IIUM Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"Performance Analysis of Predictive Functional Control for Automobile Adaptive Cruise Control System","authors":"Mohamed Al-Sideque Zainuddin, Muhammad Abdullah, Salmiah Ahmad, Mohd Suhaimi Uzir, Zaid Mujaiyid Putra Ahmad Baidowi","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2341","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the performance analysis of Predictive Functional Control (PFC) for Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) application. To cope with multiple driving objectives of modern ACC systems such as passenger comfort, safe distancing, and fast time response, an advanced optimal controller such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) is often used. Nevertheless, MPC requires a high computation load due to its complex formulation and may overload the processing power of a microcontroller. Thus, the prime objective of this work is to propose a PFC algorithm as an alternative controller, while providing a formal comparison between MPC and the traditional Proportional Integral (PI) controller. A standard kinematic model for vehicle longitudinal dynamics was modelled and used to derive the control law of PFC. Since the open-loop dynamic of the derived transfer function is not stable, the second objective is to propose a pre-stabilized loop or cascade PFC structure for the system. A complete tuning procedure and analysis were presented. The simulation result shows that although MPC performance is the best for the ACC application with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.4873, PFC has shown a promising response with RMSE of 1.5501, which is better compared to the PI controller with RMSE of 1.6219. All the imposed driving constraints such as maximum acceleration, maximum deceleration and safe distance were satisfied in the car following application. Thus, the findings from this work can become a good initial motivation to further explore the capability of the PFC algorithm for future ACC development. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini adalah berkenaan analisis prestasi Kawalan Fungsi Ramalan (PFC) aplikasi Kawalan Mudah Suai (ACC). Bagi memenuhi pelbagai keperluan objektif sistem pemanduan moden ACC seperti keselesaan penumpang, penjarakan selamat dan tindak balas pantas, kawalan optimum terbaru seperti Model Kawalan Ramalan (MPC) sering digunakan. Walau bagaimanapun, MPC memerlukan beban pengiraan tinggi kerana rumusnya yang kompleks dan mungkin mengakibatkan beban berlebihan kuasa pemprosesan mikrokawalan. Oleh itu, matlamat utama kajian ini adalah bagi mencadangkan algoritma PFC yang mempunyai pengiraan mudah sebagai kawalan alternatif, sementara menyediakan perbandingan formal antara MPC dan kawalan tradisional Berkadar Keseluruhan (PI). Oleh kerana model ini tidak stabil, objektif kedua adalah mencadangkan penggunaan struktur PFC berlapis bagi menstabilkan sistem terlebih dahulu sebelum algorithma kawalan digunakan atau dengan menggunakan struktur PFC secara berturut pada sistem. Prosedur lengkap dan terperinci untuk analisis PFC dibentangkan. Dapatan simulasi kajian menunjukkan walaupun prestasi MPC adalah baik bagi aplikasi ACC dengan Ralat Punca Min Kuasa Dua (RMSE) bernilai 1.4873, namun PFC menunjukkan tindak balas baik dengan RMSE bernilai 1.5501 berbanding kawalan PI yang mempunyai RMSE sebanyak 1.6219. Kesemua kekangan seperti pecutan dan nyahpecutan maksima, da","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135500218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Verbal Human-Robot Interaction Using Neural Network for The Application of Service Robot","authors":"Zubair Adil Soomro, Abu Ubaidah BIN SHAMSUDIN, R. Abdul Rahim, Andi Adrianshah, Mohd Hazeli","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2577","url":null,"abstract":"Service robots are prevailing in many industries to assist humans in conducting repetitive tasks, which require a natural interaction called Human Robot Interaction (HRI). In particular, nonverbal HRI plays an important role in social interactions, which highlights the need to accurately detect the subject's attention by evaluating the programmed cues. In this paper, a conceptual attentiveness model algorithm called Attentive Recognition Model (ARM) is proposed to recognize a person’s attentiveness, which improves the accuracy of detection and subjective experience during nonverbal HRI using three combined detection models: face tracking, iris tracking and eye blinking. The face tracking model was trained