In vivo最新文献

{"title":"Urinary Metabolites as Biomarkers of Early Radiation Cystitis in Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy.","authors":"Sachika Shiraishi, Masahiro Sugimoto, Koichi Tokuuye","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14004","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Treatment-related bladder toxicities are a primary concern in the management of prostate cancer radiotherapy. This study aimed to identify urinary metabolites that can predict early radiation cystitis-related toxicities in patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Patients' clinical characteristics and urine samples were collected before, two weeks after, at the end, and three months after the initiation of radiotherapy and subsequently analyzed. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for comprehensive quantification of urinary metabolites. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify potential protective factors against the early toxicities of radiation cystitis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 176 samples were obtained from 44 patients. Betaine, tartrate, N,N-dimethylglycine, and homocarnosine were identified as independent protective factors against early toxicities of radiation cystitis among various potential confounding metabolic factors. Comorbid diabetes mellitus was also identified as a protective factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Betaine, tartrate, N,N-dimethylglycine, and homocarnosine were identified as protective urinary metabolites against early radiation cystitis. Urinary metabolomic profiling may be a useful tool for investigating disease metabolism in metabolic disorders and cancers. Its ease of use and repeatability make it an optimal method for patient follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2091-2100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostate-specific Antigen Decline During Primary Androgen-deprivation Therapy for Predicting Response and Survival in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Enzalutamide.","authors":"Yujiro Nagata, Takaomi Sugi, Sohei Yamamura, Yoshihiro Sugita, Yui Mizushima, Takuo Matsukawa, Tomohisa Takaba, Kazumasa Jojima, Katsuyoshi Higashijima, Masahiro Matsumoto, Akinori Minato, Ikko Tomisaki, Eiji Kashiwagi, Naohiro Fujimoto","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14016","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Currently, there are no established predictive or prognostic biomarkers for first-line enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This multicenter study aimed to assess the predictive and prognostic significance of the initial-to-nadir prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ratio (I/N PSA) during primary androgen-deprivation therapy for <i>de novo</i> metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer in relation to the response to first-line ENZ in mCRPC.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A total of 33 patients with mCRPC receiving first-line enzalutamide were included in the study to investigate the correlation between I/N PSA in combined androgen blockade and clinical outcomes. Patients were dichotomized by median I/N PSA values. A PSA response was defined as a 90% or greater decline in PSA levels following the initiation of ENZ treatment in patients with mCRPC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median I/N PSA was 382. In the high I/N PSA (≥382) group, the PSA response rate was 75.0%, significantly higher than that in the low I/N PSA group (35.3%; <i>p</i>=0.037). The median overall survival following ENZ treatment was significantly better in the high I/N PSA group than in the low group (<i>p</i>≤0.01). Multivariable analysis demonstrated I/N PSA as an independent predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio=0.20; <i>p</i>≤0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with mCRPC, the I/N PSA is a promising predictive and prognostic biomarker for first-line ENZ treatment and may provide personalized approaches in daily practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2209-2218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant Cell Tumor of the Proximal Fibula in a 15-year-old Female: A Review and Case Report.","authors":"Kazuhiko Hashimoto, Shunji Nishimura, Koji Goto","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14043","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) is a locally-aggressive, benign tumor that typically affects young adults between 20 and 40 years old.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 15-year-old female presented to a primary care physician with pain in the lateral aspect of the left knee and was referred to our department with a suspected bone tumor owing to radiographic findings of osteolysis of the proximal fibula. Computed tomography indicated osteolysis of the proximal fibula, and the bone cortex was thin and partially irregular. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated a mass in the same area, with hyperintense changes in both T1- and T2-weighted images. No biopsy was performed; however, bone tumor curettage and artificial bone grafting were performed. The final pathological examination indicated osteoclastic, multinucleated giant cells. No malignant findings were observed, and the patient was diagnosed with GCTB. No recurrence was observed one year after surgery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the occurrence of GCTB in a young patient at an uncommon location. Oncologic surgeons should consider GCTB as a differential diagnosis when an image shows translucency of the proximal fibula, even if the patient is younger than the usual age of onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2436-2440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Breast Cancer Patients With Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy Have an Increased Risk of Radiation Dermatitis?","authors":"Dirk Rades, Martin Ballegaard","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14019","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Patients with breast cancer scheduled for irradiation may present with peripheral neuropathy (PNP) caused by preceding taxane-based chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-related toxicity was suggested to be associated with a lower individual DNA repair capacity. A similar association was described for radiation-related toxicity. We investigated whether patients with taxane-induced PNP have an increased risk of radiation dermatitis.