Immunological Investigations最新文献

{"title":"Sex-Differences Influence Depressive-Like Behaviour via Alterations in Microglial Expression of GIF-1, TREM2, and IL-1β in an Acute Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model.","authors":"Rasha Alonaizan, Wafa K Alotaibi, Asma Alsulami, Fadwa M Alkhulaifi, Suliman Alomar","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2440006","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2440006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have caused serious health issues worldwide. A growing body of evidence suggests a correlation between neuroinflammation and abnormal microglial activity with ND symptoms. Microglia survey play crucial roles in CNS during health and the injury. It is proposed that sex affects microglial roles during inflammation, resulting in mouse behavioural changes and expression alterations in key markers related to microglia functions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female C57BL/6 mice were injected with a single dose of LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. After 48 h, an open field test was conducted, followed by brain tissues collection for measuring the expression of IGF-1, IL-1β and TREM2 and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis for NLRP3 level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Males displayed greater depressive-like behaviour in the OFT, with lower levels of IGF-1, IL-1β, and NLRP3 and high TREM2 expression. Female mice did not exhibit this behaviour, in contrast to male mice, they exhibited increased IL-1β and NLRP3 expression.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study revealed that LPS-induced sex-specific changes in genes involved in neuronal cell survival caused behavioural alterations in male mice. Moreover, females had observed inflammatory responses that had no impact on behavioural alterations. Overall, both sexes exhibited sex-specific microglial activation states.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"317-333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Control of T-Cell Subsets by Recombinant Human PLD2 in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma.","authors":"Hui-Li Wang, Chuan-Xing Yu, Xiu-Ming Yu, Jun-Jin Lin, Yi-Zhong Chen, Ling Zhu","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2441468","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2441468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) enzymes are expressed on the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Recently, extensive research has linked PLD2 to the chronic inflammatory activity of cells. Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammation disease. In this context, a recombinant human phospholipase D2 (rhPLD2) was designed and modified from the wild-type PLD2 to study its effects in an ovalbumin (OVA) induced murine model of asthma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for lung histopathology. Cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured using ELISA kits. The ratio of T-bet and GATA-3 expression level in spleen and lymph nodes following rhPLD2 administration was assessed through RT-PCR. Phenotyping analysis of Treg cells from peripheral blood was performed by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It indicated that OVA-induced mice exhibited elevated pulmonary eosinophilia and allergic inflammation in the airways, along with increased expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 in the lung BALF. Administration of rhPLD2 alleviated lung inflammation and significantly reduce the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood and BALF. RhPLD2 also reversed the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio at the molecular level in BALF and the T-bet/GATA-3 ratio in lymphocytes of the lung, spleen, lymph nodes at the genetic level. Furthermore, FACS analysis demonstrated that rhPLD2 increased the frequency of both IL-10⁺Treg cells and CD25⁺ Treg cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From a therapeutic perspective, rhPLD2 alleviates allergic airway inflammation by balancing Th1/Th2 homeostasis and increasing Treg cells. It has been shown to function in immunoregulatory activities in OVA-induced asthma mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"334-351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of Serum Interleukin-37 in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.","authors":"Zhaohui Lu, Jie Yang, Xiaoguang Liu, Juan Wang, Youjun Pan, Jinjin Zhong, Xin Su","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2443253","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2443253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is prominently characterized by uncontrolled inflammation and high mortality. The effect of interleukin-37 (IL-37) on the prognosis of ARDS remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study detected and analyzed serum IL-37 levels on day 1 (baseline) in 128 patients with ARDS and 40 healthy controls, and on day 7 in patients with ARDS. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assayed. Survival status was tracked within 28-d of enrollment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BaselineIL-37 concentration was lower in non-survivors (135.00 [87.75, 198.75] pg/mL) than in survivors (250.50 [173.25, 382.75] pg/mL) (<i>p</i> < .05). Non-survivors displayed a greater reduction in IL-37 levels from day 1-7 than survivors (49.87% vs. 40.09%) (<i>p</i> < .05). Baseline IL-37 levels were negatively associated with C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and IL-6 levels. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the baseline level and percentage decline in IL-37 was 0.755 and 0.809, respectively, for predicting 28-d mortality. Combining IL-37 with the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score further improved mortality prediction capability. Patients with ARDS with low IL-37 concentrations (<143.00 pg/mL) or a high percentage decline (≥44.76%) had a poorer survival rate than those with a high concentration or low percentage decline. The baseline IL-37 level and percentage decline independently predicted mortality in a univariate Cox regression model (<i>p</i> < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A low IL-37 level or significantly declining rate predicts higher 28-d mortality in patients with ARDS, indicating that IL-37 may be a promising prognostic biomarker.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"368-381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synovial Fluid-Derived Exosomes from Osteoarthritis Patients Modulate Cell Surface Phenotypes of Monocytes and Cytokine Secretions.","authors":"Nur Azira Mohd Noor, Ng Jun Quan, Nur Ainn Adabiah Adibah Mazlan, Asma Abdullah Nurul, Muhammad Rajaei Ahmad Mohd Zain, Maryam Azlan","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2443244","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2443244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exosomes can be found in the synovial fluid of inflamed knee joints, which play a significant role in osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, their role - in modulating the cellular environment within the body, particularly monocytes remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of exosomes on monocytes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Western blot. The effect of exosomes in modulating monocyte phenotypes as well as cytokine secretion were further assessed in a co-culture condition using flow cytometry and ELISA accordingly.