Immunohematology最新文献

Rouleaux mimicking anti-H in molecularly confirmed para-Bombay siblings: a diagnostic pitfall. Rouleaux在分子确认的类孟买兄弟姐妹中模拟抗h：一个诊断陷阱。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-10-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-013

Bodanapu Vinay, Arun Rajendran, U B Davood, Aswin K Mohan, Vasanth Asirvatham, C H Vinay Kumar, Sanjay C Mohan, S Pradeep, Rati Devendra, Monali Lokhande

{"title":"Rouleaux mimicking anti-H in molecularly confirmed para-Bombay siblings: a diagnostic pitfall.","authors":"Bodanapu Vinay, Arun Rajendran, U B Davood, Aswin K Mohan, Vasanth Asirvatham, C H Vinay Kumar, Sanjay C Mohan, S Pradeep, Rati Devendra, Monali Lokhande","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-013","url":null,"abstract":"The para-Bombay phenotype is a rare H-deficient blood group variant characterized by markedly reduced or absent expression of H on red blood cells (RBCs) because of mutations in FUT1, with variable secretor status influenced by FUT2. The Bombay phenotype is relatively more common in the Indian population, but the para-Bombay phenotype remains exceedingly rare and is frequently underrecognized because of diagnostic challenges during routine serologic testing. We report molecularly confirmed para-Bombay siblings from India in whom rouleaux-induced pseudoagglutination mimicked anti-H reactiv ity. The index case demonstrated absent reactivity with anti-H lectin and weak reactivity with pooled group O RBCs during reverse grouping and thermal amplitude testing, initially raising suspicion of clinically significant anti-H. However, detailed serologic evaluation, including microscopic examination, saline replacement, adsor ption-elution studies, and saliva inhibition testing, favored rouleaux-induced pseudoagglutination over true anti-H-mediated agglutination. Molecular analysis identified homozygous FUT1 c.328G>A and FUT2 c.357C>T mutations in both affected siblings, consistent with para-Bombay secretor phenotype and similar to previously reported variants in the Telangana population. This case highlights rouleaux-induced pseudoagglutination as an impor tant diagnostic pitfall in para-Bombay phenotypes. Integration of conventional serologic methods with molecular characterization was essential for accurate diagnosis, appropriate transfusion planning, and avoidance of unnecessary restrictions on compatible blood components.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 3","pages":"77-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

D-- phenotype and anti-Rh17 alloimmunization: a comprehensive review of identification and clinical management. D-表型和抗rh17同种异体免疫：鉴定和临床管理的综合综述

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-10-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-017

Ehsan Shahverdi, Mostafa Moghaddam

{"title":"D-- phenotype and anti-Rh17 alloimmunization: a comprehensive review of identification and clinical management.","authors":"Ehsan Shahverdi, Mostafa Moghaddam","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-017","url":null,"abstract":"The D-- phenotype is an exceptionally rare Rh blood group phenotype characterized by expression of D in the complete absence of C, c, E, and e. Individuals with this phenotype are at risk of developing anti-Rh17 (anti-Hr0), a clinically significant alloantibody that can severely complicate transfusion support and pregnancy management because compatible blood is exceptionally difficult to obtain. This review critically synthesizes the available published evidence regarding the D-- phenotype and anti-Rh17 alloimmunization, integrating data from case reports, case series, family investigations, and molecular studies from different geographic regions. Current evidence regarding molecular mechanisms, immunohematologic character istics, serologic identification, transf usion management, pregnancy outcomes, and rare donor strategies is summarized, w ith emphasis on practical considerations relevant to transfusion medicine. Although the D-- phenotype is exceptionally rare, early recognition, comprehensive immunohematologic evaluation, and proactive transfusion planning, including collaboration with rare donor programs, are essential for optimizing patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 3","pages":"102-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in immunohematology: an expert overview of emerging tools for precision transfusion medicine. 免疫血液学中的人工智能和机器学习：精密输血医学新兴工具的专家概述。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-10-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-014

