Advances in Clinical Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibiting Activities of Ethylacetate, Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Basella alba Leaves","authors":"Arokoyo Ds","doi":"10.23880/act-16000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"13 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120852321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renin Angiotensin System and Covid-19","authors":"R. Ataee","doi":"10.23880/act-16000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000224","url":null,"abstract":"Covid-19 is a new clinical complication in the world and many efforts for its treatment have been done. Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) may have an important role in the control of Covid-19. ACE2 is approved as Covid receptor in lungs and many other organs. Down regulation and up regulation of ACE2 is critical roles in viral infusion into the cells also ACE2 has an important in the level of Angiotensin 2 (ANG2) concentration in the lungs , the high levels of ANG2 may increase inflammation and proliferation and cytokine storms in lung. Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) such as Losartan may be useful in prophylaxis of lung injury, in this paper we explain about RAS and covid-19 managements in early stages.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127232685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive Correlation between Exosomes and Nanomaterials","authors":"Y. Lahir","doi":"10.23880/act-16000226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000226","url":null,"abstract":"The extracellular vesicular entities, also called as plasma dusts, are present in all biological fluids, cell lines and cultures, are fascinating the researchers. Investigations related to their structure, formation, biological, physiological, and cellular status reveal that exosomes are biostable, and morphologically resemble nanomaterials, specifically, those from mesenchymal stem-cells. As the exosomes are multi-utility cellular products, their cellular yield and quantification seems to be tedious. Exosomes as nanostructures enhance the efficacies of extracellular vesicles or exosomes by fusing with lateral endosomes or multivesicular bodies, and later bud off from plasma membrane in a similar manner as during endocytosis. These cellular vesicles are the functional backbone of most of inter and intracellular transport mechanisms. It becomes imperative to understand their characterization, factors affecting their behavior within and outside the cell. Ubiquitously, nanomaterials are used in biological, medical, pharmaceutical, and biomolecular fields. The combined use of exosomes and nanomaterials may act as useful tools for clinical and diagnostic applications as they reflect the physiological and pathological status of a system. The molecular crowding is a physiological process and controls dissipation of molecular structures that facilitate the effective functions, and determination of cellular physiochemical status. Therefore, it essentiates to appraise the implications of exosomes along with nanomaterials in relation to cellular, biomolecular, physicochemical aspects of interactions and their applications in the biomedical fields. In this review, an effort is made to explore the mechanism of their biogenesis, exosomes functions in association with nanomaterials, molecular crowding, and their structure and functional relationship.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124370041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Toxic versus Therapeutic Interactions of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Radiation Therapy","authors":"G. Sokol","doi":"10.23880/act-16000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000189","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Progress in both the development of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) and modern radiation therapy (RT) have opened new horizons for the safe and effective treatments of cancer. Combination therapies of TKIs and radiation therapy have been evaluated with variable sequencing and dosing of both agents. Radiation therapy induces cellular damage to cancer and normal tissue DNA by the production of direct and indirect ionization leading to a cascade of biological events. These ultimately lead to potential loss of cellular reproductive capacity, cell death or impotency. Repair mechanisms of RT-induced cell damage require repair pathways dependent on TK. TKIs are key regulators of cellular function and signaling proteins that catalyze phosphorylation reactions of tyrosine molecules. The purpose of this study was to briefly review the basic biology of RT and TKIs and to review the modern literature pertaining to the toxic and therapeutic effects of their combination in the treatment of cancer based on preclinical and clinical data. Methods: A retrospective review of the basic biology of RT and TKIs with the aim of identifying their combined toxicity and benefit in the treatment of cancer wa performed. A systematic search of the standard published radiotherapeutic, radiobiology, chemotherapy and radiotherapy texts, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinical Key using the search terms; TKI, RT and combination TKI and RT from 1985-2020 was employed. Data were abstracted from 220 entries from the literature published in English. Issues of toxicity and therapeutic efficacy were defined to evaluate the safe and effective use of combined modality therapy (CMT). Results: Few randomized studies were available for high-level recommendations. The combined treatment of cancer with TKIs and RT may have benefit for palliation, progression free survival, and potential survival under well-defined circumstances. Any benefit of combined therapy is accompanied by significant potential for enhanced radiation toxicity in addition to the baseline potential toxicities of both agents. Conclusion: The data reviewed suggest potential benefit from the CMT of TKIs and RT but at a significant risk of toxicity, which may include severe, hematological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, pulmonary and central nervous system toxicity. Further randomized prospective studies are necessary to define their safe and effective combined therapies.