{"title":"Dyslipidemia in diabetes","authors":"Sanjay Kalra , Nishant Raizada","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that often predisposes to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVD is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. The typical diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides with mildly increased or even normal LDL. This attenuated rise in LDL is due to the more atherogenic small dense LDL particles. Genetic factors, obesity, lack of physical activity, alcohol abuse, poorly controlled glucose levels are some of the common risk factors for dyslipidaemia. Non-pharmacological management of dyslipidaemia is important and includes modification in the diet, increase in physical activity and efforts to reduce weight. Statins remain the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for dyslipidaemia in diabetes. Due to the small dense LDL, even patients with diabetes who have normal LDL cholesterol, achieve reduction in cardiovascular risk with statin therapy. Those patients who do not achieve acceptable LDL reductions with statin alone can be treated with combination therapy of ezetimibe with statins. Many novel therapies have also emerged such as bempedoic acid and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. The targets for LDL cholesterol depend upon the patients underlying cardiovascular risk category. The use of pharmacotherapy for lowering triglycerides in patients with mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes is still a matter of debate. Proper management of dyslipidaemia is critical component of treatment of diabetes mellitus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S80-S82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001948322300175X/pdfft?md5=76ea422107b3bca71f8cf18ef21f817a&pid=1-s2.0-S001948322300175X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135664686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avik Ray , Ahmad Najmi , Gaurav Khandelwal , Ratinder Jhaj , Balakrishnan Sadasivam
{"title":"Comparative effectiveness and safety of prasugrel and ticagrelor in patients of acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: A propensity score-matched analysis","authors":"Avik Ray , Ahmad Najmi , Gaurav Khandelwal , Ratinder Jhaj , Balakrishnan Sadasivam","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evidence on comparative effectiveness and safety of prasugrel and ticagrelor post-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is scarce in Indian population. In a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort with 71 individuals in each group, the incidence of a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or coronary revascularization was not significantly different in prasugrel and ticagrelor group (7.04% vs 9.86%; absolute difference, 2.8%; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.21–2.1; p = 0.49). There was no significant difference in bleeding (5.63% vs 9.86%; absolute difference, −4.20%; 95% CI, −13.0%–4.5%) and dyspnea (7.04% vs 12.7%; absolute difference, −5.60%; 95% CI, −15.4%–4.1%).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 2","pages":"Pages 133-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11143503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140131355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of statins in the management of dyslipidaemia","authors":"Saumitra Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Blood cholesterol has firmly been established as a crucial risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by elegant epidemiological studies. Naturally, means to reduce blood cholesterol level took the centerstage of research in this field. After initial lukewarm results with nicotinic acid, fibrates and some other agents, statins emerged as the most effective class of medicine to reduce blood cholesterol; in particular, the most atherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Also, they are very safe and well tolerated. As ASCVD comes in various stages, statins have also been tried in different settings, e.g., primary prevention, secondary prevention, as part of coronary intervention strategy, familial hypercholesterolemia, etc. Almost in all clinical scenarios, statins proved themselves to impart clinical benefit. Though side effects of statins are outweighed by their benefits, nonetheless clinicians should detect the side effects early to avoid major problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S33-S37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483223004583/pdfft?md5=53f36b16340363e4c75550b058b9d5e2&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483223004583-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashish Kumar , Mariam Shariff , Aayush Singal , Vivek Bhat , John Stulak , Grant Reed , Ankur Kalra
{"title":"A Bayesian meta-analysis of double kissing (DK) crush or provisional stenting for coronary artery bifurcation lesions","authors":"Ashish Kumar , Mariam Shariff , Aayush Singal , Vivek Bhat , John Stulak , Grant Reed , Ankur Kalra","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Despite the development of dedicated, two-stent strategies, including the double kissing (DK) crush technique, the ideal technique for coronary artery bifurcation stenting has not been identified. We aimed to compare and determine the absolute risk difference (ARD) of the DK crush technique alone versus provisional stenting approaches for coronary bifurcation lesions, using the Bayesian technique.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We queried PubMed/MEDLINE to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared DK crush technique with provisional stenting for bifurcation lesions, published till January 2023. We used Bayesian methods to calculate the ARD and 95% credible interval (CrI).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We included three RCTs, with 916 patients, in the final analysis. The ARD of cardiac death was centered at −0.01 (95% CrI: −0.04 to 0.02; Tau: 0.02, 85% probability of ARD of DK crush vs. provisional stenting <0). ARD for myocardial infarction was centered at −0.03 (95%CrI: −0.9 to 0.03; Tau: 0.05, 87% probability of ARD of DK crush vs. provisional stenting <0). ARD for stent thrombosis was centered at 0.00 (95% CrI: −0.04 to 0.03, Tau: 0.03, 51% probability of ARD for DK crush vs. provisional stenting <0). Finally, ARD for target lesion revascularization was centered at −0.05 (95% CrI: −0.08 to −0.03, Tau: 0.02, 99.97% probability of ARD for DK crush vs. provisional stenting <0).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Bayesian analysis demonstrated a lower probability of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization, with DK crush compared with provisional stenting techniques, and a minimal probability of difference in stent thrombosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 2","pages":"Pages 113-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11143502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander R.M. Lyons , Christophe A.T. Stevens , Kanika I. Dharmayat , Dr Antonio J. Vallejo-Vaz , Kausik K. Ray
