Advances in Clinical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics: An Overview","authors":"P. Agrawal","doi":"10.23880/act-16000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000198","url":null,"abstract":"Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) has changed numerous aspects of dentistry and added great value to its diagnostic phase also as that of orthodontics. Three-dimensional imaging CBCT has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment planning of cases. The introduction of cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) technology to dentistry and orthodontics revolutionized the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of orthodontic patients. The information obtained from CBCT imaging provides several substantial advantages. For example, CBCT imaging provides accurate measurements, improves localization of impacted teeth, provides visualization of airway abnormalities, it identifies and quantifies asymmetry, it are often wont to assess periodontal structures, to spot endodontic problems, to plan placement sites for temporary skeletal anchorage devices, and to look at condylar positions and mandibular joint (TMJ). Moreover, CBCT imaging involves only a minimal increase in radiation dose relative to combined diagnostic modern digital panoramic and cephalometric imaging. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is now being widely used in orthodontic practice. On the one hand, there is an increasing need of CBCT for diagnosis and research, and on the other hand, there is a broad concern for the exposure to radiation. Prescribing CBCT scan requires judicious clinical judgment to maximize the benefits and minimize the harm. The best way to reduce unnecessary ionizing radiation from CBCT is to follow recommended guidelines and ethical principles. CBCT provides a superb tool for accurate diagnosis, more predictable treatment planning, more efficient patient management and education, improved treatment outcome and patient satisfaction. This review discusses the utilization of CBCT in diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116480125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Ready to Eat Spices and their Prevention","authors":"M. Hashem","doi":"10.23880/act-16000238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000238","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at monitoring the effect of long storage of the daily-used spices under varying humidity on the development of mycotoxins and their producing fungi. The spices samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and their potential producing fungi. The results showed that Aspergillus, Eurotium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the most frequent genera on spices. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. niveus, Eurotium chevalieri, Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillioides, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. waksmanii were detected as potential mycotoxin-producing fungi. The results exhibited the contamination of spices with aflatoxin B1 and G1, zearalenone, citrinin, and sterigmatocystin in high concentration (66.45µg/Kg, 12.64µg/Kg, 0.064µg/Kg, 0.065µg/Kg, and 0.065µg/Kg, respectively). The results proved that time were a key factor in development of fungi and their mycotoxins. After six months of storage under high RH% (75-80%), the total count of fungi was increased dramatically in some spices like as dill (9.1 x 104 CFU/ g) and sumac (23.16 x 102 CFU/g). However, in the other spices, storage under moderate (50-55%) or natural humidity (10-45%) encouraged the development of fungi more than under high humidity %. The study recommends consumers to use dry fresh spices and not store them for more than two months.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"440 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133588799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Nanomaterials as a Potential Agents for Induction of Apoptosis In Cancerous Tissue","authors":"Y. Lahir","doi":"10.23880/act-16000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000217","url":null,"abstract":"Cancerous condition is the result of abnormal physiological and cellular mechanisms that develop in an individual. The cells prone to cancer exhibit complexed behavioral abnormalities and disobedience to the normal cellular signaling pathways. Benign and malignant cancers show different proliferative behavior depending on the type of cells, their location, and functions. The cancerous tissues have increased vascular supply and a lower ratio of the rate of conversion of oxy-hemoglobin to deoxy-hemoglobin. In tissues, like the dense radiographic breast, show some morphological changes in the cell organelles like nuclei. The carbon nanoparticles act as suitable agents for carrying antiviral drugs, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, agents for imaging, and thermal ablation. Further, considering the multifaceted features, carbon nanomaterials can be a potential agent to induce apoptosis in the cancerous tissue that might help to restrict its growth. All these intentions need careful examinations, applications at laboratory, clinical, and mass-scale production, keeping in mind the environmental, judicial aspects, and human tendencies of maximizing their benefits. This short review is an effort to evaluate the potentials of carbon nanomaterials that can induce apoptosis in cancer tissue.