Influence of Crystal Fiber Inhomogeneity on the Energy Resolution of a Sampling Electromagnetic Calorimeter

IF 1.9 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
Louis Roux;Loris Martinazzoli;Marco PIzzichemi;Christophe Dujardin;Etiennette Auffray
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sampling electromagnetic calorimeters (ECALs) are widely used in high-energy physics (HEP) experiments, thanks to their ability to efficiently measure electromagnetic particles’ energy over a broad dynamic range while maintaining good energy resolution. These detectors alternate passive layers made of dense absorber materials, with active layers, such as scintillators. Scintillating materials, such as inorganic garnets, are promising candidates for high-luminosity environments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) due to their high radiation hardness, ensuring longer operational lifetimes without compromising performance. However, fluctuations in light yield (LY) can lead to a degradation in energy resolution ( $E_{R}$ ). One concept of sampling calorimeter is the so-called spaghetti calorimeter (SpaCaL); it relies on optimal scintillating fiber placement inserted in the heavy absorber. Hence, addressing possible LY variations is critical to guarantee that the detector meets the stringent requirements of future high-luminosity runs at the LHC. To maintain optimal ECAL performance, providing feedback to scintillator producers on the acceptable limits of LY variation is essential. For this purpose, a tungsten for the absorber and GAGG for the scintillating material of the sampling electromagnetic calorimeter (W-GAGG) SpaCal was modeled using Monte Carlo (MC) methods. Electrons with energies ranging from 1 to 100 GeV were simulated through the SpaCal to study $E_{R}$ . We introduced artificial longitudinal variations of LY along the GAGG fibers with fixed values across a range of conditions to evaluate their impact on our modeled detector’s performance. Our results indicate that to preserve $E_{R}$ and maintain an acceptable constant term $c=1\%$ , the longitudinal variation of LY should not exceed 2%/cm. In addition, we found the optimal fiber configuration to minimize performance degradation from LY fluctuations by testing different end orientations and placements relative to the reflector in both SpaCal sections.
晶体光纤不均匀性对采样式电磁量热计能量分辨率的影响
采样式电磁量热计(ECALs)在高能物理(HEP)实验中得到了广泛的应用,因为它们能够在很宽的动态范围内有效地测量电磁粒子的能量,同时保持良好的能量分辨率。这些探测器交替使用由密集吸收材料制成的无源层和闪烁体等有源层。闪烁材料,如无机石榴石,是高亮度环境(如大型强子对撞机(LHC))的有希望的候选者,因为它们的高辐射硬度,确保更长的使用寿命而不影响性能。然而,光产率(LY)的波动会导致能量分辨率($E_{R}$)的下降。采样量热计的一个概念是所谓的意大利面量热计(SpaCaL);它依赖于在重型吸收器中插入的最佳闪烁光纤位置。因此,解决可能的LY变化对于保证探测器满足未来在大型强子对撞机上高亮度运行的严格要求至关重要。为了保持最佳的ECAL性能,向闪烁体生产商提供关于LY变化的可接受限制的反馈是必不可少的。为此,采用蒙特卡罗(MC)方法对采样式电磁量热计(W-GAGG)空间的吸波材料钨和闪烁材料GAGG进行了建模。利用SpaCal模拟了能量在1 ~ 100gev之间的电子,对$E_{R}$进行了研究。我们在一系列条件下引入了沿GAGG光纤的固定值的人工纵向LY变化,以评估它们对我们的模型探测器性能的影响。我们的结果表明,为了保持$E_{R}$和维持一个可接受的常数项$c=1\%$, LY的纵向变化不应超过2%/cm。此外,通过测试两个空间部分中相对于反射器的不同端向和放置位置,我们找到了最佳的光纤配置,以最大限度地减少LY波动带来的性能下降。
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来源期刊
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 工程技术-工程:电子与电气
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
27.80%
发文量
314
审稿时长
6.2 months
期刊介绍: The IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science is a publication of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society. It is viewed as the primary source of technical information in many of the areas it covers. As judged by JCR impact factor, TNS consistently ranks in the top five journals in the category of Nuclear Science & Technology. It has one of the higher immediacy indices, indicating that the information it publishes is viewed as timely, and has a relatively long citation half-life, indicating that the published information also is viewed as valuable for a number of years. The IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science is published bimonthly. Its scope includes all aspects of the theory and application of nuclear science and engineering. It focuses on instrumentation for the detection and measurement of ionizing radiation; particle accelerators and their controls; nuclear medicine and its application; effects of radiation on materials, components, and systems; reactor instrumentation and controls; and measurement of radiation in space.
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