IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science最新文献

{"title":"Performance of F-Doped Silica Fiber Under High Ionizing Radiation Exposure","authors":"Dajuan Lyu;Gaowei Cao;Fei Wang;Qing Huang;Guilin Zhang;Qiao Chen;Jia Liu;Minghong Yang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3559897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3559897","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) performance of F-doped silica core single-mode fibers (Si-SMFs) under high ionizing radiation exposure. The Si-SMFs were fabricated using plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) with a triple-cladding design to minimize internal stress. Throughout two distinct types of radiation exposure experiments, the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of RIA at telecommunication wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm were monitored in real-time using an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). Upon completion of the initial irradiation cycle, characterized by a dose rate of 1.25 Gy(SiO2)/s and a total dose of 1 MGy(SiO2) at room temperature (RT), the RIA values for the sample fibers reached approximately 14.43 dB/km at 1310 nm and 22.81 dB/km at 1550 nm. Notably, the F-doped fibers exhibited superior RIA performance at the shorter wavelength (1310 nm) when the accumulated dose exceeded 40.5 kGy(SiO2) (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-rays, at RT). After the second irradiation phase, the RIA values decreased to approximately 7.27 dB/km at 1310 nm and 14.38 dB/km at 1550 nm. This study sheds light on the attenuation characteristics of F-doped silica fibers under high ionizing radiation and their variation with radiation dose, providing valuable insights for the application of optical fibers in radiation environments.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 5","pages":"1698-1705"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Bayesian Network Modeling of Component-Level Radiation Effects’ Impact on System Performance","authors":"Zhaofeng Zhen;Tao Ying;Xiaodong Xu;Jianqun Yang;Shangli Dong;Xingji Li","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3559479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3559479","url":null,"abstract":"Awareness of the impact of component-level radiation response on the system is challenging. This article discusses the radiation response of a power supply system by combining the power converters’ radiation effects and the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model. The total ionizing dose (TID) effects, displacement damage (DD) effects, and single event effects (SEEs) of the power converters are studied by conducting Co-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$60~gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ray, protons, and heavy ion tests, respectively. Then, the possible fault propagation models in the power supply system are analyzed, and a DBN structure is constructed based on these models. The variations of each part in the power supply system during the mission time are predicted. Finally, the DBN model is verified through the irradiation test results of the power supply system.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 5","pages":"1734-1740"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Crystal Fiber Inhomogeneity on the Energy Resolution of a Sampling Electromagnetic Calorimeter","authors":"Louis Roux;Loris Martinazzoli;Marco PIzzichemi;Christophe Dujardin;Etiennette Auffray","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3559721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3559721","url":null,"abstract":"Sampling electromagnetic calorimeters (ECALs) are widely used in high-energy physics (HEP) experiments, thanks to their ability to efficiently measure electromagnetic particles’ energy over a broad dynamic range while maintaining good energy resolution. These detectors alternate passive layers made of dense absorber materials, with active layers, such as scintillators. Scintillating materials, such as inorganic garnets, are promising candidates for high-luminosity environments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) due to their high radiation hardness, ensuring longer operational lifetimes without compromising performance. However, fluctuations in light yield (LY) can lead to a degradation in energy resolution (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). One concept of sampling calorimeter is the so-called spaghetti calorimeter (SpaCaL); it relies on optimal scintillating fiber placement inserted in the heavy absorber. Hence, addressing possible LY variations is critical to guarantee that the detector meets the stringent requirements of future high-luminosity runs at the LHC. To maintain optimal ECAL performance, providing feedback to scintillator producers on the acceptable limits of LY variation is essential. For this purpose, a tungsten for the absorber and GAGG for the scintillating material of the sampling electromagnetic calorimeter (W-GAGG) SpaCal was modeled using Monte Carlo (MC) methods. Electrons with energies ranging from 1 to 100 GeV were simulated through the SpaCal to study <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We introduced artificial longitudinal variations of LY along the GAGG fibers with fixed values across a range of conditions to evaluate their impact on our modeled detector’s performance. Our results indicate that to preserve <inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{R}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and maintain an acceptable constant term <inline-formula> <tex-math>$c=1%$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the longitudinal variation of LY should not exceed 2%/cm. In addition, we found the optimal fiber configuration to minimize performance degradation from LY fluctuations by testing different end orientations and placements relative to the reflector in both SpaCal sections.