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133105096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecigarette or Vaping Product Use Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) Reports to NPDS Implicated New Marijuana Substances","authors":"D. Spyker","doi":"10.23880/act-16000258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000258","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Beginning Aug-2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initiated investigation of e-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). We examined all National Poison Data System (NPDS) EVALI cases through 31-Mar-2020 for substances, treatments, clinical effects, and medical outcome. We also examined all NPDS eCig exposures for earlier reports of EVALI. Methods: We extracted all exposures coded to EVALI product code 7322608 (E-Cigarette Associated Pulmonary Illness) and all single substance exposures to any of 6 NPDS eCig generic codes (GCs). We examined substance, patient characteristics, and exposure details on the severity of EVALI via multivariate analyses. We developed an EVALI clinical score (ECS) based on the EVALI clinical effects (CEs) and treatments weighted by the % of cases for each finding. We used ECS to search for EVALI candidate cases from 2001 to 31-Mar-2020. Descriptive statistics and change over time via linear and quadratic regression, and multivariate analyses were via (SAS JMP, 12.0.1). Discussion: Through 31-Mar-2020, PCs reported 822 EVALI cases. The EVALI profile over time 15-Aug - 12-Sep-2019 for 196 cases was described by an exponential increase with a doubling time [95% CI] of 8.31 [8.24, 8.37] days. Age: median [min, max] was 22 [1, 77] years, Male: 64.9%, Chronic 50.3%. Medical Outcomes included Death 1.95%, Major 17.9%, and Moderate 57.1%. Multivariate analysis of the first 107 EVALI cases as of 14-Sep-2019 implicated Marijuana Products (p=0.0007). Similar analyses of all 822 cases confirmed Marijuana (p<0.00001), Chronicity (p=0.00031), and Age (p=0.0152) contributing to CE score. Of the 23,252 eCig exposures (23,463 - 211 EVALI cases), 133 (0.567%) had an ECS > median and 370 (1.57%) scored > 25%tile of EVALI cases (EVALI-25+). The time course of these 370 eCig cases showed a distinct increase (inflection) ~16- Aug-2019. Conclusions: The first 107 NPDS EVALI case scores were related to marijuana product exposure. This was confirmed via similar analyses for all 822 cases. The numbers of EVALI-25+ cases show a distinct increase in Aug-2019, suggesting EVALI was a newly emerging phenomenon. Our analysis should encourage public health agencies to utilize NPDS, especially in data collection.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132976879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions at Interface between Nanomaterial’s and Biofilm: A General Survey","authors":"Y. Lahir","doi":"10.23880/act-16000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000192","url":null,"abstract":"A biofilm is a consortium that exhibits three dimensions, syntrophic, and physiologically active-matrix. It displays a successful critical interdependency amongst producers and consumers. This association promotes microbial adherence, growth, antimicrobial resistance, and a high degree of persistence. The microbial cells are residing in the slimy extracellular medium consisting of polymeric polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. The resident microbes adhere, float, or swim in the biofilm. This matrix can develop on non-living and living, including natural, industrial, or biomedical devices. The parameters such as cellular recognition, suitable attachment sites, nutritional signals, nature of earlier colonizers, etc., play a significant role in the formation of biofilm. This matrix is the most appropriate location to sustain a colony of microbes. Changes occurring in the ambient environment of biofilm enhance its development. The chemotherapeutic drugs or any other agents, like nanomaterials, have to overcome all these structural and functional aspects of biofilm to secure or cause the damage, as per the target. Commonly, a biofilm develops in an oral cavity, pulmonary system, in the form of cystic fibrosis, etc. Biofilms are also effective in causing pathogenesis in economically important plants and play an important significant role in geochemical cycles. The vast impacts of biofilms on plants are known phenomena but the concerning mechanism is still obscure. This review is an effort to understand the informative lacunae existing between interactions of nanomaterials and the biofilm.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127093349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafine Particles in Viennese Gastronomy after Introduction of a National Smoking Ban","authors":"M. Neuberger","doi":"10.23880/act-16000264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000264","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ultrafine particles have a substantial influence on the pathogenesis of diseases from ambient air pollution including personal and indoor tobacco smoke. In public rooms such as gastronomy venues without complete smoking ban, the main source of ultrafine particles is cigarette smoke. Objectives: In accordance with the research question if the legislative smoking ban reduced ultrafine particle pollution in Viennese bars, cafés and pubs, the effectiveness of this ban for the protection of nonsmokers was evaluated. As a further objective, the comparison with the ultrafine particle concentrations in smoking and non-smoking areas before and after the general smoking ban was relevant, whereby the data from the survey period April to October 2019 were used. Hereby, the effectiveness of the measure could be derived from the direct comparison of the earlier and the current recordings. Methods: 2 years after the national Non-Smoking Protection Law in November 2019 had gone into force, the indoor exposures with ultrafine particles were surveyed in 22 Viennese bars/discotheques, 5 cafés and 12 pubs/restaurants and bars. By unannounced and undercover measurements over 20 minutes each, these well frequented gastronomy locations were investigated between October 2021 and February 2022. The concentration of ultrafine particles (PNC, pt/cm³), the corresponding diameter (10 - 300 nm) and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) were recorded via Miniature Diffusion Size Classifier (miniDiSC®) in