spielberger","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02374-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02374-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>From September 2022 an increase in Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) infections was reported in Europe. Our study focuses on 31 adolescent and young adult refugees with cutaneous C. diphtheriae infections detected in Germany. We examined treatment regimens and outcomes to provide targeted insights into the management of this infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We distributed a standardized survey, focused on children and adolescents presenting to paediatric clinics through the German Paediatric Infectious Diseases Society (DGPI) and additional professional contacts in Germany. Data were extracted from routine medical documentation and reported anonymously.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 individuals with cutaneous C. diphtheriae infection were reported by 9 centres. Two of these showed diphtheria toxin (DT) related systemic symptoms and four exhibited systemic inflammation requiring complex management. The remaining 25 cases, with exclusively cutaneous manifestations, were afebrile. Treatment with topical antiseptics and systemic antibiotics, mainly aminopenicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLI) (35%) or clindamycin (25%), achieved eradication in all but two cases treated with aminopenicillin/BLI. Treatment duration varied between 5 and 17 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In refugees presenting with chronic skin wounds, C. diphtheriae should be included into the differential diagnosis. Fever seems to be a valuable marker to differentiate severe cases with potentially DT-mediated sequelae from exclusively cutaneous diphtheria (CD). For afebrile CD, topical antiseptics and oral antibiotic therapy with clindamycin for 7 days, followed by clinical surveillance appears to be a safe treatment regimen. Patients with CD who present with fever or pharyngitis should be thoroughly investigated including blood and pharyngeal swab cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disseminated fusariosis after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: case report.","authors":"A Gantner, J B Hagemann, B Grüner, G Walther, A Neagoie, V Wais, H Döhner, E Sala","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02376-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02376-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In allogenic stem cell recipients, invasive fungal disease is a common yet dreaded complication with high mortality. Among these, fusariosis is especially complex to treat due to high intrinsic resistance and few antimycotic options, requiring close cooperation of all involved departments. We here report an instructive case of disseminated fusariosis after allogenic stem cell transplantation with fatal outcome despite maximum treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Presentation, management, and outcomes of older compared to younger adults with hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit: a multicenter cohort study.","authors":"Ili Margalit, Dafna Yahav, Tomer Hoffman, Alexis Tabah, Stéphane Ruckly, François Barbier, Pierre Singer, Jean-François Timsit, Virginie Prendki, Niccolò Buetti","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02377-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s15010-024-02377-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two outbreaks and sporadic occurrences of Candida auris from one hospital in China: an epidemiological, genomic retrospective study.","authors":"Yulin Zhang, Jiajing Han, Yiqun Ma, Feilong Zhang, Chen Li, Jiankang Zhao, Binghuai Lu, Bin Cao","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02378-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02378-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the clinical relevance, origin, transmission, and resistance of Candida auris (C. auris) isolates from two outbreaks and sporadic occurrences from one hospital in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 135 C. auris isolates were collected. Clinical characteristics were obtained and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed using the method of broth microdilution. Phylogenetic tree, WGS analysis, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to determine the origin, transmission, and resistance mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 31 patients (91.2%, 31/34) received invasive medical procedures and 13 patients (38.2%, 13/34) had antifungal agents before C. auris infection/colonization, except one patient whose clinical information was missing. Only 4 cases of C. auris candidemia were observed. 18 patients died, 13 patients recovered, and the outcomes of 3 patients were not available. A total of 35 C. auris isolates, which were successfully cultivated and the first isolated or harbored specific drug-resistant phenotype from each patient, were selected to be sequenced and further analyzed. C. auris isolates presented low genetic variability and belonged to clade I, possibly originating from BJ004-H7 in Beijing. All 35 isolates were resistant to Fluconazole (FCZ) and amphotericin B (AMB), and 3 isolates were resistant to caspofungin (CAS). Mutations in ERG11 and FKS1 were linked to reduced azole and echinocandin susceptibility, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Two outbreaks of highly clonal, multidrug-resistant C. auris isolates within the medical facility were reported. The intensive performance of disinfection measures helped block in-hospital transmission. Understanding the epidemiology, drug resistance and management of C. auris will be helpful for implementing effective infection control and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam versus other antimicrobial agents for treatment of Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Chhavi Gupta, Susan Shin-Jung Lee, Monalisa Sahu, Sudipta Mukherjee, Kuan-Sheng Wu","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02371-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02371-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) is a life-threatening infection with limited treatment options. This is the first meta-analysis of recently published data to compare the clinical outcomes of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) with other antimicrobial agents in treating MDR-PA infections.