IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science最新文献_第8页

Scintillation Properties and Pulse Shape Discrimination Capability of CLLBC at Ce Concentration CLLBC在Ce浓度下的闪烁特性和脉冲形状识别能力

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3503681

Zhuochen Cai;Xianggang Zhang;Ziang Yin;Shixuan Guo;Yi Liu;Jinbo Liu;Zhe Kang;Qinghua Zhao;Fa Luo;Shitao Xiong;Shusheng Wang;Xuxin He;Aizhong Yue;Tao Wang

{"title":"Scintillation Properties and Pulse Shape Discrimination Capability of CLLBC at Ce Concentration","authors":"Zhuochen Cai;Xianggang Zhang;Ziang Yin;Shixuan Guo;Yi Liu;Jinbo Liu;Zhe Kang;Qinghua Zhao;Fa Luo;Shitao Xiong;Shusheng Wang;Xuxin He;Aizhong Yue;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3503681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3503681","url":null,"abstract":"Elpasolite scintillators such as Cs2LiYCl6 (CLYC), Cs2LiLaBr6 (CLLB), and Cs2LiLa(Br,Cl)6 (CLLBC) are known for their exceptional scintillation properties and ability to detect both neutrons and gamma rays. Although Ce doping is crucial for enhancing luminescence, a quantitative analysis of its impact on pulse shape discrimination (PSD) has not been thoroughly explored. This study focuses on CLLBC crystals, grown with nominal Ce concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4% using the vertical Bridgman method. Characterization revealed that increasing Ce concentrations improve energy resolution and light yield while reducing decay times. Importantly, the figure of merit (FoM) for n-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> discrimination increased from 1.6 to 2.0, indicating enhanced PSD capability. The coupled rate and transport model quantitatively explains this improvement by demonstrating that higher Ce doping enhances dipole quenching of excited states, thus improving n-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> pulse shape differentiation. These findings are crucial for optimizing Ce concentrations in CLLBC, and the approach demonstrated here can also be extended to other Elpasolite-based n-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-mode scintillators.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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A 3-D Track Reconstruction Algorithm for Preresearch of the STCF MDC L1 Trigger 用于研究 STCF MDC L1 触发器的三维轨道重构算法

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3503068

Yidi Hao;Changqing Feng;Zixuan Zhou;Wenhao Dong;Zhujun Fang;Xueye Hu;Hang Zhou;Shubin Liu

{"title":"A 3-D Track Reconstruction Algorithm for Preresearch of the STCF MDC L1 Trigger","authors":"Yidi Hao;Changqing Feng;Zixuan Zhou;Wenhao Dong;Zhujun Fang;Xueye Hu;Hang Zhou;Shubin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3503068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3503068","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed Super Tau Charm Facility (STCF) is an electron-positron collider with high luminosity. Under the conditions of a high radiation, high counting-rate environment, and a pure physics event rate of up to 400 kHz, for a Level 1 (L1) trigger system, it is crucial to suppress background events to an acceptable rate. To this end, this study presents a 3-D track reconstruction algorithm for the preresearch of the STCF main drift chamber (MDC) L1 trigger. The proposed algorithm can reject tracks outside the interaction region and provide 3-D track information to the global trigger logic (GTL) of an L1 trigger for further analysis with other subdetectors. By using hit information from the MDC and the transverse momentum (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$p_{T}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and azimuthal angle (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$phi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) from previous research on 2-D reconstruction, this study reconstructs the z (longitudinal) position for the track vertex using a neural network-based method with an innovative stereo track segment (TS) design. The neural network is trained using high granularity quantization (HGQ) to reduce resource consumption while maintaining resolution. The proposed method is implemented into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) using the hls4ml. The achieved resolution of the z-vertex reconstruction of a single track (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${z}~in $ </tex-math></inline-formula> [−50, 50] cm) is approximately 2.8 cm, which can ensure rejecting 97% beam background tracks in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 3sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> interval.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"429-437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Assessing the Reliability of FPGA-Based Quantized Neural Networks Under Neutron Irradiation 中子辐照下基于fpga的量化神经网络可靠性评估

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3491503

Ioanna Souvatzoglou;Dimitris Agiakatsikas;Vasileios Vlagkoulis;Aitzan Sari;Mihalis Psarakis;Maria Kastriotou;Carlo Cazzaniga

