Jingxia Wang, Shicheng Cao, Wei Qin, Ming Cheng, Qingqing Yuan, Kun Xia, Wei Yu
{"title":"PM Eddy Current Loss Calculation Based on Magductance for FSPM Machine","authors":"Jingxia Wang, Shicheng Cao, Wei Qin, Ming Cheng, Qingqing Yuan, Kun Xia, Wei Yu","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a novel model for calculating eddy current losses (ECL) in permanent magnets (PMs) using the principle of magductance. The focus is on integrating magductance elements into the 2D electromagnetic field finite element method (FEM) analysis, thereby enabling simultaneous consideration of eddy current reactions, iron nonlinearity and saturation effects. The proposed method is based on the 2D distribution of eddy currents within the PMs, accounting for both axial and radial segmentations. Firstly, the analytical expression for the magductance corresponding to the PM eddy current reaction in a flux switched permanent magnet (FSPM) motor is derived based on the magductance principle. Secondly, the magductance is integrated into the 2D electromagnetic field FEM model with equivalent windings corresponding to the magductance added to the model. According to the magductance principle, the Joule losses of the magductance windings can be regarded as the PM ECL. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is validated through 3D electromagnetic field FEM analysis and experimental results.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Torque Ripple Suppression of Open-Winding BLDCM Based on Zero Vector","authors":"Weiyang Ding, Jianfei Yang, Xin Qiu, Lun Hu, Guoyang Qi","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brushless DC motors (BLDCM) are widely utilised due to their simple mechanical structure and high power density. To enhance energy efficiency, environmental sustainability and control flexibility, open-winding brushless DC motors (OW-BLDCM) have been introduced. Direct torque control (DTC) is an efficient control strategy for BLDCM; however, the nonsinusoidal back electromotive force and phase-off operation characteristics of OW-BLDCM present fundamental theoretical challenges for its implementation. This paper investigates these challenges from both mechanistic and physical perspectives. The commutation current paths under zero-voltage vector conditions are analysed, and an optimised zero-voltage vector selection strategy is proposed to prevent simultaneous three-phase conduction and phase current reversal, thereby mitigating commutation torque ripple. Additionally, a duty-cycle control algorithm is introduced to further reduce torque ripple within each sector. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed zero-voltage vector strategy effectively reduces torque ripple by 27.8% by eliminating undesirable current behaviours. Further application of the duty-cycle control algorithm achieves an additional 26.9% reduction in torque ripple. These findings validate the theoretical analysis and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, providing a solid foundation for the future application of modern control strategies in OW-BLDCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics and Operation Risk of Synchronous Condenser Rotor Under Dynamic Conditions With Typical Fault","authors":"Minghan Ma, Hao Wang, Yucai Wu, Xinkai Zhu","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the safety concerns regarding the mechanical performance of the rotor, a coupled electromagnetic–structural–fatigue simulation model is established to investigate the impact of transient shock processes under rotor interturn short circuit (RISC) and static air-gap eccentricity (SAGE) faults on the dynamic response and fatigue damage of the rotor shaft system during forced excitation operation of the synchronous condenser. First, the unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) acting on the rotor is theoretically derived and its magnitude is obtained through electromagnetic simulation, followed by the calculation of the rotor's vibration response and corresponding experimental validation. Subsequently, a coupled electromagnetic–structural–fatigue simulation model is established to analyse the stress distribution of the rotor and verify its transient load-bearing capacity. Finally, a fatigue simulation is conducted to evaluate the impact of forced excitation fault operation on the rotor's service life. The results show that the rotor can maintain stable vibration in normal operation, and the amplitude of rotor characteristic frequency vibration increases during fault. Forced excitation operation with faults has a significant effect on the fatigue damage of the rotor shaft system. As the degree of fault increases, the fatigue life of the rotor shaft system decreases sharply.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Afrank, Mohammad Amirkhani, Ehsan Farmahini Farahani, Mojtaba Mirsalim, Nick J. Baker