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exosomes were identified as spherical particles with a size distribution ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm. These nanoparticles intensely expressed exosome protein markers including CD9, CD63, CD81, and HSP70. The expression of HLA-DR, CD14, and CD11b on monocytes decreased in the presence of exosomes after 24 h of incubation, regardless of the dose. Exosomes significantly induced the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1Ra in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while TNF-α secretion remains unchanged regardless of the presence or absence of exosomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the immunoregulatory role of exosomes on monocytes, emphasizing the need for further studies into the underlying mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"352-367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-142-3p Regulates Airway Inflammation Through PTEN/AKT in Children and Mice with Asthma.","authors":"Huiman Huang, Bo Sun, Bo Li, Bing Wei","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2438339","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2438339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma is the most common chronic pulmonary disease in children. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a regulatory role in the occurrence and development of asthma. We aimed to explore the differential expression of miRNAs in the peripheral blood of children with asthma and identify a miRNA that can alleviate asthma inflammation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used high-throughput sequencing to analyze differences in peripheral blood miRNA between children with acute asthma and healthy children, followed by target gene prediction and functional enrichment analysis. We inhibited miR-142-3p's expression in asthmatic mice to observe asthma symptoms. Inflammatory changes in lung tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and ELISA. Subsequently, the target gene of miR-142-3p was identified through a dual-luciferase reporter assay, and PTEN and AKT expression levels in mice lung tissue were determined using qPCR and western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty one differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Inhibition of miR-142-3p expression in asthmatic mice reversed the downregulation of PTEN and activation of AKT in lung tissue, while also significantly alleviating symptoms and pulmonary inflammation in the asthmatic mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>miRNAs were differentially expressed in the peripheral blood of children with asthma. miR-142-3p regulates airway inflammation via the PTEN/AKT pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"297-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological Mechanisms of Sensorineural Hearing Impairment in Patients with Different Clinical Phenotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Aleksandar Peric, Dragoslava Djeric","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2437638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2437638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this review article, we aimed to discuss the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in patients with different forms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with special reference to the connection of the immune response of the nasal and middle ear mucosa and inner ear structures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Articles for this review were identified using PubMed and Google© Scholar databases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Different phenotypes of CRS may be associated with impaired function of the inner and outer cells of the organ of Corti. This is primarily due to the secondary CRS, which occurs within systemic diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Also, the tetrad, which includes CRS with nasal polyps, non-allergic asthma, hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and so-called eosinophilic otitis media can lead to SNHL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Previous studies suggest that disrupted harmony between the immune response in the nasal and middle ear mucosa and inner ear structures may contribute to developing SNHL in CRS patients. This especially applies to CRS as part of NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease and systemic necrotizing vasculitis, including GPA and EGPA. However, the exact mechanisms of development of SNHL in different forms of CRS have not been sufficiently investigated and new studies are necessary soon. Apart from the pathophysiological basis of SNHL, different therapeutic approaches in the clinical phenotypes of CRS have also been discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"396-411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Expression of Granulysin, MHC Class I-Related Chain A, and Perforin in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid: Immune Dysregulation in Endometriosis-Related Infertility.","authors":"Fadhil Ahsan, Budi Santoso, Nanda Yuli Rahmawati, Fidyah Nanda Alditia, Alfin Firasy Mufid, Ashon Sa'adi, Sri Ratna Dwiningsih, Arif Tunjungseto, M Y Ardianta Widyanugraha","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2431847","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2431847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Molecules linked to natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells, including granulysin (GNLY), MHC class I-related chain A (MICA), and perforin (PRF1) support immune surveillance, though their roles in endometriosis remain unclear. This study investigates the association of these molecules with clinical parameters in infertile women with endometriosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-seven infertile women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy were included: 44 with endometriosis and 43 with benign gynecologic disorders. Serum and peritoneal molecules were measured using ELISA. Statistical analyses compared groups and correlated immune markers with clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Endometriosis patients displayed significantly higher PRF1 levels in serum (<i>p</i> = .038) and peritoneal fluid (<i>p</i> = .002), particularly in late-stage disease. Serum and peritoneal PRF1 levels correlated positively with the rASRM adhesion