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>In a retrospective cohort of 129 patients irradiated for breast cancer following taxane-based chemotherapy, PNP plus 14 characteristics were evaluated for associations with grade ≥2 radiation dermatitis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No, mild, and moderate to severe PNP were associated with grade ≥2 dermatitis rates of 22.2%, 27.7%, and 37.8% (<i>p</i>=0.123). On multivariate analysis, grade ≥2 dermatitis was significantly associated with normo-fractionated radiotherapy (<i>p</i>=0.032) and a body mass index ≥30 kg/m² (<i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant association between severity of PNP and grade ≥2 radiation dermatitis was not found, although grade ≥2 dermatitis occurred more frequently in patients with moderate to severe PNP.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2236-2242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysregulated Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Responses to Microbe-associated Molecular Patterns in X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease.","authors":"Naoya Omaru, Tomohiro Watanabe, Akane Hara, Masayuki Kurimoto, Yasuhiro Masuta, Yasuo Otsuka, Sho Masaki, Kosuke Minaga, Ken Kamata, Hajime Honjo, Yasuyuki Arai, Kouhei Yamashita, Masatoshi Kudo","doi":"10.21873/invivo.13989","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.13989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a hereditary immune deficiency caused by mutations in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits. X-linked CGD caused by mutations in gp91^phox is characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and by an increased incidence of autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The concurrent occurrence of microbial infection, autoimmunity, and IBD suggests the presence of complicated profiles of cytokines in patients with CGD. However, the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are poorly defined in patients with CGD.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We evaluated the cytokine and chemokine profiles in two patients with X-linked CGD. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with various bacterial and fungal MAMPs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α was enhanced by PBMCs isolated from patients with X-linked CGD as compared with those from healthy controls when stimulated with bacterial and fungal MAMPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A dysregulated balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may contribute to the manifestations of recurrent infection, autoimmunity, and IBD in patients with X-linked CGD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"1902-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgG4-related Disease of the Retroperitoneum Mimics Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Gaia Cicioni, Immacolata Iannone, Daniele Crocetti, Cristina DE Padua, Alessandro Coppola, Luigi Petramala, Paolo Sapienza, Claudio Letizia","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14011","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic, immune-mediated condition characterized by fibroinflammatory lesions affecting multiple organs. When localized in the retroperitoneum, it may mimic malignancy and often leads to surgical intervention. We report the case of a 21-year-old male with retroperitoneal IgG4-RD and review the relevant literature, emphasizing the diagnostic challenges and importance of differential diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A case report of a 21-year-old man with retroperitoneal IgG4-RD is presented. A literature review was conducted <i>via</i> Scopus, Embase, and Medline through December 2024, selecting studies with immunohistochemically confirmed retroperitoneal IgG4-RD. Data were independently extracted and analyzed using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 74 articles retrieved, 22 met the inclusion criteria, totaling 23 patients including our case. The mean age was 62 years, with a male predominance (65%). The left ureter was most commonly involved (52%). Frequent symptoms included localized abdominal pain (61%) and hydronephrosis (96%). Imaging often suggested malignancy, leading 74% of patients to undergo surgery. Histopathology confirmed IgG4-RD in all cases, though only 30% showed IgG4 immunohistochemical positivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retroperitoneal IgG4-RD closely mimics malignancy, posing significant diagnostic challenges. Elevated serum IgG4 levels and tissue biopsy are critical for accurate diagnosis. IgG4-RD should be considered in patients with unexplained retroperitoneal masses to avoid unnecessary surgery and ensure appropriate treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2154-2164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Levels of <i>miRNA-1290</i> and <i>lncRNA-H19</i> in Exosomes of Patients Recently Diagnosed With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.","authors":"Daniel Zavala-Reyes, Juan Manuel Vargas-Morales, Rosa Del Carmen Milán-Segovia, Miguel Ernesto Martínez-Leija, Edith Elena Uresti-Rivera, Oswaldo Hernández-González, Rosana Pelayo-Camacho, Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez","doi":"10.21873/invivo.13993","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.13993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common childhood cancer characterized by high levels of blasts in the bone marrow, and it is influenced by genetic and microenvironmental factors. Genetic variants of the enzyme arylamine <i>N</i>-acetyltransferases 1 (NAT1), regulated by microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), have been associated with predisposition to ALL. This study analyzed the characteristics of exosomes from patients newly diagnosed with ALL, patients already under ALL treatment, and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Exosomes were isolated from the serum of patients with ALL (n=13) and healthy children (n=18). The size, zeta potential, immunophenotype, and expression of <i>miR-1290, miR-26b, miR-126</i>, and <i>lncRNA-H19</i> from exosomes were determined using a ZetaSizer Nano ZS instrument, flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exosomes