{"title":"Split Ratio Optimisation of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Machines Under Thermal Constraints: A Yokeless and Segmented Armature Case Study","authors":"Zhiquan Zhu, Hanju Ding, Kaiqi Yuan, Jinrong Zhang, Yaojie Sun, Weiwei Geng, Yu Wang","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The split ratio of an axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machine, defined as the inner-to-outer stator diameter ratio, is optimised to maximise electromagnetic torque under thermal constraints considering both copper loss and iron loss. An analytical relationship between torque and split ratio is derived, and the predictions are validated by finite-element analysis (FEA). The results show that, when stator iron loss is taken into account, the achievable torque is reduced and the optimal split ratio shifts compared with the copper-loss-only case. The influences of air-gap length, flux-density ratio and operating speed on the torque–split-ratio relationship are further quantified, and the effect of slot shape is also examined. Three-dimensional FEA and experimental results confirm the predicted trends and optimal points, demonstrating that the proposed method can serve as a fast preliminary sizing tool for thermally constrained YASA-type AFPM machines.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148084489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148080627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148076285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148073070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148062161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148098988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148087510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148080747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metaheuristic Algorithm–Based Parameter Estimation for Permanent Magnet DC Motors","authors":"Po-Wen Hsueh, Mohamad Farid Fazdi","doi":"10.1049/elp2.70166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate parameter estimation of permanent magnet DC motors (PMDC) is essential for enhancing the required performance, stability and reliability in modern control systems. To establish a precise dynamic model of a PMDC motor, seven primary parameters must be accurately identified. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of four metaheuristic optimization algorithms for PMDC parameter estimation: original particle swarm optimization (PSO), modified PSO incorporating constriction factor, hybrid PSO integrated with least squares method (LSM) and ant colony optimization (ACO). The algorithms are evaluated based on experimental current and speed response data. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid PSO–LSM approach achieves the best accuracy by synergistically combining global exploration with local refinement capabilities. Modified PSO ranks second, exhibiting accuracy comparable to ACO while demonstrating significantly faster computational efficiency. ACO delivers competitive estimation results but suffers from slower convergence rates. Original PSO provides the fastest computation time although its accuracy is lower. All algorithms maintain RMSE below 1%, confirming their effectiveness for PMDC parameter estimation. The findings indicate that hybrid PSO–LSM offers superior estimation accuracy and robustness. However, with a convergence time of approximately 5.2 min, the method is not intended for real-time adaptive control but is highly suitable for offline high-precision motor identification and initial commissioning applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13352,"journal":{"name":"Iet Electric Power Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/elp2.70166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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