scores. Elevated serum PRF1 was observed in ovarian endometrioma (<i>p</i> = .021). Peritoneal MICA was higher in late-stage endometriosis (<i>p</i> = .013). Serum MICA was elevated in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase (<i>p</i> = .008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated PRF1 and MICA levels were associated with endometriosis severity, indicating their potential as biomarkers. Future studies should validate this finding and explore its therapeutic role in endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"234-249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buserelin Promotes the Differentiation and Function of Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor-Producing T Helper Cells.","authors":"Hua Li, Aini Zheng, Lei Jian, Jin-Bo Xiang","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2422383","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2422383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Buserelin has been used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP). However, it could potentially result in immune dysregulation to undermine patients' health. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the effects of buserelin on immune cells. Here we explored buserelin-induced impacts on the differentiation and function of macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-producing T helper (ThGM) cells to uncover the immunoregulatory role of buserelin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rat CPP was induced by danazol injection followed by buserelin treatment. The frequencies of ThGM cells in the spleen and lymph nodes were evaluated by flow cytometry. ThGM cell generation and function were analyzed in cell culture assays. Cell signaling was measured by Immunoblotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Buserelin increased the frequencies of splenic and lymph node ThGM cells. Buserelin promoted the in vitro differentiation and proliferation of ThGM cells. Buserelin-treated ThGM cells showed stronger supportive effects on other effector T helper cells. Buserelin induced the activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in ThGM cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Buserelin enhances the differentiation and function of pro-inflammatory ThGM cells, thus increasing the risk of autoimmune or inflammatory disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor ThGM cells in buserelin-treated children to prevent latent immune dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"167-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Immunoadjuvant Effects of miR-155-Chitosan Polyplex on <i>Leishmania major</i> Infected Mice.","authors":"Azam Pourabbasi Ardekan, Ali Haghighi, Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh, Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorpeh, Sarvenaz Kashefi, Ameneh Koochaki, Sara Movahedi, Yasamin Rahmani, Ali Najafi Dastenaei, Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2430695","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2430695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>MicroRNAs have gained attention as key immunomodulators, with miR-155 specifically shown in various studies to drive macrophage polarization toward the classical phenotype. This polarization is crucial, as classical macrophages play a well-recognized role in differentiating type-1 immune responses and resisting <i>Leishmania</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aims to evaluate the anti-leishmanial immunoadjuvant effects of the miR-155 chitosan polyplex (miR-155 CP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The anti-leishmanial immunoadjuvant activity of miR-155 CP synthesized by the coacervation method was assessed against <i>L. major</i> (MRHO/IR/75/ER) by analyzing the infectivity rate on RAW 264.7 cells in vitro.MiR-155 CP as an adjuvant co-administrated with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) for immunization of BALB/c mice, then the challenge was performed by subcutaneous injection of 1 × 10⁶ <i>L. major</i> promastigotes. Eight weeks following the challenge, lesion size, parasite load, cytokine assay, and nitric oxide production were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nanoparticles were produced with a size of 233.87 ± 8 nm and a zeta potential of + 22.6 ± 2 mV with good transfection efficiency. The mean infection index among pretreated cells with miR-155 CP (72±1.1) decreased significantly compared to the control group (420 ± 2.8). The parasite burden and the size of the lesions were significantly reduced in the immunized infected mice. Vaccination by miR-155 CP/SLA triggered the production of IFN-γ and NO and changed the cytokine profile of antigen-specific cells.Conclusion:The effectiveness of the SLA vaccine can be enhanced by including miR-155 CP as an adjuvant. SLA and miR-155 CP co-administration improve the type-1 immune response. This enhanced immune response helps prevent severe leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"217-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NOD1 Agonist Induces Proliferation and Plasma Cell Differentiation of Mouse B Cells Especially CD23^high B Cells.","authors":"Cendrine Seguin, Michelle Seif, Célia Jacoberger-Foissac, Philippe Gentine, May Wantz, Benoit Frisch, Béatrice Heurtault, Sylvie Fournel","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2428788","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2428788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Like innate cells, B cells also express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to detect danger signal such as tissue damage or pathogen intrusion. Production of specific antibodies by plasma cells results from the activation and differentiation of B cells following three signals: (i) antigen recognition by B Cell Receptors, (ii) recognition of danger and (iii) T-cell help. However, it is unclear whether T-cell help is dispensable for B cell activation and differentiation or not. Few studies have investigated the role of cytosolic PRRs such as NOD1 in B cell differentiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used splenic C57BL6J B cells to evaluate NOD1 expression and then assessed the effect of stimulation with C12-iE-DAP, a NOD1 ligand, with or without CD40L as a T-cell help signal on B-cell responses globally or according to their CD23 expression level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We showed that murine B cells express NOD1 and that the presence of C12-iE-DAP induces activation, proliferation and initiates differentiation in plasma cells even in the absence of a T-dependent signal. Surprisingly, CD23^high B cells are more sensitive than CD23^low B cells to stimulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that the NLR pathway could induce antibody development during infections and be exploited to develop more effective vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"202-216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}