using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, which is based on deep learning. Meanwhile, the iris tracking and eye blinking use a mathematical model. The eye blinking model uses a random face landmark point to calculate the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR), which is much more reliable compared to the prior method, which could detect a person blinking at a further distance even if the person was not blinking. The conducted experiments for face and iris tracking were able to detect direction up to 2 meters. Meanwhile, the tested eye blinking model gave an accuracy of 83.33% at up to 2 meters. The overall attentive accuracy of ARM was up to 85.7%. The experiments showed that the service robot was able to understand the programmed cues and hence perform certain tasks, such as approaching the interested person.\u0000ABSTRAK: Robot perkhidmatan lazim dalam banyak industri untuk membantu manusia menjalankan tugas berulang, yang memerlukan interaksi semula jadi yang dipanggil Interaksi Robot Manusia (HRI). Khususnya, HRI bukan lisan memainkan peranan penting dalam interaksi sosial, yang menonjolkan keperluan untuk mengesan perhatian subjek dengan tepat dengan menilai isyarat yang diprogramkan. Dalam makalah ini, algoritma model perhatian konseptual yang dipanggil Model Pengecaman Perhatian (ARM) dicadangkan untuk mengenali perhatian seseorang, yang meningkatkan ketepatan pengesanan dan pengalaman subjektif semasa HRI bukan lisan menggunakan tiga model pengesanan gabungan: pengesanan muka, pengesanan iris dan mata berkedip. . Model penjejakan muka telah dilatih menggunakan rangkaian saraf Memori Jangka Pendek Panjang (LSTM), yang berdasarkan pembelajaran mendalam. Manakala, pengesanan iris dan mata berkelip menggunakan model matematik. Model mata berkelip menggunakan titik mercu tanda muka rawak untuk mengira Nisbah Aspek Mata (EAR), yang jauh lebih dipercayai berbanding kaedah sebelumnya, yang boleh mengesan seseorang berkelip pada jarak yang lebih jauh walaupun orang itu tidak berkelip. Eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk pengesanan muka dan iris dapat mengesan arah sehingga 2 meter. Sementara itu, model berkelip mata yang diuji memberikan ketepatan 83.33% sehingga 2 meter. Ketepatan perhatian keseluruhan ARM adalah sehingga 85.7%. Eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80312233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated RRT*SMART-A* Algorithm for solving the Global Path Planning Problem in a Static Environment","authors":"Heru Suwoyo, A. Adriansyah, Julpri Andika, Abu Ubaidillah, M. Zakaria","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2529","url":null,"abstract":"The use of sampling-based algorithms such as Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) has been widely applied in robot path planning. Although this variant of RRT offers asymptotic optimality, its use is increasingly limited because it suffers from convergence rates, mainly when applied to an environment with a poor level of obstacle neatness and a narrow area to the target. Thus, RRT*-Smart, a further development of RRT*, is considered ideal for solving RRT* problems. Unlike RRT*, RRT*-Smart applies a path optimization by removing the redundant nodes from the initial path when it is gained. Moreover, the path is also improved by identifying the beacon nodes used to steer the bias of intelligent sampling. Nevertheless, this initial path is found with termination criteria in terms of a region around the goal node. Consequently, it risks failing to generate a path on a narrow channel. Therefore, a novel algorithm achieved by combining RRT*-Smart and A* is proposed. This combination is intended to switch method-by-method for the exploration process when the new node reaches the region around the goal node. However, before RRT*-Smart is combined with A*, it is improved by replacing the random sampling method with Fast Sampling. In short, by involving A*, the exploration process for generating the Smart-RRT*’s initial path can be supported. It gives the optimal and feasible raw solution for any complex environment. It is logically realistic because A* searches and evaluates all neighbors of a current node when finding the node with low cost to the start and goal node for each iteration. Therefore, the risk of collision with an obstacle in the goal region is covered, and generating an initial path in the narrow channel can be handled. Furthermore, this proposed method's optimality and fast convergence rate are satisfied. \u0000ABSTRAK: Penggunaan algoritma berasaskan pensampelan