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library have been systematically reviewed, for publications in the English language, from database inception to July 2023.</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: </strong>Studies comparing CAZ-AVI outcomes with other antimicrobial agents were included. In-hospital mortality & 30-day mortality were assessed as the main outcomes.</p><p><strong>Data extraction and synthesis: </strong>Literature screening, data extraction, and the quality evaluation of studies were conducted by two researchers independently, with disagreements resolved by another researcher. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the bias risk for the included studies. Review Manager V.5.4 was employed for the meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The meta-analysis included four retrospective studies, enrolling 1934 patients. The CAZ-AVI group demonstrated significantly lower in-hospital mortality (risk ratio (RR) = 0.60, 95% CI:0.37-0.97, I2 = 74%, p = 0.04) in three studies with 1444 patients and lower 30-day mortality, in 438 patients from three studies (RR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.28-1.05, I2 = 67%, p = 0.07). No significant difference in clinical success, microbiological success, length of hospital, and ICU stay was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis demonstrated that CAZ-AVI treatment significantly lowered in-hospital mortality compared with other antimicrobial agents in MDR-PA infections. However, the analysis only included a few observational studies and high-quality, randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate further the scope of CAZ-AVI in MDR-PA  infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a combination Plasmodium dual-antigen CRP rapid diagnostic test in Lambaréné, Gabon.","authors":"Ayodele Alabi, Fungai P Musangomunei, Fabrice Lotola-Mougeni, Juste C Bie-Ondo, Kristin Murphy, Paulin N Essone, Anita L Kabwende, Saidou Mahmoudou, Aurélien Macé, Victoria Harris, Michael Ramharter, Martin P Grobusch, Maria Yazdanbakhsh, B Leticia Fernandez-Carballo, Camille Escadafal, Peter G Kremsner, Sabine Dittrich, Selidji T Agnandji","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02366-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s15010-024-02366-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The consequent use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) preceding a treatment decision has improved the global management of malaria. A combination RDT, including an inflammation marker to potentially guide antibiotic prescription, could improve the management of acute febrile illness (AFI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study in Gabon evaluating the STANDARD Malaria/CRP DUO (S-DUO) RDT. Participants aged 2 to 17 years with fever at presentation and/or a history of fever < 7 days were enrolled. Expert microscopy, SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f/Pan test for malaria detection, and NycoCard CRP device for CRP were used as comparators. AFI cases were classified on a spectrum encompassing bacterial vs. non-bacterial infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>415 participants with AFI were enrolled. S-DUO RDT sensitivity and specificity for malaria detection vs. microscopy were 99·1% (95·2-100%) and 72·7% (64·3-80·1%); and for CRP detection (20 mg/L and above) 86·9% (80-92%) and 87% (79·2-92·7%), respectively. The difference in CRP levels between bacterial infection (mean = 41·2 mg/L) and other causes of fever, measured from our study population using the Nycocard device, was statistically significant (p < 0·01); CRP precision-recall AUC to distinguish bacterial infection class vs. non-bacterial classifications was 0·79.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>S-DUO RDT is suitable for malaria detection in moderate-to-high malaria transmission settings such as in Lambaréné; however, a CRP band detection limit > 40 mg/L is more adequate for indication of antibiotic prescription for AFI cases in Gabon.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the differentiation of tick-borne encephalitis infections caused by different virus subtypes.","authors":"Zane Freimane, Gerhard Dobler, Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Guntis Karelis, Philipp Girl, Sanita Kuzmane, Oksana Savicka, Wilhelm Erber, Dace Zavadska","doi":"10.1007/s15010-024-02370-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-024-02370-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) that can lead to symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. There are five subtypes of TBEV, three of which - European, Siberian and Far Eastern - occur in Europe. As it is thought that different subtype infections exhibit varying clinical courses and outcomes, serological differentiation of the virus subtypes is clearly important. However, to date, this has proved difficult to achieve.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An ELISA format was developed based on TBE virus NS1 antigen against the European, Siberian and Far Eastern subtype. The three NS1 antigens were biotechnologically produced in a human cell line and used for ELISA coating. Sera from German (European subtype) and Russian (Siberian and/or Far Eastern subtypes) TBE patients with positive TBEV IgG were used to test the reactivity against these three NS1 antigens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Testing of 23 German and 32 Russian TBEV IgG-positive sera showed that the ELISA was able to differentiate between TBEV European subtype and TBEV Siberian and Far Eastern subtype infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In geographical areas where two or more TBEV subtype infections can occur, the NS1-IgG ELISA developed here constitutes an important diagnostic tool to differentiate between European subtype infections and Siberian/Far Eastern subtype infections and to use the new assay for epidemiological studies to clarify the importance of particular subtype infections in an area. Consequently, it may help to better describe and anticipate the clinical courses and outcomes of particular TBEV subtype infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13600,"journal":{"name":"Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}