SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Energy Security Performance Under Various Socioeconomic Scenarios and Efforts Toward Low-Carbon Society in Japan","authors":"Ken’ichi Matsumoto, Hiroto Shiraki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2974321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2974321","url":null,"abstract":"A secure energy supply is important for Japan, but it is becoming difficult to attain due to increasing energy demand in emerging countries. In addition, the achievement of a low-carbon society is strongly related to energy security. This study aims to evaluate energy security performances in Japan under different socioeconomic and energy conditions in the future by applying three energy security indicators, based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The 2050 Japan Low Carbon Navigator was used to estimate energy structures under five socioeconomic scenarios and three selected combinations of effort levels toward a low-carbon society. We found that the effort levels were the most influential factor in assessing energy security performances because energy supply and demand are greatly affected by the effort levels. The choice of socioeconomic scenario was also influential, although the impact of this choice was less significant than that of the effort level. On the other hand, the impact of country risk indicators is less significant than the above two factors. The energy security performances of Japan will be higher in the future, compared with the current level. However, if the country pursues further economic growth, its energy security performance will not greatly improve. With respect to Japan’s situation, which significantly depends on imported energy, increasing efforts to achieve a low-carbon society will contribute to the realization of a high-energy security society.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133455597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Finance and the German Banking System","authors":"Henry Schaefer","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2959931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2959931","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: With the Paris summit on climate change in December 2015 (COP21) nations have agreed to formulate national climate targets. They can only be reached if urgently needed massive real investment projects and adequate measures are undertaken. Although most national climate action plans do no formulate explicitly emission reduction targets for the financial sector, banks, investment trusts et al. have a pivotal role to play as they have to mobilize private capital and to manage carbon risks. International committees like relevant working groups installed by the G7 and the G20 summits mostly use for such purposes the term green finance. \u0000National financial sectors differ in their capacities and preparedness to fulfill their roles in green finance. For the first the following survey reports about the capacities and deficits of the German financial sector to cope with the challenges of green finance. The analysis starts with the description of central pillars of the German climate change strategy, i.e. the political and legal framework that is needed to transcript COP21 in national action plans. The report proceeds with an analysis of the Germany's banks as they ought to operate as enabler and risk manager in green finance. In some parts a focus is set on green finance for small and medium sized companies. The most important outcome of the analysis is, that with the exception of the state-owned KfW, some regional public and developing banks and so-called alternative and clerical banks the majority of German banks has not yet integrated workable elements of green finance in their business and product models. The report concludes, that the German financial sectors at present is not well prepared for green finance. It exists an urgent need for the implementation of competences and capacities in green finance in Germany. \u0000German Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Weltklimaschutzabkommen von Paris (COP21) erfordert zur Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele dringende und massive Investitionen und Masnahmen zur Reduzierung des Ausstoses an Treibhausgasen. Obwohl fur den Finanzsektor in den meisten nationalen Klimaschutzplanen kein explizites Reduktionsziel vorhanden ist, kommt dem Sektor eine masgebliche Rolle fur die Mobilisierung des erforderlichen privaten Kapitals und des Managements von Kohlenstoffrisiken zu. Hierfur wird in masgeblichen internationalen Gremien (z.B. G7, G20) der Begriff des Green Finance verwendet. Die nationalen Finanzsektoren sind fur die Wahrnehmung der damit verbundenen Aufgaben sehr unterschiedlich vorbereitet. Der nachfolgende Bericht ist erhebt erstmalig die Eignung des deutschen Finanzsektors fur die Erfullung dieser Funktionen. Nach Darstellung der wichtigsten politischen und gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen fur die Umsetzung von COP21 in Deutschland wird dargelegt, wie derzeit in den verschiedenen Bankengruppen die Voraussetzungen fur ein Green Finance erfullt sind. Es erfolgt zudem eine stellenweise besondere Berucksichtig","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128776408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Dreaming: Negative Emissions, Risk Transfer, and Irreversibility","authors":"H. Shue","doi":"10.4337/JHRE.2017.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/JHRE.2017.