{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Alternative Magnet Configurations in a Biased-Flux Machine","authors":"Mohammad Afrank, Mohammad Amirkhani, Ehsan Farmahini Farahani, Mojtaba Mirsalim, Nick J. Baker","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biased-flux motors are a type of electric machine that operate in an unconventional manner but can offer structural and performance advantages over more conventional topologies. Achieving a suitable design in this relatively uncommon topology requires identifying the effect of various factors on its performance. Even small changes in the structure and magnet configuration can have a significant impact on performance. In this paper, the magnet configuration, flux barriers and bridges are investigated to try and improve the performance of a baseline biased-flux motor. The details of the structure and operating principles are explained, and structures are optimised for torque production in a fixed volume. The no-load and full-load operations of alternative variants are studied in terms of cogging torque, flux density, flux line, torque profiles and overload capability. Moreover, a complete comparison has been made between split-magnet and single-magnet topologies in an intermodular permanent magnet motor. The magnetic stresses on the PMs are studied to assess the demagnetisation risks. It has been explained how splitting the magnets and introducing flux barriers increase the torque density and flux bridges decrease the demagnetisation risk. To better analyse the PM demagnetisation, a thermal study is carried out, and the PMs' B-H curve is modified accordingly. A comparative study is also conducted with other stator-permanent magnet motors to better assess the demagnetisation behaviour of the proposed topologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modelling and Predictive Control of Electromechanical Actuators for All-Electric Nose Landing Gear Systems","authors":"Ming-Yen Wei","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the modelling and predictive control methods for electromechanical actuators (EMAs) used in the retraction and extension system of all-electric nose landing gears. By integrating predictive control theory, the proposed approach aims to enhance control performance and system reliability. A discrete-time EMA model is developed to establish the relationship between predicted current and actuator dynamics. A cost function minimisation algorithm is constructed using switching states, predicted current and measured current values to determine the optimal switching sequence, thereby generating the voltage vectors required for motor operation. To address potential faults such as unbalanced loads, magnetic interference or environmental factors, this study employs a fault diagnosis method based on feedback current, predicted current and adaptive thresholds. Upon detecting actuator failure, a secondary control loop enables emergency gear release. This dual-loop strategy ensures routine and emergency functionality, delivering over 2000 <i>N</i> of thrust at operating speeds ranging from 5 mm/s to 8 mm/s. A prototype EMA system was developed, and experimental results confirm its feasibility, accuracy and robustness, providing a reliable solution for all-electric landing gear applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Liu, She Chen, Feng Wang, Dengfeng Zhu, Xu Li, Yao Zhong, Zhongxiang Li
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on Cumulative Effects of Transformer Winding Deformation Under Short-Circuit Impulses","authors":"Jun Liu, She Chen, Feng Wang, Dengfeng Zhu, Xu Li, Yao Zhong, Zhongxiang Li","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Power transformer windings are susceptible to deformation after multiple short-circuit impulses, threatening power grid stability. Currently, there is a lack of experimental data on various characteristic parameters of failures after multiple short-circuit impulses. To investigate winding deformation and its gradual deterioration, a mock-up transformer was constructed to study the cumulative effects. Short-circuit tests were conducted under different current ratios, and the cumulative effect was quantified based on short-circuit impedance and axial force variations. A correlation was established between different current ratios, impulse number and cumulative winding deformation. The cumulative effects of winding deformation are categorised into four levels: none, minor, significant and severe. Thresholds indicating severe deformation and degraded short-circuit withstand ability are defined by an absolute impedance change rate exceeding 1.1% and a relative rate exceeding 0.3%. Additionally, an axial force change rate of ± 20% serves as an early warning indicator, providing greater sensitivity to detecting impulse effects on winding stability compared to impedance change rate. Monitoring impedance and axial force changes provides a reliable approach to assessing transformers affected by the cumulative effects of short-circuit and identifying the risk of winding deformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elham Moradi-Khaligh, Shahram Karimi, Mahdieh S. Sadabadi
{"title":"Robust Decentralised Voltage Control Strategy for DC Microgrids Considering Disturbances and Polytopic-Type Uncertainties","authors":"Elham Moradi-Khaligh, Shahram Karimi, Mahdieh S. Sadabadi","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Constant power loads (CPLs) may cause voltage oscillations or even endanger the stability of the entire DC microgrid systems due to their negative impedance characteristics. For this reason, this paper investigates the issue of DC microgrid voltage control in the presence of uncertain CPLs. A robust decentralised voltage controller for an autonomous DC microgrid is proposed in this paper. The proposed controller ensures the DC microgrid stability and furnishes the desired operation in the presence of different sources of uncertainty and disturbances. To that end, the polytopic state-space model of the system is developed. Then, an output feedback controller is designed to dynamically control the voltage of an autonomous DC microgrid. The main contributions of the proposed voltage controller can be highlighted as follows: The proposed controller is fully decentralised; it requires only voltage measurement and does not require additional state measurements or state estimators; due to the robust performance feature of the proposed approach, it does not require pre-filter design; the proposed linear matrix inequality condition is less conservative. All these, in turn, reduce the computational burden and complexity. Various scenarios have been conducted in MATLAB/Simscape Electrical Toolbox to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed control framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiajun Kou, Dongyang Li, Gang Liu, Wenxuan Zhou, Yunpeng Liu, Shuguo Gao, Haoyu Liu