seperti Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) telah digunakan secara meluas dalam perancangan laluan robot. Walaupun varian RRT ini menawarkan keoptimuman tanpa gejala, penggunaannya semakin terhad kerana ia mengalami kadar penumpuan, terutamanya apabila digunakan pada persekitaran dengan tahap kekemasan halangan yang lemah dan kawasan yang sempit ke sasaran. Oleh itu, RRT*-Smart, pembangunan lanjut RRT*, dianggap sesuai untuk menyelesaikan masalah RRT*. Tidak seperti RRT*, RRT*-Smart menggunakan pengoptimuman laluan dengan mengalih keluar nod berlebihan daripada laluan awal apabila ia diperoleh. Selain itu, laluan juga dipertingkatkan dengan mengenal pasti nod suar yang digunakan untuk mengemudi bias pensampelan pintar. Namun begitu, laluan awal ini ditemui dengan kriteria penamatan dari segi rantau di sekeliling nod matlamat. Akibatnya, ia berisiko gagal menjana laluan pada saluran yang sempit. Oleh itu, algoritma baru yang dicapai dengan menggabungkan RRT*-Smart dan A* dicadangkan. Gabungan ini bertujuan untuk menukar kaedah demi kaedah untuk proses penerokaan apabila nod ba","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75595693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid of Kansei Engineering (KE) And Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Develop Conceptual Designs of Portable Oil Spill Skimmer","authors":"Rprakash Ramanathan, L. Abdullah, M. H. F. Md Fauadi, M.S. Syed Mohamed, K. N. Kamaludin","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2426","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there are huge demands on developing a design that fulfils the characteristics of performance, cost, safety, and aesthetics. However, the conceptual design stages in industrial products lack the involvement of user requirements as it is typically focused on the product's performance. Consequently, specific criteria such as the product's ease of use, safety, and robustness cannot be compared and measured when designing industrial products. Owing to this reason, this research proposes a new technique that integrates Kansei Engineering with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to address the issue. The research objective is to investigate an oil spill skimmer's user and technical requirements by incorporating the Kansei Engineering method. The approach to carry out this research is to incorporate the Kansei and the basic AHP methods. Kansei Engineering will suggest the required design elements that must be included to design and fabricate a portable oil spill skimmer. At the same time, the AHP method is used to select the best design based on the developed conceptual design. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by comparing it with other established methods, such as TOPSIS (Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Moreover, sensitivity analysis was used to investigate the robustness of the AHP result. There are 5 conceptual designs in total, assessed in this research. The result showed that out of the 5 conceptual designs, design number 3 has the highest ranking (priority ranking = 0.2603). Thus, the most suitable conceptual design for the portable oil spill skimmer to be fabricated is design 3. The finding also shows that the result from AHP was valid and robust.\u0000ABSTRAK: Pada masa kini, terdapat permintaan besar bagi membangunkan reka bentuk yang memenuhi ciri-ciri prestasi, kos, keselamatan dan estetika. Walau bagaimanapun, industri kurang melibatkan keperluan pengguna pada peringkat reka bentuk konsep produk industri, kerana ia biasanya tertumpu pada prestasi produk. Ini menyebabkan kriteria khusus seperti kemudahan menggunakan produk, keselamatan dan keteguhan produk tidak dapat dibandingkan dan diukur semasa mereka bentuk produk industri. Disebabkan faktor berkenaan, kajian ini mencadangkan teknik baharu yang mengintegrasikan Kejuruteraan Kansei bersama Proses Hierarki Analitik (AHP) bagi menangani isu tersebut. Objektif kajian adalah bagi menyiasat keperluan pengguna dan keperluan teknikal menyaring tumpahan minyak dengan menggabungkan kaedah Kejuruteraan Kansei. Pendekatan kajian ini adalah dengan menggabungkan Kansei dan kaedah asas AHP. Kejuruteraan Kansei mencadangkan elemen reka bentuk yang diperlukan yang mesti disertakan bagi mereka bentuk dan menyaring tumpahan minyak mudah alih. Pada masa sama, kaedah AHP digunakan bagi memilih reka bentuk terbaik berdasarkan reka bentuk konsep yang dibangunkan. Keberkesanan kaedah yang dicadangkan telah disahkan dengan membandingkannya dengan kaedah