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The Integrated Assessment Models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change rely heavily on negative emissions technologies [NETs] for scenarios that keep global temperature rise to 2° C or lower. One favoured NET is bio-energy combined with carbon capture and storage [BECCS]. It is not established, however, that BECCS is feasible at a scale sufficient to matter, nor that BECCS at sufficient scale is compatible with sustainable development. Secondly, substituting the prospect of BECCS later for ambitious mitigation of emissions now unjustifiably transfers risks from the present to the future. Thirdly, no NET can ‘buy time’ for unambitious mitigation because the later reduction of ‘overshoots’ in emissions cannot reverse the passing of tipping points in the interim. The substitution of the dream of later negative emissions for immediate mitigations is therefore completely unjustified.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131741564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Modified Anti-Dumping Mechanisms for Sustainable Development: The Case of the Chinese Iron and Steel Industry","authors":"Choi Hyeonjung, Soo-Hyun Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2957957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2957957","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the Chinese iron and steel industry (CISI) on the environment demonstrates that the combination of production overcapacity and high emissions production methods present a serious threat to its own sustainability. Despite efforts by the Chinese government through the 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020) to put its industries on track with sustainable development, industrialists have found ways to elude regulation and their provincial governments have been willingly ignoring such transgressions in the name of regional prosperity. The firms in this industry eventually became large enough to operate autonomously from the central government, sustaining themselves through assistance from provincial governments and direct trade with foreign markets. \u0000This report examines the viability of using external measures to realign the CISI and industries of similar characteristics with sustainability. While anti-dumping measures (ADMs) as an external regulatory mechanism are certain to have an impact on CISI, their conventional application remains insufficient. Thus, the modification proposed in this report targets both material injuries to importing economies’ industries and irresponsible production methods that cut costs by means of egregious environmental degradation. As such, this paper provides the basis for a modified approach to ADMs entitled the “tCO2e/t-s Adjusted Dumping Margin” or simply the “Carbon-adjusted Dumping Margin (Carbon-adjusted DM).”","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122650765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Econometric Measurement of Earth's Transient Climate Sensitivity","authors":"P. Phillips, T. Leirvik, T. Storelvmo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2931087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2931087","url":null,"abstract":"How sensitive is Earth’s climate to a given increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations? This long-standing and fundamental question in climate science was recently analyzed by dynamic panel data methods using extensive spatiotemporal data of global surface temperatures, solar radiation, and GHG concentrations over the last half century to 2010 (Storelvmo et al, 2016). These methods revealed that atmospheric aerosol effects masked approximately one-third of the continental warming due to increasing GHG concentrations over this period, thereby implying greater climate sensitivity to GHGs than previously thought. The present study provides asymptotic theory justifying the use of these methods when there are stochastic process trends in both the global forcing variables, such as GHGs, and station-level trend effects from such sources as local aerosol pollutants. These asymptotics validate con dence interval construction for econometric measures of Earth’s transient climate sensitivity. The methods are applied to observational data and to data generated from three leading global climate models (GCMs) that are sampled spatio-temporally in the same way as the empirical observations. The fi ndings indicate that estimates of transient climate sensitivity produced by these GCMs lie within empirically determined con dence limits but that the GCMs uniformly underestimate the effects of aerosol induced dimming. The analysis shows the potential of econometric methods to calibrate GCM performance against observational data and to reveal the respective sensitivity parameters (GHG and non-GHG related) governing GCM temperature trends.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126215939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Responses of Green Builders to Discontinuous Certification Schemes","authors":"A. T. Atasoy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2926441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2926441","url":null,"abstract":"I study behavioral responses to the green building certification system by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program (LEED). LEED provides four different certification levels (‘Certified’, ‘Silver’, ‘Gold’, and ‘Platinum’) that are all defined by a threshold. Using micro data on LEED-certified buildings, I document intense bunching of buildings at or slightly above the different cutoffs. This finding is robust to different specifications, observed for different versions of LEED as well as for a comparable building certification system from the UK (the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method). Using the methods from the public finance literature, which studies bunching responses to ‘kinks’ and ‘notches’ in tax systems (e.g., Chetty et al., 2011; Kleven and Waseem, 2013), I quantify the bunching mass at the threshold. Using cross-sectional variation in bunching across different states of the US, I find a significant negative relationship between the bunching estimators and energy prices.