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127967550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrifying Code Blue Affair","authors":"Verma V","doi":"10.23880/act-16000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128932991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic Exposure and the Risk of Cancer","authors":"I. Pizarro","doi":"10.23880/act-16000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000209","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that exposure to environmental chemicals increases the risk of cancerous and non-cancerous pathologies. Geomedical and anthropic evidence indicates that there is a close relationship between increased morbidities from cardiovascular diseases and cancer among the population in the Antofagasta Region and the etiology of exposure to arsenic. The most commonly used drugs with chemotherapy are platinum-based. The present work characterizes short-term urinary evacuation, that is, the pooled urine excreted 24 hours after the first cycle of treatments of cancer patients with cisplatin or carboplatin. The inorganic biochemical status and behavior of excreted As, Se and Pt administered to and evacuated by patients could be involved in the post-treatment quality of life of the patients and the evolution and final outcome of the disease. There were 90 patients in the group, 32 with lung cancer and 58 with different cancers termed “other types of cancer”, as well as 10 patients untreated with platinum-based drugs. Platinum and selenium were determined by ICP-OES and As by HGAAS. The detection limits were 7.7, 5.4 and 0.2 (ng/mL), respectively. The decreasing tendency of the administered Pt followed the order: carboplatin (other types of cancer) >cisplatin (lung cancer) >cisplatin (other types of cancer); the short-term urinary excretion of Pt was low. The decreasing tendency of the quantities of excreted Se was: carboplatin (other types of cancer) >cisplatin (other types of cancer) ≈ cisplatin (lung cancer); and the tendency of decreasing quantities of excreted As was cisplatin (other types of cancer) >carboplatin (other types of cancer) >cisplatin (lung cancer).The quantities of excreted Pt did not present significant differences among the cases of patients with lung cancer or with other cancers treated with cisplatin, despite significant variations in the quantities of Pt administered by the drug. The tendency in quantities of excreted Pt was similar to that of selenium and arsenic, but the evacuation of selenium was greater than that of arsenic, including in the group of patients with “other types of cancer” treated with drugs without Pt. The results of the study could arise from the subtle participation of antagonist mechanisms among Se, As and Pt that are involved in apoptotic and autophagic events in homeostasis, which could indicate the presence of cancer in patients from areas with chronic exposure to arsenic, as is the case of the Antofagasta Region in Chile.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115668293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sled Dogs as a Model for Brown Fat Research","authors":"Kriya L. Dunlap","doi":"10.23880/act-16000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000195","url":null,"abstract":"Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the unique function of burning energy to create heat through the process of non-shivering thermogenesis. Activation of BAT in humans as a means of combating obesity is an active area of research, yet reliability of methods for recognizing and monitoring activation needs further research. This study assessed the feasibility of thermal imaging for monitoring BAT activation in an animal model, Alaskan sled dogs, which have been used extensively in coldweather metabolism and nutrition research. BAT activation was monitored monthly over four months in a cohort of five sled dog puppies. A change in temperature accompanies BAT activation. Therefore thermal images of the chest area were taken pre- and post-cold exposure. Concentrations of two plasma biomarkers associated with non-shivering thermogenesis, irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were also analyzed. No significant temperature change or concentration changes in irisin or FGF21 were observed between pre-and post-cold exposures. To our knowledge this is the first study in dogs, therefore the results provide methodology strategies for future study design. Given the potential benefits of BAT activation in humans, the validation of thermal imaging as a non-invasive monitoring technique and the use of an animal model could better inform the treatment of metabolic diseases.