Immunohematology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of long-term frozen storage on antibodies in blood samples: immunoglobulin, tetanus toxin antibody, and ABO antibody.","authors":"Masamichi Mikame, Hideaki Kitazaki, Rieko Suzuki, Yuki Kato, Toru Miyagi, Toru Miyazaki, Takayuki Onodera, Nelson H Tsuno, Shigeki Miyata, Yoshihiko Tani, Shuichi Kino, Kazuo Muroi","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Japanese Red Cross Blood Services archives donor blood samples from all donations for look-back surveys. These samples, approximately 5 million per year, are stored frozen at -30°C for 11 years and are subsequently discarded. Because such samples may also be valuable for antibody-related research and other purposes after the mandated storage period, we evaluated their potential applicability, with a particular focus on the preservation of anti- body levels. Fresh samples were compared with frozen-stored samples (-30°C for 14 years: 11 years of mandatory good manufacturing practice storage period + 3 years until measurement) for immunoglobulin levels (IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE) as a general indicator of humoral immunity, tetanus toxin antibody titers as a long-lived vaccine-induced antibody, and ABO antibody titers (saline-direct agglutination test and saline-indirect antiglobulin test [saline-IAT]), which are factors in blood group typing and hemolytic transfusion reactions. For immunoglobulin levels, comparisons of non-paired fresh and frozen-stored samples were made from a random donor population (IgM, IgG, IgA: 105 cases each, IgE: 32 cases). For tetanus toxin antibody and ABO antibody, comparisons were conducted from the same donors with fresh and frozen-stored samples (tetanus toxin antibody: 47 cases, ABO antibody: 12 cases). No significant differences were observed in immunoglobulin levels, tetanus toxin antibody titers, or ABO antibody titers measured by the saline-direct agglutination method. Saline-IAT-measured ABO antibody titers were significantly lower in frozen-stored samples. Detailed results were as follows: (1) Median immunoglobulin levels (fresh vs. frozen-stored): IgM, 78.5 mg/dL versus 86.7 mg/dL; IgG, 1240.2 mg/dL versus 1280.2 mg/dL; IgA, 241.0 mg/dL versus 245.3 mg/dL; and IgE, 0.24 μg/mL versus 0.12 μg/mL. (2) Tetanus toxin antibody titers-geometric mean titer (GMT) (95% confidence interval [CI]): fresh 0.23 (0.12-0.43) IU/mL versus frozen-stored 0.28 (0.17-0.46) IU/mL. (3) ABO antibody titers-GMT (95% CI): saline-direct agglutination, fresh 65.4 (33.3-128.5) versus frozen-stored 51.7 (24.9-107.4); saline-IAT, fresh 391.0 (160.3-953.6) versus frozen-stored 248.7 (107.8-573.6). The evaluated immunoglobulin levels were largely preserved, suggesting that archived blood samples retain sufficient stability for antibody research. However, careful study design is necessary to minimize potential sample deterioration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 1","pages":"6-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of a neonate with blocked D phenomenon: resolving D type using serologic and molecular methods.","authors":"Gunjan Bhardwaj, Aseem K Tiwari, Janet Jacob, Shubham Gupta, Gowri Suresh, Rishika Konsal","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article addresses the diagnostic challenges encountered and resolution of a neonate with blocked D phenomenon, where maternal anti-D had masked the D sites on the neonate's red blood cells (RBCs), initially resulting in false-negative D typing. This article emphasizes the importance of integrating serologic and molecular methods for accurate blood type determination, which is crucial for managing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. A mother, whose RBCs typed as D- and with a history of D isoimmunization, gave birth to a neonate who presented with anemia and jaundice. Initial D typing revealed the neonate had D- RBCs. The mother's blood sample tested as group B, D- with a high anti-D titer (512). The neonate's direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was strongly positive for IgG, and eluate testing confirmed anti-D specificity, indicating that maternal anti-D was coating the neonate's RBCs. Treatment of the neonate's RBCs with a commercial ZZAP reagent removed bound IgG antibodies, converting the DAT to negative and revealing the neonate's RBCs to be group B, D+, thereby resolving the initial serologic dilemma. Further polymerase chain reaction-based molecular testing of the neonate's RBCs confirmed the D+ phenotype (R₁R₁), demonstrating the utility of molecular methods in complex cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An update on the GE (Gerbich) blood group system.","authors":"Peter C Ligthart, Barbera Veldhuisen","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibodies to antigens of the GE (Gerbich) blood group system are not encountered in transfusion center blood banks on a daily basis but are regular guests at reference laboratories. In this review, we present an update on the information on GE antigens and alleles that have been published since the release of the previous system review in 2010. Additionally, information on the clinical relevance of GE antibodies for both transfusion and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and recent discoveries related to functional aspects of the glycophorin C and glycophorin D proteins have been included.