Immunologic Research最新文献

{"title":"PS77: a novel peptide with α-helical structure for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy in biomaterials design.","authors":"Zhengyi Lin, Haiyi Zhao, Haojie Lin, Lanni Song, Xuechen Tian, Siew Woh Choo","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09663-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12026-025-09663-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic inflammation underlies many diseases, posing challenges in therapeutic management due to the limitations and side effects of current treatments and necessitating novel therapeutic solutions. Here, we introduce PS77, a novel α-helical peptide derived from Squama Manitis, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, and unveil its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, potentially revolutionizing biomaterials design for targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. An in vitro TNF-α-induced inflammatory model in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) was used to demonstrate PS77's significant impact. We demonstrated that PS77 significantly reduced IL-8 and MMP-3 expression, indicating potent anti-inflammatory activity without cytotoxicity to normal cells. Transcriptomic analysis further elucidated PS77's mechanism of action, revealing significant modulation of 265 genes (137 upregulated and 128 downregulated), with a particular focus on the downregulation of genes within the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways-key players in inflammation. Moreover, PS77 regulated several inflammation-associated genes, including CHRNA7, CXCR5, RXRG, KRT76, IL12RB2, and COLEC11, underscoring its comprehensive anti-inflammatory effects. This study not only highlights PS77's therapeutic potential as a biomaterial for treating inflammatory diseases but also paves the way for further research into its mechanisms and applications in biomedicine. By leveraging the novel biomaterial properties of PS77, this research may contribute to the development of targeted and efficient anti-inflammatory therapies, marking a significant advance in the field of biomaterials and offering a promising avenue for inflammation management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12289727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spon2 knockdown suppresses the phenotype of house dust mite-induced allergic asthma in mice and cells.","authors":"Haihan Zheng, Shenggang Ding, Daoxiang Rong, Ting Li, Mei Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09641-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09641-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. The objective of this study was to identify potential therapeutic targets for allergic asthma through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and experimental analyses. Allergic asthma models, both in cells and mice, were induced using house dust mite (HDM) treatment. RNA-seq analysis of lung tissues from HDM-induced allergic asthma mice and control mice was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed. Spon2 knockdown was achieved via siRNA transfection and adeno-associated virus transduction. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from mice was analyzed using cytology, ELISA for cytokines, and Giemsa staining. Lung tissues underwent HE staining, immunohistochemical staining, and Masson staining. Key gene expression levels were monitored in cellular and mouse models using real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. RNA-seq and histological analysis of the HDM-induced allergic asthma mouse model revealed increased macrophage infiltration and upregulation of Spon2 in the lung tissues of mice with allergic asthma. Compared with the HDM-induced group, Spon2 knockdown led to decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the cellular model and, in the mouse model, it relieved HDM-caused histopathological alterations in mouse lungs, reduced collagen fiber deposition, lowered HDM-specific IgE expression in serum, and mitigated the HDM-induced increase in CD80 expression in lung tissues, total cell counts, and cytokine levels (IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) in BALF. Spon2 plays a role in the progression of HDM-induced allergic asthma and may be a potential therapeutic target worthy of further in vivo investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of dendritic cells in recurrent pregnancy loss.","authors":"Xingxing Yuan, Chaofan Li, Liuxin Yang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xiaoling Feng","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09664-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09664-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as ≥ 2 consecutive losses, remains a significant clinical challenge with complex immunological underpinnings. While immune dysfunction underpins RPL, dendritic cells (DCs) emerge as central regulators of maternal-fetal tolerance. This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted roles of DC subsets at the maternal-fetal interface, including their contribution to immune tolerance, angiogenesis, placental development, and bidirectional interactions with trophoblasts and natural killer (NK) cells. We detail specific DC alterations in RPL, encompassing phenotypic shifts, functional defects, and disrupted DC-NK cell crosstalk, linking these changes to pregnancy loss risk. Emerging evidence highlights therapeutic strategies targeting DCs, such as tolerogenic DC vaccines and interventions modulating trophoblast MHC antigen presentation, alongside established immunomodulation, to restore immune balance. Underlying mechanisms like systemic inflammation impacting endometrial DCs are also discussed. By synthesizing current literature and controversies, this review elucidates the critical, yet complex, role of DC heterogeneity and function in RPL pathogenesis and discusses innovative interventions aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of neddylation on prognosis in the immune microenvironment of neuroblastoma: a single-cell transcriptomic analysis.","authors":"Juan You, Hu Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09662-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09662-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroblastoma (NB) is a prevalent malignant tumor in children, primarily affecting the nervous system, with a high mortality rate, particularly in high-risk patients. This study aims to establish a neddylation-related prognostic signature (NRPS) through the analysis of gene expression data from NB patients and to evaluate its clinical application potential. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using gene expression profiling, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to elucidate the role of neddylation and establish a NRPS for NB patients. Our analysis identified 171,992 cells categorized into 19 distinct clusters, revealing that Schwann and tumor cells exhibited significantly higher neddylation scores compared to other cell types. We constructed a NRPS that significantly impacts overall survival and event-free survival. Immune infiltration analysis demonstrated significantly higher levels of immune cells, particularly activated CD8 + T cells and natural killer cells, in the low-risk group, indicating a stronger anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the high-risk group was associated with cell division and DNA repair pathways, while the low-risk group showed enrichment in immune-related signaling pathways, suggesting immune activation may confer protective effects. Additionally, the immunotherapy analysis suggested that the low-risk score group exhibited better immunotherapy outcomes. This study underscores the clinical significance of NRPS in predicting survival and therapeutic outcomes in NB patients, highlighting their necessity and urgency in personalized treatment approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic-associated enthesitis: a review on pathophysiology, clinical relevance, diagnostic challenges, and perspective on target treatments.","authors":"Giuseppe Lisco, Anna De Tullio, Roberta Zupo, Marcella Prete, Giuseppina Piazzolla, Vito Racanelli, Vincenzo Triggiani","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09655-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09655-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Entheses are specialized tissues that connect ligaments and tendons to the bone surface and are frequently involved in seronegative spondyloarthritis. Enthesitis can also be detected in patients with metabolic disorders (MD), regardless of baseline autoimmune rheumatic disease, posing real diagnostic challenges. The present review discusses the pathophysiology of enthesitis and metabolic-associated enthesitis, the clinical relevance of metabolic disorders on enthesitis-related outcomes, diagnostic challenges for adequate differential diagnosis, and possible therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. References were screened according to a hierarchical analysis of studies by title, abstract, and full text, collected, presented, and discussed. Metabolic-associated enthesitis is attributable to mechanical stress/overload due to weight excess typically observed in metabolic disorders (MD), such as overweight/obese comorbid patients, metabolic syndrome (MS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Interleukin 1β, 6, 17, 18, and 23 and tumor necrosis factor-α play a crucial role in initiating and maintaining entheseal inflammation. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance lead to a vicious circle as they stimulate, upon activated, specialized T cells to produce these specific cytokines, thus maintaining entheseal inflammation chronically. MD is associated with more severe clinical presentation, worse response to pharmacological treatments, and poor entheseal outcomes also in patients with existing seronegative spondyloarthritis. Non-immune-mediated metabolic-associated enthesitis poses a real diagnostic challenge, possibly underestimating cases and potential misdiagnoses. From a therapeutic viewpoint, glucose control improvement and weight loss are associated with relevant amelioration of entheseal-related outcomes. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aiming to reduce body weight, improve glucose control and insulin sensitivity, and attenuate inflammation are desirable to achieve the therapeutic target. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors, in add-on to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and immunomodulators when necessary, may have a therapeutic rationale in patients with metabolic-associated enthesitis. Awareness of metabolic-associated enthesitis is essential to improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis in patients with MD and prescribe appropriate therapeutic strategies. However, basic and clinical research is needed to understand the role of \"antihyperglycemic\" agents in better managing metabolic-associated enthesitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144617405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysautonomia: a common comorbidity of systemic disease.","authors":"Svetlana Blitshteyn","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09661-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12026-025-09661-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Referring to a broad spectrum of the autonomic symptoms, autonomic disorders, and general dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, dysautonomia is one of the common and under-recognized comorbidities of a wide variety of systemic disease, including diabetes, autoimmune disorders, vitamin deficiencies, and hormonal dysregulation. The most common autonomic disorders encountered in clinical practice are postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS), and orthostatic hypotension (OH), which may be undiagnosed or often mislabeled with psychiatric disorders. Typical clinical features of dysautonomia, such as orthostatic dizziness/lightheadedness, orthostatic intolerance, palpitations, exercise intolerance, cognitive dysfunction, and fatigue, should prompt a diagnostic investigation for dysautonomia, which includes an in-office 10-min stand test or a tilt table test in conjunction with other autonomic function tests if available. Treatment approach consists of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies with beta blockers, midodrine, ivabradine, pyridostigmine, fludrocortisone, stimulants, and other medications. In clinical setting, dysautonomia may present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in patients with various systemic disorders and may require a high index of suspicion on the part of the clinician. Importantly, diagnosing and treating dysautonomia is critical to providing comprehensive and personalized medical care to complex patients with chronic illness, who are typically highly symptomatic with multi-systemic complaints as a result of comorbid, and often undiagnosed, dysautonomia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12234583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological and clinical characteristics in a cohort of Colombian pediatric patients with 22q11.2 deletion.","authors":"Lina M Castano-Jaramillo, Roy Sanguino-Lobo, Silvia Maradei, Natalia Velez-Tirado","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09660-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09660-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, including congenital heart disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, hypocalcemia, and immunological deficiencies. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and immunological features of patients with 22qDS in a cohort from Colombia. We conducted a retrospective study over a 3-year period, including 40 patients with confirmed 22qDS. Demographic, clinical, and immunological data were collected from medical records. The cohort had a median age of 3 years, with a balanced sex distribution. Heart defects were present in 75% of patients, followed by ear and craniofacial abnormalities (50%) and language disorders (45%). Immunological work-up revealed low T cell subsets in 42% of patients, with a decrease in T cell lymphopenia observed with age. Humoral deficiencies were also common, with 20% of patients exhibiting selective IgM deficiency and 17% presenting with hypogammaglobulinemia. Recurrent infections were observed in 48% of patients, particularly pneumonia and otitis. Vaccine responses to protein-based antigens and polysaccharides were frequently impaired. The findings highlight the clinical and immunological heterogeneity of 22qDS in this Latin American cohort. Multidisciplinary care, early diagnosis, and immunological management are essential for improving outcomes in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Yanan Xuan, Jin Wang, Yi Yuan, Xiaofeng Zhao, Fangfang Zuo, Shuangshuang Liu, Lijuan Wan","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09651-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12026-025-09651-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increases susceptibility to infections, complicating their management. Identifying risk factors for infections is essential for improving clinical outcomes. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate factors associated with infection risk in patients with SLE. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception to November 2023. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using R software (version 4.3.1). Factors analyzed included age, gender, active disease stage, diabetes mellitus, kidney injury, hydroxychloroquine, high-dose glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive drugs, lymphopenia, anti-dsDNA, and complement 3 (C3). Twenty-one studies were included. The analysis identified several factors significantly associated with increased infection risk: age (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), being male (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.19-2.33), active disease stage (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.25-2.43), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 0.92-2.93), kidney injury (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.37-2.30), high-dose glucocorticoids (OR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.88-3.80), immunosuppressive drugs (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.15-4.38), lymphopenia (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 2.42-5.33), and low C3 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.13-5.03). Older age, male gender, active disease, diabetes, kidney injury, high-dose glucocorticoid use, immunosuppressants, lymphopenia, and decreased C3 levels may increase the risk of infections in SLE. These findings highlight the importance of individualized infection prevention strategies in high-risk patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory activities of carbon quantum dots on the primary macrophages and whole splenocytes.","authors":"Furkan Ayaz, Basak Kavrak, Besa Bilakaya, Gamze Çamlik, Fatma Sude Özarslan, İsmail Tuncer Değim","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09652-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09652-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum dots, because of some of their fascinating features, like continuous radiation emission, crossing the biological barrier, and potential for drug carrying, have emerged as versatile nanomaterials in enormous applications relating to drug development and health sciences. Among such quantum dots, carbon quantum dots have gained widespread attention due to their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and excellent photostability. The present work investigates the immunomodulatory properties of CQDs with diverse chemical characteristics against primary macrophages and whole splenocytes. Since macrophages are important regulators of immune responses, their isolation and activation by toll-like receptor agonists were performed to evaluate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intracellular signaling pathways. Our data indicate that different CQD formulations possess specific immunomodulatory activities, while some of them reveal adjuvant capabilities; others act anti-inflammatory. Importantly, the zinc-containing CQDs enhance pro-inflammatory responses, which may find applications as vaccine adjuvants. These findings highlight the therapeutic possibilities of CQDs in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and enhancement of vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144527755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel disease among women of reproductive age: a global analysis from 1990 to 2021.","authors":"Zhenzhen Fan, He Zhou, Lianlian Tian, Tong Wu, JiaQi Zhang, Junchao Lin, Chen Wang, Jindan He, LiuQing Zhao, Jie Chen, Jie Liang","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09658-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09658-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) from 1990 to 2021, analyze its association with socio-demographic index (SDI), and identify age-period-cohort (APC) effects to inform region-specific public health strategies. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, we assessed age-standardized incidence (ASIR), prevalence (ASPR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) across 204 countries. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation to evaluate SDI associations, decomposition analysis to quantify burden drivers, and APC modeling to disentangle age, period, and cohort effects. In 2021, the global ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR for IBD in women of reproductive age were 4.38, 45.90, 0.50, and 17.75 per 100,000, respectively. The health burden of IBD in women of reproductive age varies by region. Australasia has the highest ASIR and ASPR globally, while these metrics are lowest in Central Latin America. Western Europe exhibits the highest ASMR, whereas Oceania has the lowest. In terms of ASDR North America, with its higher income, bears the heaviest burden, while Oceania experiences the lightest. Furthermore, APC analysis revealed age-specific risks peaking at 45-49 years, and significant cohort effects in middle/low-SDI regions, where post-1977 birth cohorts showed elevated incidence. Period effects highlighted diverging trends: stable incidence in high-SDI regions vs. rising rates in mid-SDI regions due to urbanization and lifestyle shifts. The IBD burden among reproductive-aged women is rising disproportionately, shaped by SDI gradients and demographic transitions. High-SDI regions require strategies targeting aging populations and comorbidities, while low/middle-SDI regions need investments in early diagnosis and equitable care.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}