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114554845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Will the Paris Accord Accelerate Climate Change? (Ускоряет ли Парижское соглашение изменение климата?)","authors":"Laurence J. Kotlikoff, A. Polbin, A. Zubarev","doi":"10.3386/w22731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w22731","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015 Paris Accord is meant to control our planet’s rising temperature. But it may be doing the opposite in gradually, rather than immediately reducing CO2 emissions. The Accord effectively tells dirty-energy producers to \"use it or lose it.\" This may be accelerating their extraction and burning of fossil fuels and, thereby, be permanently raising temperatures. Our paper uses a simple OLG model to illustrate this long-noted Green Paradox. Its framework treats climate damage as a negative externality imposed by today’s generations on tomorrow’s – an externality that is, in part, irreversible and can tip the climate to permanently higher temperatures. In our model, delaying abatement can lead to larger changes in climate than doing nothing, reducing welfare for all generations. In contrast, immediate policy action can raise welfare for all generations. Finally we question the standard use of infinitely-lived, single-agent models, which assume, unrealistically, intergenerational altruism in determining optimal abatement policy. Their prescriptions can differ, potentially dramatically, from those needed to correct the negative climate externality today’s generations are imposing on tomorrow’s.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117311149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Price of Long-Run Temperature Shifts in Capital Markets","authors":"Ravi Bansal, Dana Kiku, Marcelo Ochoa","doi":"10.3386/W22529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W22529","url":null,"abstract":"We use the forward-looking information from the US and global capital markets to estimate the economic impact of global warming, specifically, long-run temperature shifts. We find that global warming carries a positive risk premium that increases with the level of temperature and that has almost doubled over the last 80 years. Consistent with our model, virtually all US equity portfolios have negative exposure (beta) to long-run temperature fluctuations. The elasticity of equity prices to temperature risks across global markets is significantly negative and has been increasing in magnitude over time along with the rise in temperature. We use our empirical evidence to calibrate a long-run risks model with temperature-induced disasters in distant output growth to quantify the social cost of carbon emissions. The model simultaneously matches the projected temperature path, the observed consumption growth dynamics, discount rates provided by the risk-free rate and equity market returns, and the estimated temperature elasticity of equity prices. We find that the long-run impact of temperature on growth implies a significant social cost of carbon emissions.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128124318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel Ethanol at a Key Economic and Technological Junction in the USA","authors":"H. Bagheri, E. Espí, Maria Teresa Larre Cacho","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2789612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2789612","url":null,"abstract":"Increased domestic crude production in the USA during the last five years, and the delayed success of second generation bio fuels within the renewables sector has changed the relative significance of ethanol as a domestic source of transportation fuel. Here, we trace how the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 have led to an increase in the production of both crude and first generation ethanol in the last decade. We subsequently evaluate the current status of second generation bio fuels, and their prospects within the transportation energy landscape of the USA.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132685711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COP 21 and Economic Theory: Taking Stock","authors":"Henry Tulkens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2783684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2783684","url":null,"abstract":"The texts of the COP 21 Decision and its Annex are scrutinized from the particular point of view of the extent to which economic theoretic concepts can be considered to inspire them. While this is shown to be partially the case in some of the intentions, the texts themselves contain more diplomatically formulated promises than implementation of mainstream well established economic concepts.","PeriodicalId":135089,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Carbon Reduction (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}