l","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90752240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust and Imperceptible Watermarking on Medical Images using Coefficient Pair Modification","authors":"L. Novamizanti, A. B. Suksmono, D. Danudirdjo, Gelar Budiman","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2597","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitive data including medical images and electronic patient records (EPR) have potential value in the era of big data and telemedicine applications. Distribution of medical images and EPR over public networks requires a high level of privacy and security. Robust and imperceptible watermarking techniques are needed to provide copyright preservation for medical images and protect patient information security. This paper improves the technique of Coltuc et al. by modifying the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient pairs in the watermark embedding formula. Our proposed formula ensures that the difference between the two coefficients is at least ????. If the difference between the two coefficients is less than ????, then the new pixels are modified so that the difference is equal to ????. The proposed method was evaluated on a variety of medical images, including X-ray, CT, US, MRI, and Colonoscopy, and compared to numerous robust watermarking techniques of the recent time. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested method outperforms contemporary robust watermarking techniques in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and security. The peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) for all modalities of watermarked medical images exceeds 54 dB, and the average PSNR is approximately 56 dB. The proposed method is outstanding compared to Coltuc's method due to a 93% and 14% increase in bit error rate (BER) and normalized correlation (NC), respectively. Our work is superior to various state-of-the-art robust watermarking techniques, allowing it to be employed effectively in medical applications.\u0000ABSTRAK: Data sensitif termasuk imej perubatan dan rekod pesakit elektronik (EPR) mempunyai potensi nilai dalam era aplikasi data besar dan teleperubatan. Pengedaran imej perubatan dan EPR melalui rangkaian awam memerlukan tahap privasi dan keselamatan yang tinggi. Teknik penanda air yang mantap dan tidak dapat dilihat diperlukan untuk menyediakan pemeliharaan hak cipta untuk imej perubatan dan melindungi keselamatan maklumat pesakit. Kertas kerja ini menambah baik teknik Coltuc et al. dengan mengubah suai pasangan pekali transformasi kosinus diskret (DCT) dalam formula pembenaman tera air. Formula yang dicadangkan kami memastikan bahawa perbezaan antara dua pekali adalah sekurang-kurangnya ????. Jika perbezaan antara dua pekali kurang daripada ????, maka piksel baharu diubah suai supaya perbezaannya sama dengan ????. Kaedah yang dicadangkan telah dinilai pada pelbagai imej perubatan, termasuk X-ray, CT, US, MRI, dan Kolonoskopi, dan dibandingkan dengan banyak teknik penanda air yang mantap pada masa terkini. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kaedah yang dicadangkan mengatasi teknik penanda air teguh kontemporari dari segi ketidakjelasan, keteguhan dan keselamatan. Nilai PSNR untuk semua modalitas imej perubatan bertanda air melebihi 54 dB, dan nilai purata PSNR adalah lebih kurang 56 dB. Kaedah yang dicadangkan adalah cemerlang daripada kaedah Coltuc","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90068702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid State Fermentation of Turmeric Rhizomes with Aspergillus SP. To Improve Yield and Composition of Extracted Turmeric Oil","authors":"M. Abduh, Asri Ifani Ramawati, Tinta Komariyah, Yohanes Theda","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.1629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.1629","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to determine the role of Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus oryzae in degrading starch on turmeric rhizome substrate to increase the yield of turmeric oil. The substrate in the form of turmeric rhizome was given additional yeast extract of 10% weight per volume to meet the nutritional needs of fungal growth. The fungal concentration used in inoculation was 5x107 cells/ml. The solid-state fermentation process was carried out in dark conditions (~0 W), temperatures of 25–28 ºC, 99% humidity, and aeration (3.5 L/min). Turmeric oil was isolated using a steam distillation method for three hours, with the substrate moisture content of 68–71% and a substrate–water ratio of 1:5. The biodegradation process was conducted for 11 days. The starch content and turmeric oil yield was determined during the fermentation particularly on days 7, 9, and 11. The results showed that the biodegradation process of starch in solid-state fermentation succeeded in increasing the yield of turmeric oil. Aspergillus awamori showed the most desirable starch degradation activity by 62.5% to 2.9% wet weight on the 11th day of fermentation. Aspergillus oryzae had the most positive effect, nearly doubling the turmeric oil yield to 3.17% dry weight after 11th day of fermentation. The main constituents of turmeric oil are ?