Soumya Das, Rounak Dubey, Parag Fulzele

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in immunohematology: an expert overview of emerging tools for precision transfusion medicine.","authors":"Soumya Das, Rounak Dubey, Parag Fulzele","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-014","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming immunohematology, offering significant enhancements in precision, accuracy, and personalized transfusion care. This expert overview summarizes current applications of AI/ML in phenotypic and genotypic red blood cell (RBC) antigen determination, antibody detection, crossmatching, and quality control. Recent studies demonstrate the efficacy of image-based and deep learning methods, with accuracies reaching 99 percent for automated phenotyping and genotyping. AI-assisted models for antibody detection and compatibility assessment have also emerged, providing rapid, standardized decision-making that reduces human error and improves transf usion outcomes. Notably, AI-driven platforms like the Haem-Match Consortium's bloodMatcher potentially reduce alloimmunization risks by as much as 80 percent, highlighting the technology's clinical relevance. AI also bolsters hemovigilance and quality control by analyzing vast clinical data for early detection of adverse events. Challenges remain, however, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the need for extensive real-world validation to ensure safe and ethical adoption. Integration with existing hospital information systems and development of robust regulatory frameworks are crucial to fully harness these tools. Future research should prioritize validation in diverse populations and transparent AI development practices. Overall, AI and ML hold promise to revolutionize immunohematology by enhancing accuracy, minimizing adverse transfusion reactions, and supporting patient-centric transfusion care.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 3","pages":"82-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antibodies to human leukocyte antigens and eplet patterns associated with platelet transfusion refractoriness in Hispanic patients. 人白细胞抗原抗体和血小板模式与西班牙患者血小板输注难耐相关。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-10-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-015

Tiffany R Wafford, Kevin Burns, Giselle Carnaby, Kelley Hitchman

{"title":"Antibodies to human leukocyte antigens and eplet patterns associated with platelet transfusion refractoriness in Hispanic patients.","authors":"Tiffany R Wafford, Kevin Burns, Giselle Carnaby, Kelley Hitchman","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-015","url":null,"abstract":"Antibodies to Class I human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are a major immunologic cause of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). HLA inheritance is highly related to ethnicity. Because most platelet donors are White, Hispanic patients may be at an increased risk of developing HLA antibodies due to mismatch between donor and recipient. This retrospective study analyzed 16 Hispanic patients with PTR to evaluate HLA antibodies associated with PTR. Baseline mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) was used to measure HLA antibody detection. Additive MFI values and clinical cut points were evaluated for Class I HLAs. Additionally, eplet exposition scores for antibody-verified eplets were totaled and compared with corrected count increment (CCI). Significant negative correlations were found between CCI with total additive MFI (r = -0.656) and allele-specific MFI for HLA A*03:01 (r = -0.728), C*14:02 (r = -0.795), and C*01:02 (r = -0.727). Analysis of cut points yielded significance between negative and strong MFI for HLA B*07:02. Data reveal that antibodies against common HLA alleles, such as A*03:01, correlate with PTR, highlighting the potential impact on alloimmunization and PTR risks in Hispanic patients.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 3","pages":"86-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Isolating anti-D, anti-C, and anti-G in immunohematology: a method comparison. 免疫血液学中分离抗d、抗c、抗g：一种方法比较。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-10-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-016

Oscar Luo, Hannah Johnson

{"title":"Isolating anti-D, anti-C, and anti-G in immunohematology: a method comparison.","authors":"Oscar Luo, Hannah Johnson","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-016","url":null,"abstract":"G is present on virtually all red blood cells expressing either D or C; thus, identification of anti-G, anti-D, and anti-C in a patient's plasma can be challenging. While identification of anti-G is usually of little clinical significance, it becomes increasingly important in the context of prenatal care. Proper antibody differentiation is necessary to determine candidacy for Rh immune globulin administration to prevent anti-D immunization during pregnancy. We conducted an analytical experimental study of 18 plasma samples from donors and patients with apparent anti-D and anti-C upon initial antibody identification. Samples were tested in duplicate using two established anti-G differentiation methods. Method A consisted of sequential adsorption and elution techniques, and Method B consisted of double adsorption and elution techniques. Of the 18 samples obtained, 14 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. Both methods successfully identified anti-G and anti-D when present. Method A failed to identify anti-C in one sample. Our results generated a percent positive agreement of 92.9 percent with a 95 percent confidence interval of 68.5-98.7. Our findings demonstrated that Method B detected more antibodies than Method A and allowed for a reduction in testing time, making it the preferred method in this study.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 3","pages":"96-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rh_null phenotype: molecular basis, serologic features, clinical manifestations, and transfusion challenges-a scoping review of published cases. Rhnull表型：分子基础，血清学特征，临床表现和输血挑战-对已发表病例的范围审查。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-07-23 Print Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-008

