Interactive Correlation between Exosomes and Nanomaterials

The extracellular vesicular entities, also called as plasma dusts, are present in all biological fluids, cell lines and cultures, are fascinating the researchers. Investigations related to their structure, formation, biological, physiological, and cellular status reveal that exosomes are biostable, and morphologically resemble nanomaterials, specifically, those from mesenchymal stem-cells. As the exosomes are multi-utility cellular products, their cellular yield and quantification seems to be tedious. Exosomes as nanostructures enhance the efficacies of extracellular vesicles or exosomes by fusing with lateral endosomes or multivesicular bodies, and later bud off from plasma membrane in a similar manner as during endocytosis. These cellular vesicles are the functional backbone of most of inter and intracellular transport mechanisms. It becomes imperative to understand their characterization, factors affecting their behavior within and outside the cell. Ubiquitously, nanomaterials are used in biological, medical, pharmaceutical, and biomolecular fields. The combined use of exosomes and nanomaterials may act as useful tools for clinical and diagnostic applications as they reflect the physiological and pathological status of a system. The molecular crowding is a physiological process and controls dissipation of molecular structures that facilitate the effective functions, and determination of cellular physiochemical status. Therefore, it essentiates to appraise the implications of exosomes along with nanomaterials in relation to cellular, biomolecular, physicochemical aspects of interactions and their applications in the biomedical fields. In this review, an effort is made to explore the mechanism of their biogenesis, exosomes functions in association with nanomaterials, molecular crowding, and their structure and functional relationship.