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 7","pages":"2076-2081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10962144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further Exploration in Displacement Damage Correlation of Neutrons and Si Ions in VPNP BJTs","authors":"Kai Wang;Yang Song;Jianqun Yang;Zhaofeng Zhen;Zhengfeng Bai;Xingji Li","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3559067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3559067","url":null,"abstract":"This study systematically examines the equivalence of displacement radiation damage in vertical p-n-p (VPNP) bipolar transistors between 1-MeV neutron-equivalent and multi-energy silicon ion irradiation environments through the development of an enhanced non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) calculation methodology. A comparative irradiation study was performed on identical VPNP bipolar transistors from the same production batch, employing both neutron irradiation and silicon ion bombardment at varying energy levels. Depth-dependent NIEL distributions were numerically simulated for both radiation species, enabling precise extraction of total non-ionizing dose (TNID) deposition in the base region per unit fluence. Analysis of radiation-induced electrical degradation demonstrates that the inverse current gain variation in bipolar transistors exhibits approximate adherence to the Messenger-Spratt equation when correlated with TNID. However, the NIEL methodology fails to establish a direct displacement damage correlation between different particle species. Comparative deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) characterizations following neutron and 30-MeV silicon ion irradiation reveal three identical defect types induced by both radiation sources while demonstrating significant ionization damage interference in displacement defect formation during 30-MeV silicon irradiation. Notably, the refined NIEL methodology achieves remarkable consistency in correlating silicon ion and neutron radiation damage data, with linear fitting analysis yielding Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. This validation confirms the improved predictive capability of the proposed NIEL framework for multi-particle radiation damage equivalence assessment.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 5","pages":"1718-1725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Novel Capture-Gated Neutron Spectrometer With a CLYC Scintillator","authors":"Sinchul Kang;Young Soo Yoon;Hyeonseo Park;Jungho Kim;Joong Hyun Kim;Hyeoungwoo Park","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3559087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3559087","url":null,"abstract":"A novel capture-gate neutron spectrometer with a Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) scintillator and a liquid scintillator (LS) has been developed for measuring fast neutrons and studying cosmic neutron spectrum detection. The detector consists of an LS surrounding a central CLYC scintillator, designed for neutron capture after moderation. The CLYC scintillator can be easily replaced, allowing flexibility in its application. Two CLYC scintillators are compared: one enriched with 6Li, which has a relatively high thermal neutron cross section, and one enriched with 7Li, which has significantly reduced thermal neutron capture. The spectrometer was tested in a monoenergetic neutron field from 3.2 to 14.8 MeV. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) was employed to separate neutron and gamma-ray events, and neutron identification relied on coincidence signals from both scintillators. The 6Li-enriched CLYC scintillator demonstrated high neutron event efficiency below 3.2 MeV, while the 7Li-enriched CLYC scintillator showed higher efficiency at 14.8 MeV. This approach enhances the efficiency of fast neutron spectroscopy for cosmic neutron spectrum measurements.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 7","pages":"2066-2070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Radiation Shielding Composite Materials Tailored for Space Mission Applications","authors":"Yu Han;Tao Ying;Jianqun Yang;Yang Zhao;Xingji Li","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3558902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3558902","url":null,"abstract":"New composite materials are more suitable for radiation shielding in space applications compared to multilayer materials as the differing thermal expansion coefficients between layers make multilayer materials more susceptible to damage in the alternating hot and cold conditions of space. These advanced composites are designed with various material systems each optimized to provide distinct shielding properties against electron and proton radiation. The energy spectra of radiation particles vary significantly across different orbital missions affecting the shielding performance of these materials. This study employs a forward Monte-Carlo (FMC) simulation approach initially compared by the ground-based experiments. The shielding effectiveness of different composite material solutions is then simulated allowing for comparison across various orbital radiation environments and doses and evaluating the performance advantages of distinct material systems in specific orbits. This research has shown that the design of radiation shielding materials is a complex engineering process influenced by multiple factors. It requires the material system to be designed based on the shielding properties of different elements considering factors such as the radiation environment characteristics of the mission orbit, areal mass, and the threshold for total ionizing dose (TID) hardness assurance. Composites for missions in the medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO) prioritize enhancing electron shielding performance. Meanwhile, the distinct radiation environment characteristics of the low Earth orbit (LEO), low polar Earth orbit (LPEO), and equatorial MEO (EMEO) demand material solutions of optimal designs tailored to specific conditions. The results show that the simulation-driven quantitative approach enables precise designs that ensure reliability while minimizing costs.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 5","pages":"1790-1799"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method for Accurate and Precise Pulse Arrival Time Estimation: A Case Study on High-Energy Particle Detectors","authors":"Maynor Giovanni Ballina;Maria Liz Crespo;Sergio Carrato;Romina Soledad Molina;Werner Florian Samayoa;Giovanni Ramponi;Andres Cicuttin","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3557623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3557623","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in modern electronics have enabled the sampling of signals with higher resolution, facilitating the application of new techniques for the determination of pulse arrival times at detectors. In this article, we introduce a method for accurate and precise pulse arrival time estimation. This method is immune to offset and slow background variations and pulse pile-up effects, requiring a single parameter. The validation is performed through simulations and systematic comparisons with traditional methods using synthetic pulses and experimental data collected from a particle physics detector. The presented results demonstrated superior accuracy and precision of the proposed method compared to widely used constant fraction discrimination and leading-edge discrimination methods. Moreover, this method is suitable for hardware implementation and can be applied to a wide range of