all three types of locations. Results: The ultrafine particle loadings in 2021/22 in the three location types were not significantly different any more. Two years after the ban the median PNC (pt/cm³) was 19,751 in bars, 18,854 in cafés and 19,357 in pubs. The average diameter (AD, nm) was 54.17 in bars, 44.27 in cafés and 52.08 in pubs. For average LDSA (µm²/cm³), the values were 51.65 in bars, 35.76 in cafés, and 60.71 in pubs. 2019 data had shown significantly higher median values for PNC (pt/cm³) for smoking locations at 72,802 versus non-smoking areas at 27,776 and non-smoking locations at 18,854. Similarly, smoking locations showed significantly higher values for AD (nm) at 78 versus non-smoking areas at 62 and non-smoking locations at 52. For average LDSA (µm²/cm³), smoking locations also had the highest values at 402.0 versus non-smoking areas at 108.0 and non-smoking locations at 51.9. From comparison of data, it was possible to derive the UFP concentrations above which a hospitality indoor area - regardless of its declared status - may be classified as polluted by nanoparticles (tobacco smoke): For PNC, 34,435 pt/ cm³, for average diameter 67.45 nm and for LDSA 163.68 µm²/cm³ are proposed as cut-off values. Conclusion: The national smoking ban significantly improved air quality in Viennese hospitality venues. Two years after the ban ultrafines were comparably low and not significantly different between bars, cafés and pubs, whether they were used before for ","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"27 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127404332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Level of Lead (Pb) among Students in Qatar Schools and its Relationship to Academic Achievement and Violent Behavior","authors":"A. Alkhatib","doi":"10.23880/act-16000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000187","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lead (Pb) has no any known biological or physiological function in the body. Its accumulation has been associated with various damaging effects, particularly in the nervous system. Study objectives: to measure the lead concentration of two groups of school students in Qatar: a group of students with good academic achievement and a group of students with low academic achievement; and to explore different patterns of behavior related to perceptions of violence between student groups and to check if this can be linked to lead exposure. Methods and subjects: a case control study was conducted. Study sample included 40 schoolchildren students assigned into two groups: group I (N=20) includes students with good academic achievement, and group II (N=20) includes students with bad academic achievements. Urine samples were taken from all students and tested for lead concentration by atomic spectrometer. Study findings: lead concentration in-group I (0.00015±0.00007pg/ml) was significantly lower than that in-group II (0.0114±0.008 pg/ml), (p=0.008). The modes of behaviors in-group II pointed to rioting modes that involve insulting teachers, colleagues and school properties. Conclusions: schoolchildren with bad academic achievements tend to have high levels of lead, which is expected to influence their modes of behaviors.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130008787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Noise Level and Distribution from Socotherm Nigeria Limited: Its Health Implications on the Workers","authors":"Njoku-Tony Rf","doi":"10.23880/act-16000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000193","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to noise for a long period of time has been an issue of concern to occupational health workers. This study investigated noise pollution level (NPL) and its spatial distribution in Socotherm Nigeria Limited coating plants and its effects on the health of the workers. Six sampling points were selected on the grounds of intensity of activities. A digital sound level Metre-Extech 407730 was used to measure noise level at the sampling points namely, application area, welding spot, aggregate separator, generator/powerhouse, impingement plant, bushing area. A global positioning system (GPS)-NAVA 300 was used to record the GPS coordinates of the sampling noise hotspots in the factory. The Arc GIS software was used to interpolate the spatial distribution of noise within the factory for the working periods which include morning, afternoon and evening. With a wellconstructed questionnaire, results of the health implication of workers exposure to noise from the factory were recorded. Results revealed that afternoon has the highest noise level of 99.20 dB(A) at welding point and application area conveyor of the factory while the lowest noise was observed at 85.20 dB(A) which was at cold spot of chemical feed area of the factory. The study observed that majority of the machines (noise hotspots) produce noise that was above Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) permissible noise level. This study therefore recommends that workers be encouraged to use personal protective equipment and be educated regarding noise induced hearing loss and other non-auditory effects of noise exposure. The factories should adopt and implement hearing conservation programs under the direction of an occupational and environmental health professional.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131995354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of SARS CoV-2 Pandemic: A fight where every Contribution Counts","authors":"Tabassum Zafar","doi":"10.23880/act-16000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131046557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Cognitive Emotional Regulation Therapy (ACERT) for Addiction Treatment","authors":"ibiana Bolten Lucion Loreto","doi":"10.23880/act-16000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131081004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}