{"title":"Influence of Non-Uniform Temperature Distribution on Elastoplastic Deformation of Windings","authors":"Jiajun Kou, Dongyang Li, Gang Liu, Wenxuan Zhou, Yunpeng Liu, Shuguo Gao, Haoyu Liu","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To accurately analyse the deformation of transformer windings under short-circuit conditions, a three-dimensional multiphysics field simulation model of the magnetic-fluid-thermal-structural coupling is constructed. The current magnitude under rated and short-circuit conditions of the transformer are calculated, the magnetic field distribution is obtained based on the current, and the loss is calculated as the heat source for temperature simulation. The temperature distribution results and short-circuit electromagnetic force are used as initial conditions for structural field simulation to analyse the elastic-plastic deformation, residual stress, and residual deformation of the winding under short-circuit impact. Considering the non-uniform distribution of winding temperature, compared with the results of the uniform temperature distribution, the maximum plastic strain of the winding increases by 84.6% after being subjected to short-circuit impact. The position of the wire cake where the maximum residual stress and residual deformation of the winding are located is different, and the values increase by 13.5% and 95.3%, respectively. Therefore, considering the non-uniform temperature distribution during the simulation process is more closely related to the actual working conditions, and thus more accurate in obtaining the location where cumulative deformation occurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Data-Driven Model to Predict Mutual Inductance Between Planar Coils With Arbitrary Specifications and Positions","authors":"Mahdi Asadi, Amir Musa Abazari","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The accurate prediction of mutual inductance in inductive planar coils is a critical challenge in advancing wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, particularly as traditional analytical methods struggle to balance precision and computational speed in complex, real-world scenarios. This study addresses these limitations by exploring data-driven algorithms for predicting mutual inductance. Additionally, the study offers a robust solution to handle the nonlinearities and dynamic requirements of three-dimensional coil configurations. Seven regression algorithms—linear, polynomial, kernel ridge, decision tree, random forest, support vector and neural network—are evaluated to identify the most effective approach. Key results reveal the superior performance of kernel ridge, support vector and neural network regression models, achieving <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> scores of 0.995, 0.987 and 0.992, respectively. Kernel ridge regression demonstrated the lowest error metrics, with an MAE of 49.624 nH and an RMSE of 86.174 nH, whereas support vector and neural network regression followed closely with slightly higher errors. Conversely, traditional models such as linear regression and decision tree showed significantly higher MAEs and RMSEs, highlighting their inadequacy for handling the complexities of WPT datasets. This research establishes a scalable and accurate framework for mutual inductance prediction, paving the way for improved efficiency in WPT systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active disturbance rejection current controller with time delay compensation predictive ESO for aircraft PMSM drive","authors":"Chunqiang Liu, Zhiwen Zhao, Yanfei You, Xuechao Duan, Lijun Chen, Xi Xiao","doi":"10.1049/elp2.12522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.12522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, the authors propose a novel active disturbance rejection current control method aimed at resolving inherent issues within the digital control system of an aircraft's permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). These issues include a one-sample time delay and low-pass filter in the current measurement channel. The proposed method involves estimating the time delay using a predictive extended state observer (ESO) within the current loop of the PMSM to enhance anti-disturbance capabilities and robustness. Initially, a discrete-time model that takes current loop time delay into consideration is established. Subsequently, a predictive ESO is designed to estimate disturbances within the current loop. This ESO incorporates known model information to improve the accuracy and speed of disturbance estimation. Furthermore, compensation is made for the time delay stemming from the low-pass filter in the current measurement channel to enable real-time current detection. Lastly, the disturbance estimated by predictive ESO is combined with the feedback control law to form a model-enhanced active disturbance rejection current controller. The results from simulations and experiments validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.12522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}