Indian heart journal最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy and long-term outcomes of drug coated balloon in de novo lesions of small versus large coronary vessels","authors":"Hesham Refaat,&nbsp;Mohamed Arab","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Drug eluting stent (DES) could result in both in-stent restenosis and high bleeding risk due to long-term anti-platelet therapy. Drug-coated balloon (DCB) delivers anti-proliferative drugs without implanting metal into vascular wall. Our aim was to investigate its feasibility in large vessel coronary artery disease (LvCAD), compared to small vessel coronary artery disease (SvCAD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study enrolled 237 patients with de novo coronary lesions treated with DCB-only strategy and categorized according to the reference vessel diameter of 3 mm into SvCAD and LvCAD groups. The primary endpoint was in-lesion late lumen loss (LLL). The secondary endpoints included composite major adverse cardiac events (MACE), cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and vessel thrombosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The immediate (3.06 ± 0.25 vs. 2.33 ± 0.21 mm, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and follow up minimal lumen diameter (3.13 ± 0.25 vs. 2.41 ± 0.21 mm, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and acute gain (1.92 ± 0.29 vs. 1.5 ± 0.26 mm, <em>p</em> = 0.04) were significantly higher in LvCAD group. In-lesion LLL was negative without significant difference (-0.07 ± 0.02 vs. - 0.06 ± 0.04 mm, <em>p</em> = 0.69). The incidence of adverse clinical events was not statistically significant accounting for 6.5 % vs. 10.5 % for composite MACE (<em>p</em> = 0.27), 0.8 % vs. 0.9 % for cardiac death (<em>p</em> = 0.96), 4.9 % vs.7 % for non-fatal MI (<em>p</em> = 0.49), 4.1 % vs. 6.1 % for TLR (<em>p</em> = 0.47), 2.4 % vs. 3.5 % for TVR (<em>p</em> = 0.63) and 1.6 % vs. 2.6 % for vessel thrombosis (<em>p</em> = 0.59).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DCB-only strategy is effective in treating LvCAD with comparable outcomes to SvCAD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 174-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143752486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac evaluation in patients awaiting kidney transplant-position statement of the Cardiological Society of India and Indian Society of Nephrology","authors":"Ajay Bahl ,&nbsp;Narayan Prasad ,&nbsp;Dhurjati Prasad Sinha ,&nbsp;Kajal Ganguly ,&nbsp;Sandipta Roy ,&nbsp;Debabrata Roy ,&nbsp;Sumit Rakshit ,&nbsp;Dilip Kumar ,&nbsp;Saurav Das ,&nbsp;Dinkar Bhasin ,&nbsp;Sree Bhushan Raju ,&nbsp;Mayuri Trivedi ,&nbsp;Manish Rathi ,&nbsp;Sanjeev Gulati ,&nbsp;Sourabh Agstam ,&nbsp;Vinant Bhargava ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Bhalla ,&nbsp;Shyam Bihari Bansal ,&nbsp;Santosh Varughese ,&nbsp;Manas Ranjan Patel ,&nbsp;Partha Sarathi Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death after kidney transplantation. This statement addresses preoperative cardiac decision-making and management with the aim of assessing and reducing the risk of the kidney transplant surgery. Important issues from a clinician's perspective include the basic cardiovascular workup of these patients, coronary evaluation and management of coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Recovery left ventricular function after kidney transplant is discussed. In addition, the use of cardiovascular drugs in patients with special emphasis on antiplatelets and anticoagulants in patients planned for kidney transplant is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 204-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143730048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A contemporary review of the head-up tilt test: Utility and limitations","authors":"Ameya Udyavar ,&nbsp;Jayaprakash Shenthar ,&nbsp;Ajay Madhukar Naik ,&nbsp;Dibbendhu Khanra ,&nbsp;Vadivelu Ramalingam ,&nbsp;Rahul Singhal ,&nbsp;Dinesh Choudhary ,&nbsp;Prabha Nini Gupta ,&nbsp;B Hygriv Rao ,&nbsp;Saurabh Mehrotra ,&nbsp;Vanita Arora ,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kathuria ,&nbsp;Pawan Suri ,&nbsp;David Benditt ,&nbsp;Richard Sutton","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Head-Up Tilt Test (HUTT) has been widely used for the past four decades as part of the overall assessment of the potential causes of collapse in patients with recurring transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) of unknown cause. The ability of a positive HUTT often to reproduce patient symptoms and illustrate to the patient that the physician is confident of the diagnosis have been major advances in clinical TLOC management. Tilt testing has been particularly important in understanding and diagnosing vasovagal syncope (VVS) and orthostatic hypotension.</div><div>Despite HUTT having great clinical utility, different HUTT protocols and drug provocations result in different test yields. Limited HUTT reproducibility has led some researchers to criticize HUTT utility. As in most medical tests, limitations are part of the test.</div><div>Herein, we provide a contemporary review of HUTT's utility in diagnosing and managing various TLOC disorders with intent to clarify its role in clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute changes in left atrial appendage function with premature ventricular complexes","authors":"Suresh Kumar Sukumaran,&nbsp;Anish Bhargav,&nbsp;Sridhar Balaguru,&nbsp;Avinash Anantharaj,&nbsp;Santhosh Satheesh,&nbsp;Raja J. Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Left atrial appendage (LAA) dysfunction is a risk factor for stroke. Evidence shows that frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are associated with embolic stroke. Whether left atrial dysfunction is the bridging link between frequent premature ventricular complexes and stroke is unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Patients with a structurally normal heart undergoing elective electrophysiology study were included. Transoesophageal echo was used to measure LAA flow velocities. To simulate PVCs in bigeminal rhythm, single paced beats were delivered from the right ventricle with a coupling interval of QT + 10 % RR interval after each sinus beat. LAA flow doppler velocities were acquired at baseline, after 5 min of pacing and again 5 min after cessation of pacing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten patients were included in the study. Late diastolic emptying velocity decreased significantly after 5 min of PVCs (55.68 ± 16.33 cm/s, <em>p</em> = 0.01) compared to baseline (68.01 ± 10.34 cm/s). This almost returned to baseline after a rest period of 5 min (63.13 ± 16.16 cm/s, <em>p</em> = 0.277). The left atrial appendage filling velocity exhibited a statistically non-significant trend toward a decrease after 5 min of PVCs (45.70 ± 10.85 cm/s, <em>p</em> = 0.129), compared to the baseline value of 51.31 ± 14.11 cm/s.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Premature ventricular complexes in bigeminal pattern for 5 min resulted in an acute decrease in the late diastolic emptying velocity. This is a possible mechanism for the increased risk of strokes in patients with frequent PVCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 159-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143981794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging role of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor in right ventricular systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction","authors":"Ertan Yetkin","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Page 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of intracoronary thrombolytic agents in high thrombus burden lesions during primary PCI","authors":"Venkata RS. Subrahmanya Sarma,&nbsp;K. Gopalakrishna,&nbsp;K. Purnachandra Rao,&nbsp;G. Somasekahr,&nbsp;P.S.S. Chowdary,&nbsp;P. Raghuram,&nbsp;B. Dasarath,&nbsp;Manohar Reddy,&nbsp;Ramkishore,&nbsp;Raji Veeramachineni,&nbsp;Y. Sasidhar,&nbsp;M. Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>High thrombus burden during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention begets poor outcomes; there are several lacunas in the management of those patients.- The purpose of this study is to analyse the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with high thrombus burden, treated with intracoronary thrombolysis as an adjunctive therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this prospective observational study, 108 consecutive primary percutaneous coronary intervention patients with high thrombus burden were stratified into two groups basing on whether they received intracoronary thrombolytic agent before stent implantation. The primary outcome is Net Adverse Clinical Events. Secondary outcomes include Major Adverse Cardiac Events, and all other individual components of the Net Adverse Clinical Events when analysed separately.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The primary outcome events occurred in 21 patients (26 %) in the Primary stent group (<em>n</em> = 80), whereas it occurred in 2 patients (6 %) in the primary intra-coronary thrombolysis group (<em>n</em> = 28), this study shows that there is no difference in primary endpoints in both groups (26 % Vs 7 %, <em>p</em>-value – .042, Hazard ratio - 2.56; 95 % CI - .76–8.57), however Kaplan–Meier event-free survival curves show that both the curves are well separated apart even at the end of the one year of follow – up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is no difference in the primary outcome events in both groups, however there was a consistent increase in events in the primary stent group over the one-year follow-up period. These findings suggest the need for a larger randomized clinical trial to confirm and further elucidate these results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 193-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate of mitral regurgitation after transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus: single centre study","authors":"Gayathri Bhuvaneswaran Kartha,&nbsp;Shruti Irene Varghese,&nbsp;Jesu Krupa,&nbsp;Anoop George Alex,&nbsp;Oommen K. George,&nbsp;Viji Samuel Thomson","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may be associated with mitral regurgitation (MR). Available treatment strategies are - surgical PDA ligation ± mitral valve surgery and initial transcatheter PDA closure (PDA-DC) with treatment of MR subsequently, if necessary. We aimed to describe the fate of MR after PDA-DC in patients with PDA and significant MR. On retrospective review of electronic health records between 2013 and 2023, 14 eligible patients were identified. Amongst them, PDA-DC resulted in symptomatic improvement in all. A reduction in the severity of MR was noted in 12 patients (85.7 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 3","pages":"Pages 231-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of a hub and spoke STEMI Goa project – Initial results, gains and challenges","authors":"Guruprasad Naik ,&nbsp;Amar Prabhudesai ,&nbsp;Venkatesh Malali ,&nbsp;Michelle Viegas Parab ,&nbsp;Joel Quadros ,&nbsp;Pankajam Vaidya ,&nbsp;Edward D'Mello ,&nbsp;Swapnil Arsekar ,&nbsp;Radha Valaulikar","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To study the impact of a ‘hub and spoke’ STEMI management programme on delivery of thrombolysis in the state of Goa.