from patients with ALL were larger and exhibited lower complexity compared with those from controls, with reduced levels of CD81⁺CD63⁺CD9⁺ exosomes, particularly in newly diagnosed cases. A decrease in CD19 expression and an increase in CD34 expression were observed in exosomes from patients with ALL compared with controls, while CD10 was present in both groups. Additionally, exosomes from patients with ALL, particularly those with the pro-B (B1) subtype, showed significantly increased expression of <i>miR-1290</i> and <i>lncRNA-H19</i> compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that exosomes not only reflect the pathophysiology of ALL but may also play a crucial role in its development and progression. Furthermore, exosomes and their non-coding RNA content emerge as potential biomarkers for ALL diagnosis and prognosis, opening avenues for future research to explore their functional role and therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"1941-1964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Significance of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in the Evaluation of Outcomes of Patients After Radical Gastrectomy.","authors":"Mie Tanabe, Toru Aoyama, Itaru Hashimoto, Yuta Nakayama, Junya Morita, Kyohei Kanematsu, Shinsuke Nagasawa, Yukio Maezawa, Takanobu Yamada, Takashi Ogata, Aya Saito, Takashi Oshima","doi":"10.21873/invivo.14023","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.14023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The clinical evaluation of the GNRI in nutritional status management has been reported in several malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the GNRI and clinical outcomes in postoperative patients who underwent radical gastrectomy.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Clinical data of 940 gastric cancer patients who underwent radical gastrectomy at Kanagawa Cancer Center from 2013 to 2020 were retrospectively collected and divided into a high-GNRI group (≥98) and a low-GNRI group (<98) according to the GNRI. The association between the GNRI and overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The respective 3- and 5-year OS rates were 92.0% and 86.3% in the high-GNRI group and 82.4% and 73.2% in the low-GNRI group (<i>p</i><0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that the GNRI was an independent predictor of the OS and RFS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GNRI is an objective, noninvasive, and easily accessible prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer patients. Patient stratification using the GNRI and preoperative nutritional interventions may improve prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"2277-2285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PLLA Coating of Lyophilized Human Bone Allograft for Long-term Release of Antibiotics.","authors":"Mike Barbeck, Jiawei Zhang, Sanja Stojanovic, Milena Radenkovic, Stevo Najman, Anne Foth, Ole Jung, Florian Beuer, Xin Xiong","doi":"10.21873/invivo.13987","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.13987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Mineralized allogeneic bone substitutes are ideal biomaterials for bone regeneration in surgeries. Moreover, they are also suitable for releasing antibiotics, delivering initial concentrations many times higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration for relevant bacterial strains, without delaying bone formation. In the present study, the potential of sustained-release long-term antibiotic delivery using allografts was investigated. A broad spectrum of antibiotics, including gentamicin, vancomycin, rifampicin, and clindamycin, was incorporated into the bone blocks using a poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) polymer coating.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An <i>in-vivo</i> model of implantation within the rabbit tibia plateau was used to track the sustained release of single/combined antibiotics for up to 120 days. Bony integration and tissue responses to the PLLA-coated antibiotic-delivery systems were analyzed at 4 months post implantation using histopathological analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The variant loaded with both vancomycin and rifampicin demonstrated the highest activity against methicillin-sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>. Histopathological analysis revealed that the tissue responses to the coated allogeneic bone substitutes were comparable in all study groups, with no observable histopathological differences. The coated bone blocks induced a strong foreign-body reaction, including high numbers of multinucleated giant cells and other immune cells but no material-associated bone growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on these results, future optimization can focus on selecting more efficient release of antibiotics and increasing the encapsulated concentration to sustain antibiotic release over 4 months, thereby improving the bacteriostatic effect <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, biocompatibility and osteoconductivity must be improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"1879-1890"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resumption of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Following Immune-related Adverse Events.","authors":"Hirotaka Suto","doi":"10.21873/invivo.13983","DOIUrl":"10.21873/invivo.13983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are excessive immune responses resembling autoimmune diseases, induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and can affect organs throughout the body. In contrast to AEs associated with conventional cytotoxic anticancer agents, irAEs may persist or recur after treatment discontinuation. The risk of irAEs recurrence is thought to vary depending on the type and severity of the initial irAE, while the response rate depends on the type and sequence of ICIs re-administered. Therefore, the decision to resume ICI therapy depends on the type and severity of prior irAEs, as well as the anticipated benefits and risks of resumption. This review focuses on the risks and benefits of resuming ICI therapy after each irAE and summarizes the procedure for its resumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":13364,"journal":{"name":"In vivo","volume":"39 4","pages":"1833-1839"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}