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125630782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Biomedicine Controls Root Knot Disease in Lentil Callus Culture: Enriched Advanced Clinical Toxicology Socio Economy Science Technology Communication by Preventing 21st Century COVID-19 Like Pandemic Diseases","authors":"S. Datta","doi":"10.23880/act-16000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000213","url":null,"abstract":"The economic pulse seeds, Lens esculentum L. Cv. ‘Asha’ root callus develop on Murashige and Skoog (MS)-media supplemented with 2 mg/1, 2,4-D (2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid) and inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita larvae (65 ± 2 J2) in the culture tube to study their multiplication rate under sterilized condition in the tissue culture laboratory, and biomedicine-nematode extract (NE) prepared from M. incognita females, when applied at 1.3mg/culture tube to root callus of lentil, reduced nematode infestation of callus and improved callus growth. This animal biomedicine-NE is thought to induce defense-resistance in lentil root callus and may prevent 21st –century pandemics like virus diseases by boosting immunity, resisting toxic effects, and improved biomedicine, advanced in clinical toxicology, green-socio-economy, science technology, and communication application. The biomedicine-NE not only increase agriculture and crop production but also enable the development of a new-generation of nanotechnology-agrochemicals reducing negative-environmental-impacts and maintaining-crop-yields. And both; biomedicine-NE and pulses may itself focus on nanoformulation of agrochemicals and other nanotechnological interdisciplinary future nanotoxicology research and applications in agriculture, and interaction nanomaterials-NE with plants, their environment, and other organisms also.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125858358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological Diagnosis of Severe Neutropenia Due to Levamisole","authors":"F. Massimo","doi":"10.23880/act-16000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000248","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Levamisole toxic syndrome may include several effects, such as bone marrow suppression, severe agranulocytosis, neurological symptoms, or cutaneous vasculitis. Methodology: This report emphasizes the importance of differential diagnosis in young patients with severe neutropenia by hair toxicological analyses. These analyses can reveal the presence of cocaine and his metabolites but also sometime levamisole, a synthetic drug, originally approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an anthelmintic agent that is still encountered as one of the main contaminants of cocaine. Many physicians are not aware of this contaminant and do not take it into account when diagnosing cases of sudden severe neutropenia. Results: In cases of sudden otherwise unexplained neutropenia, the detection of levamisole in hair may represent the most efficient method for demonstrating the toxic effect of chronic levamisole exposure, because urine conventional drug testing often fails to identify the compound due to its rapid elimination (2-3 days).","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131366100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Implication by Physical Interaction of Artificial fog on Respiratory Aerosols","authors":"M. Shum","doi":"10.23880/act-16000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/act-16000216","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Artificial fog consists of small liquid aerosols suspended in air which reduce visibility and reflect light. Artificial fog is used in the film, television, and live entertainment industries to enhance lighting, as a visual effect, and to create a specific sense of mood or atmosphere. Objective: This study investigated the suspension time for liquid respiratory aerosols spiked with tagged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tracers in the presence and absence of glycerin- or glycol-containing artificial fogs. Methods: Liquid respiratory aerosols with tagged DNA tracers were sprayed into a closed environment without and with glycerin- or glycol-containing artificial fog, with air samples taken at regular intervals to determine the decay of tagged DNA tracer over time. The study treatments included Control (no fog), Glycerin Low (~3 mg/m3 ), Glycerin High (~15 mg/m3 ), Glycol Low (~5 mg/m3 ), and Glycol High (~40 mg/m3 ). Results: All artificial fog treatments had lower mean log reduction curves compared to the Control treatment. The differences in mean log reduction for artificial fog treatments vs. control treatments were all statistically significant (p<0.001), except for Glycerin Low treatment (p=0.087). The differences in mean log reduction between treatments using glycerin fog (p=0.129) and glycol fog (p=0.209) were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Artificial fog use does not increase suspension time of liquid respiratory aerosols, and therefore does not appear to increase the risk of airborne transmission of diseases from liquid respiratory aerosols, such as COVID-19. The suspension time of aerosols in glycol-containing artificial fog decreased more than glycerin-containing fog. In practice, the additional reduction in suspension time provided by the physical interaction of liquid respiratory aerosols with artificial fog does not suggest any practical benefit for using artificial fog as a control measure.","PeriodicalId":134434,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Toxicology","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130569684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}