{"title":"Snake Envenomation: A Component- Based Review on Hemostatic Alterations","authors":"A. Chudzinski-Tavassi","doi":"10.23880/act-16000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000236","url":null,"abstract":"Considered by the World Health Organization a neglected public health problem, snakebites occur predominantly in tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Approximately 2.7 million people worldwide are victims of snakebites each year, of which between 81,000 and 138,000 later die. Among the survivors, about 400,000 have some permanent disability. The entirety of the mechanism responsible for the venom pathophysiology is not completely understood. However, most of the venom toxins affect human hemostasis, as Bothrops venom components, which destabilize endothelium, affect platelet aggregation, blood clotting and fibrinolysis. Such effects are not only components of the clinical picture of patients who have suffered envenomation, but are also directly associated with the severity of the accident. Thus, it is of great importance to understand the main hemostatic alterations observed in envenomation’s by snakes of the genus Bothrops, which is predominant in South America. Therefore, this review describes the hemostatic changes that occur in Bothrops snakebites, to further improve the understanding of the general pathological mechanisms of snake envenomation’s and the correlation between endothelium dysfunction and coagulation/fibrinolysis systems as a result of the interaction of each class of venom components with human hemostasis. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new effective therapeutic approaches, attenuating the severity of snakebites and reducing amputations and deaths. Besides this, a molecular comprehension of the hemostatic alterations caused by each component of Bothrops venoms may help to identify new molecules and targets for therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122693896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blood - Lead levels among Inhabitants of Enyigba Lead - Zinc Mining Community of Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Indications of Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards","authors":"F. C. Otuu","doi":"10.23880/act-16000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000162","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Artisanal mining activities have become a significant occupation among the inhabitants of Enyigba community in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Objective: This study investigated the blood-lead levels of some subjects of Enyigba lead-zinc mining community. Methods: A questionnaire on health hazards and safety measures associated with the mining activities was administered to the participants. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of blood-lead levels by standard methods. Results: Males dominated in the occupationally-exposed (56.18%) and females (62.30%) dominated in the environmentally-exposed. Almost all the occupationally-exposed subjects (96.63%) and environmentally-exposed subjects (80.33%) store mined products in their houses. Majority of the occupationally-exposed subjects (69.67%) were not aware of the hazards and safety measures, and 75.28% did not use personal protective devices. Headache (74.40%) was reported as the most prevalent sickness. The occupationally and environmentally-exposed subjects had mean bloodlead levels of 42.30μg/dl and 28.67μg/dl, respectively, which were significantly higher (p<0.0001) than the control levels. Conclusion: Given the increasing participation of many households in lead mining activities and the storage of the lead products in homes, lead contamination may remain a significant public health issue in the study area.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"61 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120971522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fennel Essential Oil Prevents Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Induced by Triflumuron in Two Human Cell Lines","authors":"Rim Timoumi","doi":"10.23880/act-16000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000207","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Among insecticides belonging to the insect growth regulators class, we are interested in this present work in the study of Triflumuron (TFM) which is widely used in the protection of crops, human and animal health against diseases caused by certain vector insects. However, the bibliographic data of its toxicity in vitro are almost impossible to find. The increased use of these insecticides has caused severe damage. This prompted us to look for preventive strategies with respect to the toxicity induced by TFM. Objective: Our study aimed to test the effect of an antioxidant substance, the fennel essential oil (FEO) against toxicity induced by TFM using two different cell lines, the human renal embryonic cells (HEK 293) and hepatocytes (Hep G2). Methods and results: According to the MTT assay, and independently of the cell line used, we showed a significant reduction in the cell viability, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, MDA levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell lines after their treatment with TFM. Moreover, we showed an increased in both catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. We demonstrated also, that TFM is an inductor of DNA damages quantified by the comet assay accompanied by apoptosis, highlighted by the evaluation of the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl2). Conclusion: However, the use of FEO reversed completely the cytotoxicity induced by TFM.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116907953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do Genes Play a Role in Allergic Rhinitis?","authors":"Jamil K","doi":"10.23880/act-16000267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000267","url":null,"abstract":"Allergic rhinitis is a common condition affecting millions of people worldwide. While the causes of this condition are complex and multifactorial, recent research has shed light on the role of genetics in modulating the development and severity of allergic rhinitis. Anyone can becomes allergic when their body develops antigens against an allergen, and repeated exposures can lead to the severity of the allergic process. Allergies affect people of all ages, races, genders and socioeconomic statuses","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126340919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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