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel <i>JK*01</i> allele with c.299C>T p.(Thr100Ile) single nucleotide variant associated with loss of Jk^a expression in two African American donors.","authors":"Alexis Smith, Mary Vijim Yu, Paul Mansfield, Isabella M Rosa, Margaret A Keller","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2026-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2026-004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The JK blood group system encodes the antithetical antigens Jk^a and Jkb as well as Jk3.1 <i>SLC14A1</i> on chromosome 18 spans approximately 28 kb and has 10 exons. The diallelic single nucleotide variant (SNV) c.838G>A p.(Asp280Asn) gives rise to the antithetical antigens Jk^a or Jkb, respectively. At the time of this publication and including this novel allele, there are 12 <i>JK*01</i> alleles encoding Jk(a+w) and 29 <i>JK*01</i> null alleles, and 6 <i>JK*02</i> alleles encoding Jk(b+w) and 30 <i>JK*02</i> null alleles.² We describe two African American donors whose red blood cells (RBCs) tested Jk(a-b+) with polyclonal and monoclonal antisera. The RBC genotyping panel HemoID DQS (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA) predicted the sample to type Jk(a+b+). This discrepancy was investigated using Sanger sequencing of the coding exons and exon/intron junctions of <i>SLC14A1.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"42 1","pages":"14-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To contributors to the 2025 issues.","authors":"","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2025-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"139-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving transfusion outcomes in sickle cell disease through extended red blood cell molecular matching.","authors":"Tamires D Santos, Lilian Castilho","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-017","DOIUrl":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We evaluated the impact of extended red blood cell (RBC) molecular matching on alloimmunization and transf usion-related outcomes in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and assessed the frequency and clinical significance of genotype- phenotype discrepancies. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 108 transfused patients with SCD who underwent phenotyping and molecular genotyping for clinically relevant RBC antigens. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received extended serologically matched RBC units (<i>n</i> = 55) and those who received extended molecularly matched RBC units (<i>n</i> = 53). Primary outcomes included the rate of alloimmunization, incidence of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs), and the identification of antigen mismatches or discrepancies between genotype and phenotype. Molecular testing revealed clinically significant antigen mismatches in 42 percent of patients. Partial <i>RH</i> alleles were identified in 17 percent of patients. Discrepancies between genotype and phenotype were observed in 21.3 percent of patients. Alloimmunized patients were significantly more likely to have undetected mismatches. DHTRs after transfusion with RBC units that were serologically matched, but not molecularly compatible, were observed in two patients. In conclusion, extended RBC molecular matching improves the detection of clinically relevant antigen mismatches not identified by routine serologic methods and is associated with a lower risk of alloimmunization and transfusion-related complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"117-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To contributors to the 2025 issues.","authors":"","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/immunohematology-2025-021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"139-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evanescence and persistence of red blood cell antibodies over time: a single-center experience.","authors":"Darija Bogdanic, Mirela Raos, Marija Lukic, Branka Golubic Cepulic","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-018","DOIUrl":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alloantibodies