-turmerone, ?-turmerone, and ar-turmerone.\u0000ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan bagi mengkaji peranan Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus niger, dan Aspergillus oryzae dalam mendegradasikan kanji pada substrat rizom kunyit bagi meningkatkan hasil minyak kunyit. Substrat dalam bentuk rizom kunyit telah diberi tambahan ekstrak yis 10% mengikut berat setiap isipadu bagi memenuhi keperluan nutrisi pertumbuhan kulat. Kepekatan kulat yang digunakan dalam inokulasi adalah 5x107 sel/ml. Proses penapaian berkeadaan pepejal telah dijalankan dalam keadaan gelap (~0 W), suhu 25–28 ºC, kelembapan 99%, dan pengudaraan (3.5 L/min). Minyak kunyit diasingkan menggunakan kaedah penyulingan wap selama tiga jam, dengan kandungan lembapan substrat 68-71% dan nisbah substrat-air 1:5. Proses biodegradasi dijalankan selama 11 hari. Kandungan kanji dan hasil minyak kunyit ditentukan semasa penapaian terutamanya pada hari ke-7, 9, dan 11. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa proses biodegradasi kanji dalam penapaian berkeadaan pepejal berjaya meningkatkan hasil minyak kunyit. Aspergillus awamori menunjukkan aktiviti degradasi kanji yang paling diingini iaitu sebanyak 62.5% hingga 2.9% berat basah pada hari ke-11 penapaian. Aspergillus oryzae mempunyai kesan yang paling positif, iaitu hampir dua kali ganda hasil minyak kunyit kepada 3.17% berat kering selepas hari ke-11 penapaian. Konstituen utama minyak kunyit ialah ?-turmerone, ?-turmerone, dan ar-turmerone.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75609171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quick and Facile Solution-Processed Method for PEDOT:PSS Transparent Conductive Thin Film","authors":"Mei Bao Lee, Chiew Tin Lee, William Woei Fong Chong, S. Sanip","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2382","url":null,"abstract":"PEDOT:PSS is a conducting organic polymer widely studied for a transparent conductive electrode. The conventional method to fabricate PEDOT:PSS thin film involves a post-treatment process entailing dipping into strong and toxic saturated acid to enhance the film’s conductivity. Eliminating the post-treatment process reduces excess strong saturated acid or solvent waste, shortening the fabricating time by half. Therefore, this study presents a quick and facile solution-processed method for fabricating the PEDOT:PSS transparent conductive thin film (without a post-treatment process) while still achieving the requirements for a transparent conductive electrode (TCE). A parametric study was conducted by adding 5 wt% to 80 wt% of benzene sulfonic acid (BA) to PEDOT:PSS during the formulation stage before being dried at elevated temperatures from 80 °C to 200 °C. The optimum sheet resistance and transmittance value could be achieved for a thin film fabricated from PEDOT:PSS added with 40 wt% of BA, and dried at 120 °C. The sheet resistance and transmittance values are 80 ?/sq and 93.6%, respectively. The generated figure of merit (FOM) value is 70.1, indicating an improvement of almost five times compared to the FOM value of 14.6 generated using the conventional method, requiring a post-treatment process.\u0000ABSTRAK: PEDOT:PSS adalah bahan polimer organik yang mengkonduksi arus dan dikaji secara meluas bagi digunakan sebagai elektrod konduktif telus. Kaedah konvensional untuk menghasilkan filem nipis PEDOT:PSS melibatkan proses pasca rawatan iaitu dengan mencelupkan filem nipis PEDOT:PSS ke dalam asid pekat bertoksik bagi meningkatkan konduksi filem tersebut. Tanpa proses pasca rawatan ini dapat mengurangkan penghasilan sisa lebihan seperti asid pekat bertoksik atau pelarut buangan, memendekkan masa fabrikasi sebanyak separuh. Oleh itu, kajian ini menghasilkan kaedah proses-penyelesaian yang cepat dan mudah bagi fabrikasi filem nipis PEDOT:PSS (tanpa proses pasca rawatan) disamping masih mencapai keperluan sebagai elektrod konduktif telus (TCE). Kajian parametrik telah dijalankan dengan menambah 5 wt% hingga 80 wt% asid sulfonik benzena (BA) ke dalam PEDOT:PSS pada peringkat percampuran kimia sebelum dikeringkan pada kenaikan suhu secara berperingkat dari 80 °C sehingga 200 °C. Nilai optimum bagi rintangan lapisan dan nilai ketelusan bagi filem nipis PEDOT:PSS yang difabrikasi dapat dicapai melalui penambahan sebanyak 40 wt% BA dan dikeringkan pada suhu 120 °C. Rintangan lapisan dan nilai ketelusan telah dicapai sebanyak 80 ?