Ehsan Shahverdi, Mostafa Moghaddam

{"title":"Rhnull phenotype: molecular basis, serologic features, clinical manifestations, and transfusion challenges-a scoping review of published cases.","authors":"Ehsan Shahverdi, Mostafa Moghaddam","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-008","url":null,"abstract":"The Rhnull phenotype is the rarest of the Rh blood group system phenotypes and is characterized by the complete absence of all Rh antigens on red blood cells (RBCs). This phenotype carries major clinical relevance because of chronic hemolysis and profound transfusion incompatibility. We performed a scoping review to summarize the molecular basis, serologic features, clinical manifestations, and transfusion challenges associated with published Rhnull cases. A systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus was conducted from database inception to May 2025. Eligible reports included case reports, case series, or observational publications of individuals with the Rhnull phenotype. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively according to a scoping review method. Six eligible publications describing eight individuals with the Rhnull phenotype were identified. Common findings included chronic hemolytic anemia, stomatocy tosis or spherocytosis, and reticulocy tosis. Despite generally moderate intrinsic hematologic manifestations, the Rhnull phenotype imposes a disproportionate transfusion burden because of near-complete donor scarcity. Anti-Rh29 alloimmunization was reported after transfusion or pregnancy exposure, restricting patients to Rhnull RBC units from family members, frozen RBC inventories, or rare donor registries. Early recognition, molecular characterization, and proactive integration of eligible individuals with the Rhnull phenotype into rare donor programs are critical for access to compatible blood.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 2","pages":"42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

First Vel-null alloimmunized blood donor identified in Uruguay. 在乌拉圭发现了第一个Vel-null同种免疫献血者。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-07-23 Print Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-009

Martin Tucuna, Ma Antonieta Nuñez, Fernando Pontigo, Regina Cardoso, Taynara Vieira, Martin Gularte, Lorena Guigou, Vittina Gruosso, Lilia Lopez

引用次数: 0

How slow can you be when performing a direct antiglobulin test? 当你做直接的抗球蛋白测试时，你的反应会有多慢？

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-07-23 Print Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-007

Adam J Stock, Janis R Hamilton, Kathleen E Puca, Natasha M Leon, Sue T Johnson

{"title":"How slow can you be when performing a direct antiglobulin test?","authors":"Adam J Stock, Janis R Hamilton, Kathleen E Puca, Natasha M Leon, Sue T Johnson","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-007","url":null,"abstract":"While continuous performance is preferred for any assay, trans-fusion services are particularly susceptible to interruptions that may interfere with testing. If these interruptions occur after the red blood cell (RBC) suspension is made or after the last wash is decanted, direct antiglobulin test (DAT) results may be affected. This study aimed to assess if delays at these two procedural steps compromise DAT results. Samples with positive DATs (up to 2+) using anti-IgG (IgG-DAT) were included. RBC suspensions (2-5%) were prepared from unwashed RBCs or RBCs washed once. These suspensions were used to perform tube IgGDATs without delays to obtain baseline results. IgG-DATs were repeated with delays after preparation of the RBC suspension (1, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes) or after the last wash decant (1, 5, 15, or 30 minutes). Three anti-IgG reagents were used: Anti-IgG (Murine Monoclonal) Gamma-clone; Werfen, Barcelona, Spain; Anti-IgG (Rabbit); QuidelOrtho, Raritan, NJ; and AHG Anti-IgG; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA. Samples were considered impacted if their IgG-DAT strength differed by two or more reaction grades from baseline. The analysis included 25 samples. Samples with baseline IgG-DAT results of 1+s and 2+ were determined to not be impacted. Three samples were weakened by delays after RBC suspension preparation. One sample was weakened when the addition of anti-IgG was delayed. While most samples with weakly positive baseline IgG-DAT results were not impacted, the samples with the weakest baseline IgG-DAT results were impacted more frequently than those with stronger baseline IgG-DAT results. Because it is impossible to predict which samples will not be impacted by delays in these testing steps, DAT procedures should be performed with minimal interruption.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 2","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Rh blood group system: RHCE update. Rh血型系统：RHCE更新。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-07-23 Print Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-010

Aline Floch, Christophe Tournamille, Sunitha Vege

{"title":"The Rh blood group system: RHCE update.","authors":"Aline Floch, Christophe Tournamille, Sunitha Vege","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-010","DOIUrl":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-010","url":null,"abstract":"While the previous review encompassed the Rh blood group system (Chou ST, Westhoff CM. The Rh and RhAG blood group systems. Immunohematology. 2010;26:178-86), this update focusses on the RHCE gene and its variants. Four new antigens- PARG, CEVF, CEWA, and CETW (RH60 to RH63)-were reported since the last update. RHCE*cEMI (RHCE*03.31) was amended from a null allele to an allele encoding very weak antigen expression. The following topics are discussed: cross-reactive alleles [such as RHCE*ceHAR (*01.22.01) and RHCE*ceCF (*01.20.06) which may type D+ with some monoclonal anti-D reagents], issues with hybrid alleles and allele dropout, common haplotypes (association between RHCE alleles and specific RHD alleles), and clinical considerations. While the detailed description of new Rh antigens has become rare, many RHCE alleles have been reported since the previous review, a result of increased adoption of DNAbased testing for red blood cell antigens in immunohematology laboratories. The Rh blood group system has fascinated generations of immunohematologists and is likely to continue to do so for decades to come.","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 2","pages":"52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Erratum. 勘误表。

Immunohematology Pub Date : 2026-07-23 Print Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/immunohematology-2026-011

引用次数: 0