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted to assess the ‘hub and spoke’ model STEMI programme in the state of Goa. Data was collected using predesigned proformas filled at Primary Health Centres or District Hospitals which served as the spokes. Primary programme efficacy outcomes studied were the proportion of eligible patients of STEMI receiving thrombolysis and the time to thrombolysis. Secondary outcome assessed was in-hospital mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 2050 number of patients were diagnosed with STEMI between November 2019 and March 2022, of which complete data was available for 1325 patients. After ruling out contraindications, delayed presentations or refusal for treatment, 74.3 % of STEMI patients received thrombolysis. The median window period was 130.83 min with an interquartile range (IQR) of 159.63 min. The median time from presentation to recording ECG was 7.9 (IQR = 11.63) minutes and presentation to cloud diagnosis was 11.78 (IQR = 12.96) minutes. The median time from presentation to administering thrombolysis (Door to Needle time) was 18.48 (IQR = 28.85) minutes. Only 0.22 % patients received inappropriate thrombolysis and the in-hospital mortality was 9.4 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A STEMI programme utilizing the existing manpower and primary health care setup improved ‘secondary’ level of care to patients by providing thrombolysis to a high percentage of patients in quick time. This may serve as a model to improve the outreach of reperfusion therapy in a resource challenged country like India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 2","pages":"Pages 67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of fluoroscopic landmarks in IVUS guided zero contrast PCI - A single centre experience","authors":"Uday B. Khanolkar ,&nbsp;Pankaj Banotra ,&nbsp;Bijay Kumar Mahala ,&nbsp;Nitin Kumar Hegde ,&nbsp;Blessvin Jino ,&nbsp;Devi Prasad Shetty ,&nbsp;Parin Chandrakant Sangoi","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Contrast induced nephropathy is third most common cause of renal insufficiency following percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCI) and patients with preexisting renal dysfunction are even at a higher risk for poor outcomes. With the advent of intravascular imaging, safety and efficacy of angioplasty can be improved significantly in these patients.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This observational prospective study included 72 consecutive patients with CKD(eGFR ≤45 ml/min/m²) and established CAD who underwent absolute zero contrast PCI at a single tertiary center.PCI was planned in patients with significant stenosis and indications for revascularization.All Procedures were performed under dry fluoroscopy and IVUS guidance without use of any contrast.Informed consent, clinical,procedural and follow-up data was collected and analysed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Total 72 patients (90 vessels) with median age of 63 years and eGFR (34.1 ml/min/1.73 m²) underwent zero contrast PCI. Procedure was performed by Femoral (45.6 %)and radial (54.4%) route. Total 11 patients (15.3%) underwent left main stenting. Fluoroscopic landmarks such as side-branch wiring (71.1%),floating wire in aorta (22.2 %), calcifications (21.1%), bony landmarks such as ribs or vertebrae (45.5%) and Sternal wires/clips (6.6%) were used in addition to IVUS to enable more accurate placement of stent.Technical and procedural success were achieved in 91.1% and 97.2% of patients.One patient died in hospital due to non-cardiac cause and one patient required hemodialysis.Post procedure at 48 hrs, there was no deterioration of renal function.On 3 months followup, there was no significant major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study shows that with the help of fluoroscopy landmarks and intravascular imaging, zero contrast PCI can be performed safely with good clinical outcomes in patients at risk of nephropathy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 2","pages":"Pages 78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diastolic duration as a percentage of the cardiac cycle in healthy adults: A pilot study","authors":"Neeta Bachani ,&nbsp;Soorampally Vijay ,&nbsp;Aniruddha Vyas ,&nbsp;Jaipal Jadwani ,&nbsp;Gopikrishna Panicker ,&nbsp;Yash Lokhandwala","doi":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ihj.2025.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A widely accepted concept in cardiovascular physiology states that diastole constitutes 62.5 % of the cardiac cycle during a typical 0.8-s cycle at 75 beats per minute. However, this has not been confirmed by using modern technology in healthy individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to accurately measure diastolic duration as a fraction of the cardiac cycle using echocardiography in healthy adults with structurally normal hearts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this prospective study, 200 healthy adults aged over 18 years, with heart rates between 50 and 100 beats per minute, normal ECGs, and structurally normal hearts, were included. Using a modified apical 5-chamber view and pulse wave Doppler at the aortic and mitral valves, researchers measured the RR interval (total cardiac cycle), diastolic duration (from aortic valve closure to mitral valve closure), and systolic duration. Three measurements were taken for each parameter, and the mean was used for analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants had a mean age of 47.7 years (range 19–79), with an equal gender distribution. The mean RR interval was 799 ± 97 ms. The left ventricular (LV) diastolic duration was 469 ± 76 ms, and the LV systolic duration was 330 ± 42 ms. The ratio of diastolic duration to the total cardiac cycle was 0.58 ± 0.04, slightly higher in males (0.59 ± 0.04) compared to females (0.57 ± 0.04).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study challenges the longstanding teaching that diastole accounts for two-thirds of the cardiac cycle. Instead, diastole represents 58 % of the cycle, highlighting the need to reconsider its role in cardiovascular physiology and clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13384,"journal":{"name":"Indian heart journal","volume":"77 2","pages":"Pages 73-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}