may develop after exposure to foreign red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Evanescence occurs when an antibody falls below the sensitivity threshold of methods used in pretransfusion testing. An alloantibody that has evanesced may go undetected, resulting in possible delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, which lead to increased morbidity and mortality. A survey was conducted to analyze evanescence of alloantibodies over time. A total of 544 patients with 656 alloantibodies were evaluated. Median follow-up was 294 days (range 3-3852 days). Analysis showed that patient age at detection of alloantibody (<i>p</i> = 0.037), sex (<i>p</i> < 0.001), results of initial RBC antibody screen (<i>p</i> < 0.001), RBC transfusion (<i>p</i> < 0.001), length of follow-up period (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and alloantibody specificity (<i>p</i> = 0.004) significantly influenced the time of evanescence. Evanescence rate was the highest for anti-Jk^a, anti-C, and anti-M and the lowest for anti-Fy^a and anti-D specificities. Evanescence of alloantibodies represents a significant problem in routine pretransfusion testing. Beyond improving testing by implementing more sensitive methods, there is a place for preventive usage of extended antigen-matched RBC units or the application of post-transfusion protocols. Sharing of antibody information across centers can also improve transfusion safety in these centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The second reported case of a hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-Sc2: a clinical diagnosis.","authors":"Hang Mieu Ha, Wesley Rubenstein, Maryam Asif","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-019","DOIUrl":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SC2 is a low-prevalence antigen of the Scianna blood group system, historically associated with hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and only one prior case of hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR). We report a second case of anti-Sc2-mediated HTR in a 33-year-old woman with β-thalassemia major and a history of anti-Sc2. She presented for routine transfusion and received 1 group O, D-E-K-S-Jk(a-) red blood cell (RBC) unit that was crossmatch compatible by the antihuman globulin (AHG)-polyethylene glycol testing method. Shortly after the transfusion, she developed chills and back pain that resolved with meperidine. Several hours later, she experienced jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue. Laboratory evaluation revealed a hemoglobin drop below the pre-transfusion baseline, elevated bilirubin (8.0 mg/dL, reference range ≤1.2 mg/dL), and a 2+ incompatibility between the post-transfusion sample and the donor RBC unit segment. Although the direct antiglobulin test and the antibody screen remained negative, reference testing confirmed anti-Sc2 in the post-transfusion plasma, and the donor RBC unit was Sc2+. This case reinforces the clinical relevance of anti-Sc2, highlights limitations of conventional antibody screening and the AHG crossmatch in detecting low-prevalence antigens, and supports the need for heightened clinical suspicion and individualized transfusion strategies, including additional targeted pre-transf usion testing, early consultation with reference laboratories, and sourcing of antigen-negative units in patients with known rare alloantibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"132-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Indian (IN 023) blood group system: an update.","authors":"Sanmukh R Joshi","doi":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-020","DOIUrl":"10.2478/immunohematology-2025-020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This update of the Indian (IN 023) blood group system (Xu Q. The Indian blood group system. Immunohematology 2011; 27:89-93) focuses on the discovery and clinical significance of new antigens, antibodies, and genetics since that review. The system now comprises six antigens, of which the more recently identified antigens are high-prevalence antigens (HPAs) IN:005 (INRA) and IN:006 (INSL); rare individuals lacking these antigens are found among the people from the Indian subcontinent. The Indian (IN) antigens are located on CD44, a single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the <i>CD44</i> gene on chromosome 11 at position p13. The absence of these HPAs is associated with homozygous missense mutations in CD44: 255C>G in exon 3, c.449G>A in exon 5 (for IN:-5, p.Arg150His), and c.276C>A in exon 3 (for IN:-6, p.His92GIn).</p>","PeriodicalId":13357,"journal":{"name":"Immunohematology","volume":"41 4","pages":"136-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}