pulse types across various experimental contexts, making it a versatile tool for arrival time estimation in diverse applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 6","pages":"1864-1875"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the Gamma-Rays Induced Radiation Damage Effect of LaBr₃:Ce and CeBr₃ Crystals","authors":"Chen Peng;Yi Lu;Chunsheng Zhang;Xinlong Yan;Yuzhen Jia;Kan Zhang;Ruichen Wang;Weiheng Duan;Weimin He;Weihu Yang;Hetong Han;Zhaohui Song;Fan Yang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3557388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3557388","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates gamma-rays induced radiation damage effect in LaBr3:Ce and CeBr3 crystals. Optical and scintillation properties of these crystals were characterized before and after irradiation up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rad. The recovery of radiation damage was observed in both crystals. After the crystals were irradiated at various dose rates, it was confirmed that the radiation damage saturation cannot be attributed to the dose rate dependent effect. After the irradiation up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> rad, the loss of emission-weighted longitudinal transmittance (EWLT) values is approximately 4.7% for LaBr3:Ce and 6.0% for CeBr3. Meanwhile, the light yield (LY) loss of LaBr3:Ce and CeBr3 crystals is approximately 12.3% and 11.6%, respectively. The excellent correlation between EWLT loss and LY loss indicates that the LY degradation in both crystals can be mainly attributed to the loss of transmittance. The deterioration of energy resolution (ER) after 2-Mrad irradiation ranges from 5.1% to 6.7% for LaBr3:Ce and from 8.7% to 9.5% for CeBr3. The decay time is not affected by radiation damage. Compared with other scintillation crystals, LaBr3:Ce and CeBr3 crystals are radiation hard. These findings provide important insights into the behavior of these materials working in severe radiation environments, which is essential for their applications and production.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 5","pages":"1763-1767"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Irradiation Influence on Proton Radioluminescence Responses of Sol-Gel Optical Fibers","authors":"F. Fricano;A. Morana;C. Hoehr;C. Campanella;C. Bélanger-Champagne;M. Trinczek;D. Lambert;P. Paillet;H. El Hamzaoui;B. Capoen;M. Bouazaoui;A. Boukenter;E. Marin;Y. Ouerdane;S. Girard","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3553065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3553065","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the radiation induced luminescence (RIL) of sol-gel made silica-based optical fibers under protons with energy varying between ~27 and 63 MeV. We compared simultaneously the responses of a pristine (i.e., not irradiated) sample and one pre-irradiated under X-rays up to 250 kGy of the different fiber types (cerium, copper, and cerium/terbium co-doped fibers). The obtained results highlight better performances for pre-irradiated samples, thanks to the progressive deep trap filling and reduction of the bright burn effect (BBE). The dose deposited by the protons and the dose rate range within the fiber-sensitive volumes are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. We observed good linearity of the RIL versus the dose rate in the 1.5–12-Gy(SiO2)/s range and for the different tested proton energies. In particular, no energy dependence is noticed regarding the RIL, within a 5% maximum. All of these characteristics are especially important for proton therapy, where the linear energy transfer changes along the Bragg peak during the tumor treatment. Sol-gel silica-based optical fibers constitute promising solutions for proton flux (or dose rate) monitoring during treatments, providing high spatial resolution.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 7","pages":"2059-2065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cold Target Recoil-Ion Momentum Spectroscopy for Atomic and Molecular Reaction Dynamics Induced by Ions at Few-MeV Energies","authors":"Mingliang Duan;Zhencen He;Zhuohang He;Li Zhou;Baoren Wei;Zhimin Hu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3575083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3575083","url":null,"abstract":"A cold target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) mounted on a 3 MV tandetron accelerator is introduced, which is a powerful tool to study atomic and molecular reaction dynamics induced by few-megaelectronvolt (MeV) ions. The setup mainly consists of a supersonic gas jet, a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), three position-sensitive detectors (PSDs), and a data acquisition (DAQ) system. Using the TOF and position information on the PSDs, the 3-D momenta of recoil ions can be reconstructed. The diameter of the supersonic gas jet is measured to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.3~pm ~0.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. The TOFs of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm{Ar}}_{(1-4)+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ions are measured under 2 MeV He2+ impact and are proportional to the square root of the mass-to-charge ratio. The TOFMS achieves a mass resolution of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1004~pm ~21$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at mass <inline-formula> <tex-math>$m =40$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (Ar+). The fragmentation of nitrogen by electron loss collisions of 1.33 MeV He+ is investigated. Two complete Coulomb fragmentation channels, N2<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{2+}rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> N<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{+} +$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N+ and N2<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{3+}rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> N<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{2+} +$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N+, are identified. The kinetic energy release (KER) distribution for channel N2<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{2+}rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> N<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{+} +$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N+ agrees well with previous studies. Systematic studies of impact ionization and fragmentation dynamics of atoms and molecules induced by few-MeV ion beams can be taken up using this setup.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 7","pages":"2206-2214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144671238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}