{"title":"Assessing the Reliability of FPGA-Based Quantized Neural Networks Under Neutron Irradiation","authors":"Ioanna Souvatzoglou;Dimitris Agiakatsikas;Vasileios Vlagkoulis;Aitzan Sari;Mihalis Psarakis;Maria Kastriotou;Carlo Cazzaniga","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3491503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3491503","url":null,"abstract":"SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are popular computing platforms for implementing neural networks (NNs) due to their flexibility and low recurring engineering costs. Nevertheless, reliability concerns arise due to their susceptibility to radiation effects, especially considering high-altitude or -scalability applications. In this work, we explore the resilience of quantized, and especially binarized (e.g., use binary values to represent the weights) and nearly binarized, FPGA NNs to neutron-induced errors. Specifically, we study the impact of various NN design parameters, such as the degree of quantization and parallelization, the type of memory for storing the weights, and the diversity of the input images on the NN reliability. To achieve this, we exposed to accelerated atmospheric-like neutron radiation a large set of NN designs built through FINN, a state-of-the-art development framework targeting FPGA NN accelerators, using different quantization, folding, and weight storage schemes. We examine how these parameters affect the tradeoff between area, performance, and reliability, calculating various metrics such as the dynamic cross section (DCS), failures in time (FIT), and mean executions between failures (MEBF). Our findings show that less quantization (i.e., larger bit precision), as well as less folding (i.e., more parallelization), leads to improved reliability (i.e., lower FIT and higher MEBF). In contrast, these two factors push the performance and area of the NNs in opposite directions (i.e., less quantization and folding result in lower latency but more FPGA resources). Moreover, the results reveal that the choice of the memory type (i.e., block RAM (BRAM) or distributed RAM) for storing the NN weights impacts the reliability metrics, with the mixed memory configuration providing the highest reliability.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2565-2577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Integrating Geant4 Into PyORBIT for Accurate Beam Dynamics and Particle–Matter Interactions Simulation 集成Geant4到PyORBIT精确光束动力学和粒子-物质相互作用模拟

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3501367

Kai Zhou;Shouyan Xu;Yanliang Han;Xiaohan Lu;Sheng Wang

引用次数: 0

Design of an 11-bit Column-Parallel ADC for Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3500361

Yongsheng Wang;Chengyou Xia;Yuhao Wen;Haoqing Xie;Boxuan Li;Jiarui Wang;Weijia Han;Fangfa Fu;Jinxiang Wang;Chengxin Zhao

{"title":"Design of an 11-bit Column-Parallel ADC for Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor","authors":"Yongsheng Wang;Chengyou Xia;Yuhao Wen;Haoqing Xie;Boxuan Li;Jiarui Wang;Weijia Han;Fangfa Fu;Jinxiang Wang;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3500361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3500361","url":null,"abstract":"The monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) has been widely used in nuclear and particle physics. The various physics and applications at the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) require the MAPS to measure particle hit position, energy deposition, and arrival time. As the critical part of the MAPS with such capability, a column-parallel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been designed to convert the analog signal from the pixels into a digital signal. To meet the strict constraints on power and area consumption, this ADC uses cyclic architecture and removes the sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). In addition, a novel multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) with two residue generators is proposed. This implementation reuses the load capacitor as an extra residue generator, removing the internal sampling phase and doubling the time reserves on residue voltage settling. Each column-parallel ADC covers an area of only <inline-formula> <tex-math>$60 times 670 ; mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m2 and consumes low power of 3.33 mW with a 3.3-V power supply. This ADC achieves an effective number of bits (ENOBs) of ~9.3 bits at the sampling rate of 1 MSps, with the signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) of 57.74 dB.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"661-667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science information for authors 电气和电子工程师学会《核科学学报》为作者提供的信息

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3493432

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Search for Editor-in-Chief 搜索主编

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3483588

Zane W. Bell

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IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science publication information 电气和电子工程师学会《核科学学报》出版物信息

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3493393

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TechRxiv: Share Your Preprint Research with the World! TechRxiv：与世界分享您的预印本研究成果！

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3497293

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Gamma/Neutron Online Discrimination Based on Machine Learning With CLYC Detectors 基于CLYC探测器的机器学习的伽马/中子在线判别

IF 1.9 3区工程技术

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3498321

Iván René Morales;Romina Soledad Molina;Mladen Bogovac;Nikola Jovalekic;Maria Liz Crespo;Kalliopi Kanaki;Giovanni Ramponi;Sergio Carrato

{"title":"Gamma/Neutron Online Discrimination Based on Machine Learning With CLYC Detectors","authors":"Iván René Morales;Romina Soledad Molina;Mladen Bogovac;Nikola Jovalekic;Maria Liz Crespo;Kalliopi Kanaki;Giovanni Ramponi;Sergio Carrato","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3498321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3498321","url":null,"abstract":"An embedded system (ES) for gamma and neutron discrimination in mixed radiation environments is proposed, validated with an off-the-shelf detector consisting of a Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) crystal coupled to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) cell array. This solution employs a machine learning classification model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) running on a commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA), providing online single-event identification with 98.2% overall accuracy at rates higher than 200 kilocounts/s. Thermal neutrons and fast neutrons up to 5 MeV can be detected and discriminated from gamma events, even under pile-up scenarios with a dead-time lower than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000s. The system exhibits excellent size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) characteristics, packed in a volume smaller than 0.6 l and weighing less than 0.5 kg, while ensuring continuous operation with only 1.5 W. These features render our proposal suitable for embedded applications where low SWaP is critical and radiation levels manifest large count rates variability, such as space exploration, portable dosimeters, radiation surveillance on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), and soil moisture monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2602-2614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10753073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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