/sq dan 93.6%, masing-masing. Nilai gambaran merit (FOM) yang terhasil adalah 70.1, menunjukkan peningkatan hampir lima kali ganda berbanding nilai FOM 14.6 yang terhasil menggunakan kaedah konvensional yang memerlukan proses pasca-rawatan.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77490409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Numerical Techniques for Weibull Parameters’ Estimation and the Performance of Wind Energy Conversion Systems in Nigeria","authors":"I. Okakwu, D. Akinyele, O. Olabode, T. Ajewole, E. Oluwasogo, A. Oyedeji","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2611","url":null,"abstract":"The wind speed of a location is a critical parameter for analyzing wind energy conversion systems. Background knowledge has revealed that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is commonly used for fitting wind speed data because of its simplicity, flexibility and suitability. This research study examines wind speed data from five locations in Nigeria (Kano, Maiduguri, Jos, Abuja and Akure). It employs five numerical techniques, namely the maximum likelihood method, method of moment, power density method, empirical method and the logarithmic moment method, to estimate the Weibull parameters based on the locations’ data. The goodness of fit test is used to determine which numerical method best fits the distribution. The paper also considers the techno-economic design of wind electricity of five 25 kW pitch-controlled wind turbines with dissimilar characteristics. The test result presents the method of moment and empirical method as the best methods for calculating the Weibull parameters. Results also show that wind turbine-3 has the least cost of energy and wind turbine-5 has the highest cost of energy.\u0000ABSTRAK: Kelajuan angin sesuatu lokasi adalah parameter kritikal bagi menganalisa sistem penukaran tenaga angin. Latar belakang berkaitan telah mendedahkan 2-parameter taburan Weibull (Wbl) lazimnya digunakan bagi memadan data kelajuan angin berdasarkan kesederhanaan, fleksibiliti dan kesesuaian. Kajian penyelidikan ini adalah berkaitan ujian data kelajuan angin pada lima lokasi di Nigeria (Kano, Maiduguri, Jos, Abuja dan Akure). Ia menggunakan lima teknik berangka iaitu kaedah kemungkinan maksimum, kaedah momen, kaedah ketumpatan kuasa, kaedah empirikal dan kaedah momen logaritma bagi menganggar parameter Weibull berdasarkan lokasi data. Ujian kesesuaian digunakan bagi memastikan kaedah berangka adalah padanan paling sesuai bagi taburan. Kajian ini juga turut menimbang reka bentuk tekno-ekonomi elektrik angin bagi lima turbin angin 25 kW kawalan anggul dengan ciri berbeza. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan momen dan kaedah empirikal adalah kaedah terbaik bagi mengira parameter Weibull. Ini menunjukkan bahawa turbin angin-3 mempunyai kos tenaga paling rendah dan turbin angin-5 mempunyai kos tenaga tertinggi.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82926535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar Thermal Process Parameters Forecasting for Evacuated Tubes Collector (ETC) Based on RNN-LSTM","authors":"Muhammad Ali Akbar, Ahmad Jazlan, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Hasan Firdaus Mohd Zaki, Muhammad Naveed Akhter, A. H. Embong","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2374","url":null,"abstract":"Solar Heat for Industrial Process (SHIP) systems are a clean source of alternative and renewable energy for industrial processes. A typical SHIP system consists of a solar panel connected with a thermal storage system along with necessary piping. Predictive maintenance and condition monitoring of these SHIP systems are essential to prevent system downtime and ensure a steady supply of heated water for a particular industrial process. This paper proposes the use of recurrent neural network-based predictive models to forecast solar thermal process parameters. Data of five process parameters namely - Solar Irradiance, Solar Collector Inlet & Outlet Temperature, and Flux Calorimeter Readings at two points were collected throughout a four-month period. Two variants of RNN, including LSTM and Gated Recurrent Units, were explored and the performance for this forecasting task was compared. The results show that Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) between the actual and predicted values were 0.4346 (Solar Irradiance), 61.51 (Heat Meter 1), 23.85 (Heat Meter 2), Inlet Temperature (0.432) and Outlet Temperature (0.805) respectively. These results open up possibilities for employing a deep learning based forecasting method in the application of SHIP systems.