{"title":"Overview of a collaborative global effort to address the burden of familial hypercholesterolaemia","authors":"Alexander R.M. Lyons , Christophe A.T. Stevens , Kanika I. Dharmayat , Dr Antonio J. Vallejo-Vaz , Kausik K. Ray","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This is an overview of the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH) Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global consortium and registry (established 2015), which broadly addresses the global burden of FH. Eighty-seven National Lead Investigators from 74 countries form this expanding global consortium, and this global registry currently includes pooled data on 70,000 participants from participating countries to facilitate FH surveillance. Published first results from this global registry concluded that FH is diagnosed late, and management of LDL-cholesterol falls below guideline recommendations, and therefore earlier detection of FH and wider use of combination therapy is required. Further FHSC studies will follow on updated data including new countries, participants and variables, and non-DNA genetic information, and on the remaining cohorts in the registry. FHSC cross-sectional collaborative global studies are expected to promote FH detection earlier in life to subsequently initiate early lipid lowering therapy to reduce lifelong exposure to cumulative LDL-cholesterol thus reducing cardiovascular disease risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S113-S116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483223001785/pdfft?md5=20d0786b8632d2b51b6948f6922807f7&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483223001785-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138046745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pediatric hyperlipidemia","authors":"Ankit Garg, S. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2023.11.269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The leading cause of mortality worldwide is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic plaques are well known to originate early in the childhood. Identifying hyperlipidemia in early childhood creates an opportunity to prevent major cardiovascular events in adults. Children with identified risk factors are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular incidents in later life. This article emphasizes the diagnosis and management of pediatric hyperlipidemia with reference to the recent guidelines. In terms of etiology pediatric hyperlipidemia are divided into primary and secondary causes. The mainstay of management includes high-risk target screening, early risk factor identification and lifestyle modifications in vulnerable population. Drug therapy is recommended in primary hyperlipidemia and in children with no response to lifestyle changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S104-S107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483223004674/pdfft?md5=fc53a6ca791b69d031914547c2909f14&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483223004674-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia","authors":"J.P.S. Sawhney, Kushal Madan","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common genetic disorder of autosomal inheritance associated with elevated LDL-cholesterol. It is estimated to affect 1:250 individuals in general population roughly estimated to be 5 million in India. The prevalence of FH is higher in young CAD patients (<55 years in men; <60 years in women). FH is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Screening during childhood and Cascade screening of family members of known FH patients is of utmost importance in order to prevent the burden of CAD. Early identification of FH patients and early initiation of the lifelong lipid lowering therapy is the most effective strategy for managing FH. FH management includes pharmaceutical agents (statins and non statin drugs) and lifestyle modification. Inspite of maximum dose of statin with or without Ezetimibe, if target levels of LDL-C are not achieved, Bempedoic acid, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitors/Inclisiran can be added.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S108-S112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483223004716/pdfft?md5=3886d1a84baa1c8d462b1e5831d498d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483223004716-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and strategies to improve adherence","authors":"Ashwani Mehta","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lipid lowering therapies is well-established to prevent cardiovascular events in adults with dyslipidemia and multiple risk factors. However, global clinical usage of LLT,particularly statins remains suboptimal, with adherence low rates for primary prevention and secondary prevention. Low adherence is influenced by concerns about side effects, misconceptions about benefits. Patients often discontinue statins due to perceived side effects, despite clinical trials showing no increase in symptoms compared to placebo. Poor understanding of statin benefits, doubts about their necessity, and suspicions of over prescription contribute to nonadherence, which is often amplified by negative portrayal of LLT specialy statins on social media. Strategies to improve adherence include addressing patient concerns, enhancing physician-patient communication, and increasing patient education. Optimizing statin usage and reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease necessitates addressing patient perceptions and improving communication between healthcare providers and patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S138-S140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483224000063/pdfft?md5=39961481cdbbfe528fd2f85683e4a7a8&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483224000063-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139424685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: A systematic review","authors":"P. Syamasundar Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is conclusive evidence for relief of pulmonary valve obstruction immediately after balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) and at follow-up. Development of infundibular obstruction is seen in more severe PS cases and in older subjects. Reappearance of PS was observed in approximately 10 % of patients following BPV. The reasons for recurrence were found to be balloon/annulus ratio less than 1.2 and immediate post-BPV pulmonary valve peak gradients greater than 30 mmHg. Recurrent stenosis is successfully addressed by repeating BPV with lager balloons than used initially. Long-term results revealed continue relief of obstruction, but with development of pulmonary insufficiency, some patients requiring replacement of the pulmonary valve. It was concluded that BPV is the treatment of choice in the management valvar PS and that balloon/annuls ratio used for BPV should be lowered to 1.2 to 1.25. It was also suggested that strategies should be developed to prevent/reduce pulmonary insufficiency at long-term follow-up.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 2","pages":"Pages 86-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11143516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139039890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of PCSK9 inhibitors in the management of dyslipidaemia","authors":"Tiny Nair","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are novel agents that lower LDL cholesterol and reduce cardio-vascular event rate. Being expensive, these agents are reserved for those with high risk or very high risk of CV events and with suboptimal response to statins and ezetimibe, with or without bempedoic acid or those intolerant to statins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages S44-S50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483223004807/pdfft?md5=7bdfc3de3641be8fdb1d2a3643952279&pid=1-s2.0-S0019483223004807-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139402719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}