\u0000ABSTRAK: Penggunaan sumber bersih seperti Tenaga Solar dalam Proses Industri (SHIP) adalah satu kaedah alternatif untuk menhasilkan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui bagi mengurangkan kesan gas rumah hijau yang terhasil dari proses industri. Sistem SHIP biasanya mengandungi panel solar dan sistem penyimpanan haba yang berhubung melalui paip yang sesuai. Penyelengaraan secara berkala diperlukan bagi memastikan sistem ini sentiasa membekalkan tenaga solar pada kadar bersesuaian dan bekalan tenaga solar yang terhasil berterusan dan tidak menjejaskan sistem pemanasan air bagi sesuatu proses industri. Kajian ini mencadangkan penggunaan model ramalan rangkaian neural berulang bagi meramal parameter proses pemanasan solar. Kelima-lima parameter proses iaitu – Iradiasi Solar, Suhu Saluran Keluar & Masuk Pengumpul Solar dan Bacaan Kalorimeter Fluks pada dua tempat diambil sepanjang empat bulan (dari Julai 2021 sehingga Oktober 2021). Dapatan menunjukkan dua varian RNN termasuk LSTM dan Unit Berulang dapat dibanding prestasinya bagi tugas ramalan ini. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan Ralat Punca Min Kuasa Dua (RMSE) antara bacaan sebenar dan ramalan adalah masing-masing 0.4346 (Iradiasi Solar), 61.51 (Meter Terma 1), 23.85 (Meter Terma 2), Suhu Salur Masuk (0.432) and Suhu Salur Keluar (0.805). Ini membuka peluang kajian mendalam berdasarkan kaedah ramalan dalam aplikasi sistem SHIP.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90169562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Model of Subthreshold Swing for Junctionless Double Gate MOSFET Using Ferroelectric Negative Capacitance Effect","authors":"H. Jung","doi":"10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v24i1.2508","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical Subthreshold Swing (SS) model is presented to observe the change in the SS when a stacked SiO2-metal-ferroelectric structure is used as the oxide film of a JunctionLess Double Gate (JLDG) MOSFET. The SS of 60 mV/dec or less is essential to reduce power dissipation while maintaining transistor performance. If a ferroelectric material with Negative Capacitance (NC) effect is used, the SS can be reduced below 60 mV/dec. The analytical SS model of the ferroelectric NC FET presented to analyze this was in good agreement with the SS derived from the relation between the drain current and gate voltage, using 2D potential distribution. As results were derived from the analytical SS model, it was found that it is possible to obtain an SS of 60 mV/dec or less even at 15 nm channel length by adjusting the thicknesses of the silicon channel, SiO2, and ferroelectric. In particular, the change in SS according to the ferroelectric thickness was saturated as the thickness of SiO2 increased and was almost constant as the thickness of the silicon channel decreased.\u0000ABSTRAK: Model Ayunan Subambang (SS) analitikal dibentangkan bagi melihat perubahan pada SS apabila struktur feroelektrik-logam-SiO2 bertindan digunakan sebagai filem oksida bagi MOSFET Dua Get Tanpa Simpang (JLDG). SS 60 mV/dec atau kurang adalah penting bagi mengurangkan pelesapan kuasa sambil mengekalkan prestasi transistor. Jika bahan feroelektrik dengan kesan Kapasitans Negatif (NC) digunakan, SS dapat dikurangkan bawah 60 mV/dek. Model SS analitikal feroelektrik NC FET yang digunakan bagi kajian ini adalah sesuai dengan SS yang diperoleh daripada hubungan antara arus serapan dan voltan get, menggunakan edaran potensi 2D. Dapatan terbitan melalui model SS analitikal, mendapati bahawa adalah mungkin bagi mendapatkan SS pada 60 mV/dek atau kurang walaupun panjang laluan adalah 15 nm dengan melaraskan ketebalan saluran silikon, SiO2, dan feroelektrik. Terutama apabila perubahan ketebalan feroelektrik SS adalah tepu ketika ketebalan SiO2 meningkat, dan hampir malar apabila ketebalan saluran silikon berkurang.","PeriodicalId":13439,"journal":{"name":"IIUM Engineering Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75347420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}